Changes In Demographic Composition Research Articles

The fiscal consequences of changing demographic composition: Aging and differential growth across Israel’s three major subpopulations

Israel’s rapidly growing population comprises three major groups: Israeli Arabs; Haredim, also known as ultraorthodox Jews; and the general population, mainly composed of secular and religious Jews. Each of these has a different demographic and socioeconomic profile, including very different age structures and anticipated growth patterns. Here, we disaggregate Israel’s 2018 national NTA schedule for each of the three subpopulations. We show that as of 2018, collected tax income fell short of public expenditures by 4.9% in the general population, 56.2% in the Arab population, and 66.1% in the Haredi population. The Haredi population was almost fully reliant on public transfers to make up this difference. The low fiscal support ratios (FSRs) in Israel’s Arab and Haredi populations are a direct result of their low employment levels and low-quality employment. We forecast the fiscal consequences of two type of compositional shifts within Israel’s population up to 2050: aging and a rapid increase in the share of Haredi Jews at all ages. These forecasts point to a 12% reduction in Israel’s national fiscal support ratio by 2050, with two-thirds of this caused by aging, and the remainder by the increasing share of Haredim.

Pengaruh Kualitas Kehidupan Kerja dan Keseimbangan Kehidupan Kerja Terhadap Performa Karyawan: Peran Mediasi Kepuasan Kerja

Background – The relationship between work and personal life has been the subject of research of interest to academics and practitioners at the moment. Job conditions, work patterns, and demands have been drivers of reform, changes in demographic composition, and labor market evolution. The number of working hours, methods of regulating working hours, as well as the availability of rest periods significantly affect the quality of work and workers' lives. The phenomenon of Great Resignation has also increased after the Covid-19 pandemic as an indication that the issue of work-life balance is the main discussion of social and labor market problems. Environmental adjustments and flexibility of working hours are considered capable of driving current business performance .
 Aim – The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of quality of work life and work-life balance on employee performance with job satisfaction as a moderation variable.
 Design/ Methodology/ Approach – This research uses a quantitative approach with survey methods to obtain data from respondents.
 Findings – The results of this research show that the quality of work life and work-life balance have a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction and employee performance. While the direct relationship between job satisfaction and job performance did not have a significant effect, so the role of mediating variables of job satisfaction did not occur. These results show that employees do not enjoy good job satisfaction, but the impact does not motivate employees to contribute more to their work. This is very bad because employees are not motivated to develop and maximize work performance. The results of this study are expected to provide input for companies to improve the quality of work life and work-life balance of employees so as to improve the work performance of employees. Its employees will therefore be compressed on the company’s overall productivity. 
 Conclusion – Stakeholders must pay attention to quality of work life and work-life balance to maintain job satisfaction and ultimately promote sustainable employee performance.
 Research Implications – This research recommends developing a conceptual framework by adding stress, burnout, remuneration, and work from home factors in the digital age. 
 Limitations of Research – This research is only limited to the point of view of the woman, not to include the point of view of the organization.

The effects of immigration enforcement on traffic stops: Changing driver or police behavior?

AbstractResearch SummaryThis research asks whether jail‐based immigration enforcement leads to the profiling of Hispanics by municipal police. I leverage a natural experiment to examine the effects of 287(g) jail partnerships on traffic stops and arrests by municipal police in North Carolina in the late 2000s. I find that stops of Hispanic drivers fell in the wake of 287(g) agreements, and show that this fall was driven by changes in Hispanic road use. While I cannot unambiguously disentangle police and driver behavior, I find no evidence that municipal police officers increased pretextual stops and arrests of Hispanic drivers.Policy ImplicationsWhile there is existing evidence of racial profiling under 287(g) agreements by sheriff's deputies, this behavior does not appear to have extended to nonsignatory municipal police agencies. Despite this, the signing of 287(g) agreements appears to have prompted Hispanic outmigration and changes in driving behavior, adding to a growing body of evidence on the ripple effects of local‐federal immigration enforcement partnerships in Hispanic communities. This serves as a reminder that changes in demographic composition of the immigrant population may mediate the effects of immigration enforcement efforts on other outcomes.

