Changes In Conductivity Research Articles

Cellulose-based poly(ionic liquid)s: Correlations between degree of substitution and alkyl side chain length with conductive and morphological properties.

Ion transport in solid polymer electrolytes is crucial for applications like energy conversion and storage, as well as carbon dioxide capture. However, most of the materials studied in this area are petroleum-based. Natural materials (biopolymers) have the potential to act as alternatives to petroleum-based products and, when derived with ionic liquid (IL) functionalities, present a sustainable alternative for conductive materials by offering tunable morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties. In this study, a series of IL-functionalized cellulose derivatives with variations in pendant alkyl chain length, counteranions, and degrees of substitution were synthesized in order to explore structure-property relationships. Emphasis was placed on investigating morphological, thermal, and ionic conductivity changes, hypothesizing that materials synthesized with longer alkyl chains would exhibit increased backbone-to-backbone spacing, thereby lowering the glass transition temperature, and enhancing ionic conductivity. A variety of characterization techniques were used for this investigation, including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray scattering, and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). The findings reveal a link between longer alkyl chain lengths, expanded backbone-backbone spacing, and side chain interdigitation. Within each set of samples, heightened ionic conductivity was observed with the introduction of bulkier, less coordinating anions, underscoring the significant influence of counteranion size.

Engineering Spin Interaction Channels of FePc on Au(111).

We demonstrate the reversible control of interactions between a local molecular spin, hosted within an iron phthalocyanine (FePc) molecule, and the conduction electrons of a supporting Au(111) surface. Using the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope, we deliberately and reversibly manipulate the adsorption configuration of the molecule relative to the underlying substrate lattice. Different rotation configurations lead to noticeable changes in the differential conductance measured on the FePc molecules. In one configuration, a Kondo resonance is observed, while in others, spin excitations are revealed. To further explore the impact of the local environment, we designed a series of molecular assemblies in which neighboring molecules surrounding the target molecule are incrementally increased. In this structured approach, we observed a step-by-step transition of the spin excitation state to a Kondo resonance, ultimately resulting in a pure Kondo feature.

Nanoparticle-Mediated Ion Absorption in Subsurface Water Chemistry: A Multifaceted Analysis of Bentonite-Induced Conductivity Changes

Nanoparticle-Mediated Ion Absorption in Subsurface Water Chemistry: A Multifaceted Analysis of Bentonite-Induced Conductivity Changes

Amorphous Ga2O3 Semiconductor: A New Solution for Robust X‐Ray Dosimeters

AbstractAs most commonly used miniature solid‐state dosimeter, metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) have been facing unavoidable gate leakage and robustness problems due to the double‐sided role of traps in oxide insulators. Herein, a new solution for X‐ray dosimeter has been proposed which leverages the conductivity change of amorphous Ga2O3 (a‐Ga2O3) channel instead of charge trapping in oxide insulators. Increasingly negatively‐shifted threshold voltage (Vth) of a‐Ga2O3 thin‐film transistor is recorded together with almost unchanged subthreshold swing (SS) and field‐effect mobility (µFE) after X‐ray irradiations. X‐ray‐induced‐variation of oxygen vacancy (VO) related defects in a‐Ga2O3 is revealed after a combined investigation of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and neutron reflectivity (NR) measurements, contributing to the indicative Vth shift related with X‐ray dosage. A functional recovery is realized through an annealing process in air condition, showing the high reliability of a‐Ga2O3 semiconductor. Moreover, the unique merit of no need for power supply during X‐ray irradiations, beneficial from the slow neutralization rate of ionized VO related defects, imparts an offline working capability to the dosimeter. This work provides a potential strategy to monitor X‐ray dosage via utilizing the X‐ray‐induced change of amorphous oxide semiconductor conductivity, hence addressing the reliability and repeatability issues in present MOSFET devices.

Thermally Conductive Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Materials Enabled by Paraffin Wax and Nanoporous Structural Expanded Graphite.

Paraffin wax (PW) has significant potential for spacecraft thermal management, but low thermal conductivity and leakage issues make it no longer sufficient for the requirements of evolving spacecraft thermal control systems. Although free-state expanded graphite (EG) as a thermal conductivity enhancer can ameliorate the above problems, it remains challenging to achieve higher thermal conductivity (K) (>8 W/(m·K)) at filler contents below 10 wt.% and to mitigate the leakage problem. Two preparations of thermally conductive shape-stabilized PW/EG composites, using the pressure-induced method and prefabricated skeleton method, were designed in this paper. The expanded graphite formed a nanoscale porous structure by different methods, which enhanced the capillary action between the graphite flake layers, improved the adsorption and encapsulation of EG, and alleviated the leakage problem. The thermal conductivity and the latent heat of the phase-change materials (PCM) prepared by the two methods mentioned above are 9.99 W/(m·K), 10.70 W/(m·K) and 240.06 J/g, 231.67 J/g, respectively, at EG loading by 10 wt.%, and the residual mass fraction was greater than 99% after 50 cycles of high and low temperature. In addition, due to the excellent thermal management capability of PW/EG, the operating temperature of electronic components can be stably maintained at 68-71 °C for about 15 min and the peak temperature can be reduced by at least 23 °C when the heating power of the electronic components is 10 w. These provide novel and cost-effective methods to further improve the management capability of spacecraft thermal control systems.