The evolution of recreational activities trends, impacts and future prospects

In our study, we embark on a comprehensive exploration of the evolving landscape of recreational activities, investigating the main trends that have shaped it, the profound impacts these activities exert on societal, economic, and health parameters, as well as the exciting prospects lying in the future. Throughout history, the character and function of recreational activities have been continually molded by a variety of driving factors. Key among these are advancements in technology, changes in demographic composition, shifts in societal attitudes and practices, and alterations in leisure time and work-life balance. We argue that the transformations seen in the realm of recreation have extensive ramifications, ranging from reshaping social relationships and community structures, impacting physical and mental health outcomes, to stimulating economic growth and innovation. Our work utilizes a multi-faceted methodological approach that includes historical review, trend analysis, predictive modeling, and scenario planning. We also delve into the role of emerging technologies, particularly focusing on how innovations like virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and digital gaming platforms are poised to redefine recreational norms and practices. The future of recreation, we propose, will be increasingly characterized by digital, immersive, and personalized experiences. The findings of our research have broad implications, providing critical insights for a range of stakeholders including policymakers, urban planners, entrepreneurs, and community leaders. As they look to make strategic decisions, develop policies, or design innovative solutions, understanding the trajectory of recreational activities will be invaluable. Finally, we identify several promising avenues for future research, with the goal of further expanding the boundaries of knowledge in this dynamic and influential field.

Changing Care: Applying the Transtheoretical Model of Change to Embed Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Long-Term Care Research in Canada

Healthcare policy reform is evident when considering the past, present and future of long-term care (LTC) in Canada. Some of the most pressing issues facing the LTC sector include the changing demographic composition in Canadian LTC homes, minimal consideration for the role of intersectionality in LTC data collection and analysis, and the expanding need to engage diverse participants and knowledge users. Using the Transtheoretical Model of Change (TTMC) as a framework, we consider opportunities to address intersectionality in LTC research. Engaging diverse knowledge users in LTC (e.g., unpaid caregivers, paid care staff), community (e.g., advocacy groups, service providers) and policy decision-makers (e.g., provincial government) is crucial. Empowering individuals to participate, modifying environments to support engagement, and facilitating ongoing partnerships with knowledge users are critical aspects of change efforts. Addressing structural barriers (e.g., accessibility, capacity, jurisdictional policies, and mandates) to research in LTC is also essential. The TTMC offers a framework for planning and enacting individual, organizational, and system-level changes for the future of LTC.

Temporal Trends in Incidence Rates of Lower Extremity Amputation and Associated Risk Factors Among Patients Using Veterans Health Administration Services From 2008 to 2018

Lower extremity amputation (LEA) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. However, national temporal trends of LEA incidence rates among US veterans and associated factors have not been well characterized. To describe the temporal trends of LEA, characterize associated risk factors, and decompose the associations of these risk factors with changes in temporal trends of LEA among US veterans using Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) services between 2008 and 2018. This cohort study used VA data from 2008 to 2018 to estimate incidence rates of LEA among veterans using VA services. Cox regression models were used to identify risk factors associated with LEA. Decomposition analyses estimated the associations of changes in prevalence of risk factors with changes in LEA rates. Data were analyzed from October 1, 2007, to September 30, 2018. Toe, transmetatarsal, below-knee, or above-knee LEA. A total of 6 493 141 veterans were included (median [interquartile range] age, 64 [54-76] years; 6 060 390 [93.4%] men). Veterans were studied for a median (interquartile range) of 10.9 (5.6-11.0) years. Between 2008 and 2018, rates of LEA increased from 12.89 (95% CI, 12.53-13.25) LEA per 10 000 persons to 18.12 (95% CI, 17.70-18.54) LEA per 10 000 persons, representing a net increase of 5.23 (95% CI, 4.68-5.78) LEA per 10 000 persons. Between 2008 and 2018, toe amputation rates increased by 3.24 (2.89-3.59) amputations per 10 000 persons, accounting for 62.0% of the total increase in LEA rates. Transmetatarsal amputations increased by 1.54 (95% CI, 1.27-1.81) amputations per 10 000 persons; below-knee amputation rates increased by 0.81 (95% CI, 0.56-1.05) amputations per 10 000 persons; and above-knee amputation rates decreased by 0.37 (95% CI, 0.14-0.59) amputations per 10 000 persons. Compared with men, women had decreased risk of any LEA (hazard ratio [HR], 0.34 [95% CI, 0.31-0.37]). Factors associated with increased risk of any LEA included Black race (HR, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.21-1.28]) or another non-White race (ie, Asian, Latino, or other; HR, 2.36 [95% CI, 2.30-2.42]), obesity (HR, 1.59 [95% CI, 1.55-1.63]), diabetes (HR, 6.38 [95% CI, 6.22-6.54]), chronic kidney disease (CKD; eg, CKD stage 5: HR, 3.94 [95% CI, 3.22-4.83]), and smoking status (eg, current smoking: HR, 1.97 [95% CI, 1.92-2.03]). Decomposition analyses suggested that while changes in demographic composition, primarily driven by increased proportion of women veterans, associated with a decrease of 0.18 (95% CI, 0.14-0.22) LEA per 10 000 persons, and decreases in smoking rates, associated with a decrease of 0.88 (95% CI, 0.79-0.97) LEA per 10 000 persons. However, these were overwhelmed by increased rates of diabetes, associated with an increase of 1.86 (95% CI, 1.72-1.99) LEA per 10 000 persons; peripheral arterial disease, associated with an increase of 1.53 (95% CI, 1.41-1.65) LEA per 10 000 persons; CKD, associated with an increase of 1.45 (95% CI, 1.33-1.57) LEA per 10 000 persons; and other clinical factors, including body mass index, cancer, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic lung disease, dementia, and hypertension, associated with an increase of 1.45 (95% CI, 1.33-1.57) LEA per 10 000 persons. This cohort study found that incidence rates of LEA among veterans using VA services increased between 2008 and 2018. Efforts aimed at reducing burden of LEA should target the reduction of diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, and CKD at the individual and population levels.

Behavioral Changes of MTurkers during the COVID-19 Pandemic

We study the changes in economic behaviors of Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) workers due to the COVID19 pandemic, and compare it to a pre-pandemic MTurker sample, a student sample, and a representative sample of the United States. We find that MTurkers during the pandemic behave differently than previous MTurkers in many contexts, even after accounting for changes in demographic composition. These MTurkers behave more similarly to a representative sample than a student sample. Additionally, we revisit gender differences in preferences and document fewer and smaller differences in many contexts. These results help contextualize online research conducted during the pandemic.

Determinism of Temporal Variability in Size at Maturation of Sardine Sardina pilchardus in the Bay of Biscay