Research on the Sensitivity Enhancement Method of Inductive Conductivity Sensors Based on Impedance Matching.

This paper presents the design and performance evaluation of an inductive conductivity sensor with a double tuning impedance matching network to enhance sensitivity and improve linearity. The sensor's equivalent circuit model is analyzed and verified through simulation, and impedance matching is shown to significantly increase the sensor's output signal, particularly at low conductivity measurements. Double tuning impedance matching expands the frequency response range and optimizes power transfer efficiency, achieving a higher power factor across a broader frequency range. Experimental results confirm that the sensor's sensitivity increases by approximately 30% after impedance matching with optimal performance at a frequency of 9865 Hz. Furthermore, while the impedance matching improves sensitivity, it also introduces some nonlinear errors, which are evaluated using a performance function that balances sensitivity and linearity. The results demonstrate that impedance matching enhances the sensor's measurement capability, making it more effective in practical applications where conductivity changes need to be accurately monitored across varying frequencies.

Control of Silver Micro-Flakes Sintering and Connection Properties of Epoxy-Based Conductive Adhesives by the Effectiveness of Binder Chemistry.

Bonding materials with high thermal and electrical conductivity and reliable resistance to thermal stress are required. The authors have been conducting fundamental research on sintering-type bonding, in which metal micro-fillers are low-temperature sintered in the resin-bonded type electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs), as a new bonding technology, with the aim of easing thermal stress through the resin binder. This study investigated the influence of the kind of additive diluent in epoxy-based ECAs containing silver (Ag) micro-flakes on the microstructure development in the adhesives and the connection properties to metal electrodes. As a result, the sintering of Ag micro-flakes was observed to proceed in the adhesive once cured at 150 °C and by post-annealing at 250 °C. Furthermore, the sintering behavior varied greatly depending on the kind and composition of the binder additive diluent, with corresponding changes in electrical conductivity and connection characteristics with metal electrodes. Additionally, electrode surface conditions affected the connection performance. These findings are valuable for designing sintering-type bonding using resin-bonded ECAs, optimizing interfacial interactions between binder chemicals and metals.

Capacitance Measurements of Exocytosis From AII Amacrine Cells in Retinal Slices.

During neuronal synaptic transmission, theexocytotic release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic neuron evokes a change in conductance for one or more types of ligand-gated ion channels in the postsynaptic neuron. The standard method of investigation uses electrophysiological recordings of the postsynaptic response. However, electrophysiological recordings can directly quantify the presynaptic release of neurotransmitters with high temporal resolution by measuring the membrane capacitance before and after exocytosis, as fusion of the membrane of presynaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane increases the total capacitance. While the standard technique for capacitance measurement assumes that the presynaptic cell is unbranched and can be represented as a simple resistance-capacitance (RC) circuit, neuronal exocytosis typically occurs at a distance from the soma. Even in such cases, however, it can be possible to detect a depolarization-evoked increase in capacitance. Here, we provide a detailed, step-by-step protocol that describes how "Sine + DC" (direct current) capacitance measurements can quantify the exocytotic release of neurotransmitters from AII amacrine cells in rat retinal slices. The AII is an important inhibitory interneuron of the mammalian retina that plays an important role in integrating rod and cone pathway signals. AII amacrines release glycine from their presynaptic dendrites, and capacitance measurements have been important for understanding the release properties of these dendrites. When the goal is to directly quantify the presynaptic release, there is currently no other competing method available. This protocol includes procedures for measuring depolarization-evoked exocytosis, using both standard square-wave pulses, arbitrary stimulus waveforms, and synaptic input. Key features • Quantification of exocytosis with the Sine + DC technique for visually targeted AII amacrines in retinal slices, using voltage-clamp and whole-cell patch-clamp recording. • Because exocytosis occurs away from the somatic recording electrode, the sine wave frequency must be lower than for the standard Sine + DC technique. • Because AII amacrines are electrically coupled, the sine wave frequency must be sufficiently high to avoid interference from other cells in the electrically coupled network. • The protocol includes procedures for measuring depolarization-evoked exocytosis using standard square-wave pulses, stimulation with arbitrary and prerecorded stimulus waveforms, and activation of synaptic inputs.

INVITED REVIEW: Recent developments in understanding the rehydration characteristics of high-protein dairy powders.