Age and size at maturation appear as key parameters governing the dynamics of a population as they affect growth rate, fecundity, and survival. The expression of such life history traits is determined by genetic make-up and modulated by environmental factors mainly through phenotypic plasticity. Moreover, fishing, besides decreasing population size and changing demographic composition can alter allelic frequencies through fisheries-induced evolution by selecting for some particular traits. In the Bay of Biscay, a decreasing trend in both sardine body condition and size-at-age has recently been pointed out at the population level. The Probabilistic Maturation Reaction Norm (PMRN) approach was applied to help disentangle phenotypic plasticity and genetic changes. Based on the analysis of sardine spawning seasonality, PMRN was estimated by considering body condition as additional life-history state variable to predict the onset of maturation. The resulting PMRN was then used to investigate temporal trends in reaction norm midpoints to test whether changes in length at maturation can be explained by plastic and/or evolutionary adaptive change. Overall, our results emphasize for the first time that including sardine body condition as explanatory variable improves predictions of maturation probability. We found that better individual condition increases maturation probability. The assessment of temporal changes in length at maturation confirms the low plasticity in this trait for a species maturing mostly at age-1 and advocates for the use of a monthly time scale when investigating PMRNs for this species. Beside environmental variables included in this analysis (water temperature, chlorophyll-a, and population biomass) that only show a weak correlation with PMRN midpoints, our results reveal no evidence for recent fisheries-induced evolution in the sardine stock of the Bay of Biscay. They suggest that the short-term variability in length at maturation is strongly dependent upon individual growth which is likely driven by environmental factors. For sardine fisheries management, our study highlights the need to consider both the length-composition data and the seasonality within a stock assessment model. Finally, we discuss the fact that considering individual growth trajectories should improve our understanding of the relationship between environmental variability and changes in maturation for sardine.

Preparing for the future: The changing demographic composition of hospital patients in Denmark between 2013 and 2050.

Population aging will pose huge challenges for healthcare systems and will require a promotion of positive attitudes towards older people and the encouragement of careers in geriatrics to attract young professionals into the field and to meet the needs of a rapidly growing number of old-aged patients. We describe the current demographic profile of hospital care use in Denmark and make projections for changes in the patient profile up to 2050. The Danish population in 2013 (N = 5.63 million) was followed up for inpatient and emergency admissions recorded in Danish hospitals in 2013 using population-based registers. We combined age- and sex-specific hospital care use in 2013 with official population estimates to forecast the profile of hospital days up to 2050 with respect to age and sex. The total number of hospital days per year is projected to increase by 42% between 2013 and 2050, from 4.66 to 6.72 million days. While small changes are projected for the population aged 0-69, the largest change is projected to occur for the population aged 70+. The 2013 levels were 0.82 and 0.93 million days for men and women aged 70+, respectively. By 2050, these levels are projected to have reached 1.94 and 1.84 million days. While the population aged 70+ accounted for 37.5% of all days in 2013, its contribution is projected to increase to 56.2% by 2050. Our study shows one possible scenario for changes in the hospital days due to population aging by 2050: Assuming no changes in hospital care use over the forecast period, the absolute contribution of individuals aged 70+ to the total hospital days will more than double, and the relative contribution of persons aged 70+ will account for nearly 60% of all hospital days by 2050, being largest among men.

Trends in Internal Medicine Faculty by Sex and Race/Ethnicity, 1980-2018

Increasing diversity in the physician workforce is a fulcrum for reducing health disparities. Efforts to increase the diversity in the internal medicine (IM) workforce may improve health equity among an increasingly diverse population with increasing prevalence of chronic disease. To assess diversity trends in the academic IM workforce and evaluate how well these trends reflected medical student diversity and the changing demographic composition of the general population. This secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study analyzed data from January 1, 1980, to December 31, 2018, from the Association of American Medical Colleges Faculty Roster and Applicant Matriculant File, which capture full-time US medical school faculty and matriculants, respectively, and population data through 2017 from the US Census Bureau. The study calculated the proportions of women and individuals from racial/ethnic groups that are traditionally underrepresented in medicine (URM) among IM faculty and faculty in all other clinical departments. These data were compared with the proportions of female and URM matriculants in US medical schools and the proportions of women and individuals from underrepresented racial/ethnic groups in the population. The analysis was stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, and intersections of sex and race/ethnicity. From 1980 to 2018, the absolute number of full-time IM faculty increased from 10 964 to 42 547. Although IM was the department classification with the most women faculty, in 2018 it continued to have a lower proportion of women (n = 17 165 [40.3%]) compared with all other clinical departments (n = 48 936 [43.2%]). Among IM faculty, the percentage of URM faculty members more than doubled during the study period (from 4.1% to 9.7%) but still made up only a small portion of faculty members. The percentage of female matriculants among medical school matriculants increased steadily (from 28.7% in 1980 to 51.6% in 2018) and was nearly identical to their population representation in 2017 (50.7% compared with 50.8%). Although the percentage of URM matriculants had nearly doubled since 1980 (from 11.3% to 18.1%), it still lagged far behind the proportion of individuals in the US population who are members of underrepresented racial/ethnic groups (18.1% vs 31.5% in 2017). This cross-sectional study found that progress has been made in diversifying academic IM faculty; however, it does not yet reflect the diversity of medical students or the US population. Continued efforts to increase the diversity of the academic IM workforce are needed.

The Aging of the Baby Boomers: Demographics and Propagation of Tax Shocks

We study how the changing demographic composition of the US labor force has affected the response of the unemployment rate to marginal tax rate shocks. Using narratively identified tax changes as proxies for structural shocks, we establish that the responsiveness of the unemployment rates to tax changes varies significantly across age groups: the unemployment rate response of the young is nearly twice as large as that of the old. This heterogeneity is the channel through which shifts in the age composition of the labor force impact the response of the unemployment rate to tax cuts. We find that the aging of the baby boomers considerably reduces the effects of tax cuts on aggregate unemployment. (JEL E24, E62, H24, H31, J21)

Factors of Work Motivation and Coexistence of Generations at the Workplace

Abstract This paper focuses on the characteristics of the main challenges posed by the changes in demographic composition of labour market and requisite to adjust motivational programs to expectations of employees in industrial enterprises in Slovakia, but also to develop strategies to manage the cooperation between different generations. The paper describes the situation in Slovakia based on the analysis of data from quantitative research collected in 2018 on a sample of 534 employees in industrial enterprises. The empirical findings presented, which describe the differences between generations, focus mainly on the importance of work motivation factors and the level of achievement of these factors in correlation with the stated intention to change employment. Analysed data confirmed that relationships with colleagues are generally the most important work factor for all generations, but we found some significant differences between generations in work motivation items such as career advancement, personal growth, achievement, advantageous working hours and benefit to society.

The attraction of urban cores: Densification in Dutch city centres

Urban growth is typically considered a process of expansion. As population grows and transport costs decrease urban density gradients are expected to gradually flatten. This is a basic feature of cities, explained by urban economic models and empirically supported by a plethora of studies about urban density development from all over the world. However, additional forces, such as changes in demographic composition and locational preferences of the urban population acting at local levels, may counteract the flattening tendency of urban gradients. In this paper, we suggest a methodology to test the impact of local density changes on urban gradients, looking at spatio-temporal developments in terms of housing and population. Using highly detailed data on individual housing units and inhabitants in major Dutch cities, we first assess and compare urban density gradients during the period 2000–2017. In all the analysed Dutch cities, both dwelling and population density gradients are becoming steeper over time, contradicting standard predictions from urban economic literature and empirical reports worldwide. The observed trend of steepening urban gradients is partly explained by the presence of historical monuments and urban amenities.

Exploring Service Usage and Activity Space Evolution in a Free-Floating Carsharing Service

This paper proposes to empirically investigate the members’ behaviors over time in a free-floating carsharing system. With a continuously evolving service in terms of service area and fleet size, member usage intensity and activity space are explored with passive data streams. Members are labeled according to their usage intensity for various periods of analysis. Results show an increase in higher usage intensity classes and a change in demographic composition of new members adopting the service over time: new members are younger and a parity between both genders is reached. Activity space investigation shows that members perform a fair share of their trips to return home and that ultra-frequency members seem to perform a substantial number of symmetric trips, meaning they are more inclined to use free-floating cars for commute-like trips. Interaction with the metro network is also investigated, with a proportion of members using free-floating carsharing to access stations. When looking at the activity space formed by members’ trip ends, users seem to constantly discover new portions of the service area. Multiple clusters of activity locations are determined for each member, with a recurrence level showing a fair amount of variability among members.

Rural Labor Migration and Households' Land Rental Behavior: Evidence from China

AbstractThere has been growing debate about whether the changing demographic composition due to rural labor migration could potentially threaten China's agricultural productivity. The Chinese Government is promoting the “three rights separation system” to consolidate agricultural land through the land rental market with the explicit intention of fostering new agricultural management subjects and improving agricultural productivity. The present paper estimates the effect of rural labor migration on households' participation in land renting in and renting out activities based on a unique dataset from three rounds of nationally representative surveys. Our results indicate that rural labor migration has a significant negative effect on households renting in land and has a positive effect on households renting out land in rural China. Therefore, the government should adopt targeted policies to effectively encourage farmers with higher agricultural capacity to rent in land to alleviate the negative effect of rural migration on households renting in land. Supporting policies should guarantee that rural migrants enjoy the same welfare services as urban residents.

Separating Spheres? Diverging Trends in Youth's Gender Attitudes About Work and Family

The authors investigated whether trends in attitudes about gender were consistent with the gender stall primarily occurring in the family domain and examined potential mechanisms associated with changing gender norms. Using data from Monitoring the Future surveys (1976–2015), the authors assessed three components of trends in youth's beliefs about gender: the marketplace, the family, and mothers' employment. Findings showed continued increases in egalitarianism from 1976 through the mid‐1990s across all three dimensions. Thereafter, support for egalitarianism in the public sphere plateaued at high levels, rising support for mothers' employment persisted at a slower pace, and conventional ideology about gender in families returned. The changing demographic composition of American high school students did not account for the gender attitude trends. Youth's mothers' employment and increased education were related to increased egalitarianism. Changes in population averages of mothers' employment and educational attainment were only weakly associated with increases in egalitarian attitudes.

The Impact of Changing Demographic Composition on Aggravated Assault Victimization During the Great American Crime Decline

The United States experienced a dramatic decline in interpersonal violence rates between the early 1990s and mid-2000s. This decline, however, was much steeper in urban and suburban relative to rural areas. Prior research showed changing demographic composition can account for a substantial amount of change in inequality in victimization rates. We employed National Crime Victimization Survey data and counterfactual modeling to determine if changes in demographic composition—including proportion of population young, unmarried, male, unemployed, and in several income groups—of urban, suburban, and rural areas were partially responsible for changes between 1993 and 2005 in (1) area-specific aggravated assault victimization rates and (2) urban–suburban, urban–rural, and suburban–rural victimization rate ratios. Results showed changes in individual demographic characteristics played a very minor role in changes in area-specific assault rates. The one exception was income, which explained a substantial amount of change in victimization rates across all three areas. Changes in demographic composition explained a greater amount of change in rural relative to urban and suburban victimization rates. Changes in demographic composition across these three area types were also responsible for a small proportion of the large changes in the urban–rural and suburban–rural victimization rate ratios over time.

Struggles of Older Workers at the Labour Market

IntroductionBalanced demographic development is one of the basic preconditions for successful development of any society. Current changes in demographic composition of population, especially in developed countries, pushed the issues of population development to the forefront of public attention and found their way into the interest of scientists, businesses, and politicians. Deceleration of population growth and subsequent population ageing bring in new challenges for economy, social policy and politics as a whole, and in general, it significantly influences overall development of both the country and the society (Svagzdiene, Kuklyte, 2016). Deepening population imbalance impacts economic growth, flow of investments, range and structure of consumption, labour market, pension system, and social, cultural and moral transfers between generations (Fuinhas et al., 2016).The phenomenon of population ageing is a result of long-term trends in reproductive behaviour in almost all the countries, and not necessarily only in developed ones (Nygârd et al., 2011; Wallin, Hussi, 2011;Kordos, Karbach, 2014).Therefore, there is an evident interest to the works on demographic development, and more attention today is paid to the current trends and possibilities of its regulation (Kate, 2013; Lisiankova and Wright, 2009). For example, much of the existing research on population aging has focused on its impacton developed countries, particularly those in Europe and North America. One study looked into how unequally population aging distributes risks in securing socio-economic resources for the wellbeing of individuals in later life between developed and developing countries (Higo, TA Khan, 2014). In another study, Gillion (1991) emphasizes that over the next 50 years almost all OECD countries will experience a dramatic ageing of their population structures. This process will become the burden, especially in terms of taxes or social security contributions, placed on active members of population (Skare, Siinkovic, 2016). This paper, which compares the potential developments in France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden and the USA, concludes with two, fairly obvious, caveats: first: countries most generous to their older generations are also the most vulnerable when it comes to facing the ageing problem; second: all those developments which might offset the consequences of ageing populations would also be capable to improve incomes and welfare even if the ageing problem did not exist (Gillion, 1991). Multiple studies have looked into trends in demographic developments and the issue of ageing population in the EU countries (BecerraAlonso et al., 2016; Carbonaro et al., 2016), Scotland (Lisenkova, Merette, 2014), Germany (Kluge, 2012), Serbia (Radivojevic et al., 2016), Australia (Hughes, 2016), etc.Demographic development in Slovakia is perceived in the context of global population development. Despite the fact that multiple demographic processes develop in Slovakia with some time delay, population problems faced by Slovakia are very much similar to those in Western developed countries (Bleha, Vaho, 2015). The singularities of demographic processes in Slovakia are influenced by lower levels of economic and social development, since demographic development in less developed countries differs from developed ones. However, the process of integration and gradual narrowing of the gap between the countries resulted in multiple economic and social processes, including demographic ones, starting to follow the same pattern as in developed countries (Androniceanu, 2015).Current demographic development is included in the research activities and reflections of expert community, and there are attempts to find the solutions for the problems it presents on various levels of societal hierarchy (Ilmarinen, 2009). Simultaneously, based on the current demographic situation, there is a multitude of analyses, projects, measures in social legislation, and changes in the pension and social security systems which are being implemented as a response to this issue. …

Консерваторы о консерваторах

In this critical review of the issue of the almanac Essays on Conservatism (Institute of Socio-economic and Political Research, ISEPR), which offers a deep insight in the contemporary history of conservatism, the author analyzes the current state of conservatism as a political movement in the United States on the basis of the Essays devoted to this subject, and of the recent presidential elections in the USA. The author proceeds from the fact that, existing in a competitive political environment, conservatism faces challenges of a changing public demand for policies, due to both the socio-economic situation and changing demographic composition of the population. The author shows how radicalism increased in response to frustration of the society and analyzes the roots of the radical and powerful demand for right populism in the United States in general. For decades, democratic political regimes provided stability both in politics and economics: population of these counties profited from integration, globalization, “open economy”: therefore, dominant position of establishment – the political “center”, left- and center-right parties was accepted without doubt. However, the last decades changed this trend. American conservatism, on the one hand, found a new base of support that helped Republican candidates win in the elections; on the other hand, conservatism deepened the divisions and contradictions in American society, and thus came into a conflict with a number of other traditional settings of conservatism. The author concludes that after the presidential elections of 2016, American conservatism faces serious top-down redefinition.

Media and Communication in the Chinese Diaspora: Rethinking Transnationalism, edited by Wanning Sun and John Sinclair. London: Routledge, 2016. xvi + 229 pp. £95.00 (cloth); also available as an eBook.

<i>Media and Communication in the Chinese Diaspora: Rethinking Transnationalism</i>, edited by Wanning Sun and John Sinclair. London: Routledge, 2016. xvi + 229 pp. £95.00 (cloth); also available as an eBook.