The use of dairy-based ingredients is increasingly prominent in the food industry due to their functional and nutritional benefits. High-protein powders are highly attractive due to their superior nutritional (e.g., high protein, calcium) and functional benefits (e.g., gelation, emulsification, foaming). Complete rehydration is essential for achieving optimum functionalities. However, poor wettability, slower rehydration, and the presence of insoluble particles are observed in high-protein dairy powders, especially in casein-rich powders, such as milk protein concentrate and micellar casein concentrate. The low solubility of these powders can cause processing difficulties, such as clogged filters and processing lines, leading to a loss of nutritional and functional properties and increased operating costs. Therefore, it is crucial to measure rehydration characteristics before application. Characterizing the different phases of rehydration helps in identifying the rate-limiting stages and strategies to improve them. Various methods for measuring each rehydration stage are discussed in detail in this review. Methods based on changes in conductivity, turbidity, particle size, and rheological properties during powder reconstitution are examined. Various imaging techniques, ultrasound-based methods, and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques that have been used for characterizing rehydration behavior are also elaborated upon here. Apart from these techniques, the methods suitable for in-line application in the industry are also mentioned. In addition to dairy powders, the rehydration of infant formula is discussed. The rehydration of infant formula is important for ease of end-user application and for delivering proper nutritional values. This review discusses common methods such as the insolubility index and wetting time, as well as some newer techniques based on focused beam reflectance measurement, electric resistance tomography, and Lumisizer. Overall, this review elucidates the existing industrial methods and recently developed techniques for characterizing rehydration, their applicability for inline measurement, and their advantages and disadvantages.

Recent progress of gas sensors based on perovskites.

Gas sensors convert gas-related information into usable data by monitoring changes in conductivity and chemical reactions resulting from the adsorption of gas molecules. Recently, perovskites have emerged as promising candidate materials for gas sensors, owing to their polar reactivity, chemical responsiveness, and sensitivity. These characteristics enable the detection of the presence and concentration of various gases. This article provides a concise review of recent advancements in perovskite-based gas sensors. First, the chemical composition, structure, and preparation methods of perovskites, as well as the effects of their structure on gas sensing performance, are examined. The key performance parameters of the sensor and the sensing mechanism of the perovskite-based gas sensor are discussed. Then the development of gas sensors based on different structural types of perovskites, including single-component perovskites, mixed-component perovskites, and metal-oxide perovskites, is discussed. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for gas sensors based on perovskites are summarized and prospected.

Ion current oscillation of polyelectrolyte modified micropipettes.

Here, we report for the first time that ion current oscillation (ICO) with periodic amplitude and frequency can autonomously occur at polyimidazole brush (PvimB) modified pipettes in an asymmetric solution with a pH gradient (e.g. pH 6.0/pH 8.0). Experimental results demonstrated that under a strong bias voltage, the proton responsive PvimB-modified pipettes exhibited significant current switching behavior under negative bias voltages, which contributed to the periodic oscillating ion current under constant biases. Based on this dynamic, the frequency and amplitude of the ICO phenomenon were regulated by adjusting the pH gradient in the asymmetric solution. ICOs under different bias voltages were further explored to show the voltage-dependent nature of this phenomenon. This observation of ICO phenomena offers a new strategy for designing iontronic devices with dynamic conductivity changes induced by surface chemical interactions within spatial confinements.

Effects of alkaline solution and aging time on thermal conductivity of MX80 powder-granule mixtures

In the design of high-level nuclear waste (HLW) repositories, granular bentonite is esteemed as an effective sealant for interfacing the spaces that exist between the bentonite blocks and adjacent geological bodies. When degraded cement dissolves in groundwater, it generates an alkaline solution with a high pH. Therefore, determining whether the thermal conductivity of granular bentonite changes under the long-term effect of alkaline solution is essential for the repository safety. In this study an experimental investigation was conducted on the changes in the thermal conductivity of granular bentonite with an alkaline solution (NaOH solution) over time, with the effects of aging time, particle size distribution, alkaline solution content and concentration being considered. X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique was applied for examining the variations in mineral composition, while the pores and cracks analysis system (PCAS) was utilized to process previous SEM images, revealing the change in porosity. The test results are as follows. Increasing the alkaline concentration, average particle size or aging time leads to a decline in thermal conductivity, whereas a higher alkaline solution content enhances it. In descending order of effect, the factors influencing thermal conductivity are ranked as the alkaline solution content, particle size distribution, alkaline concentration, and aging time. The interaction effects exist between these different factors. The decrease of thermal conductivity is not only related to the increase in porosity caused by the dissolution of montmorillonite, but also to the decrease in quartz content. The evolution of thermal performance can be a reference for the design and construction of HLW repositories.

Tuning anomalous Hall conductivity via antiferromagnetic configurations in GdPtBi.

The magnetic, electronic, and topological properties of GdPtBi were systematically investigated using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Various magnetic configurations were examined, including ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) states, with particular focus on AFM states where the Gd magnetic moments align either parallel (AFM‖) or perpendicular (AFM⊥) to the [111] crystal direction. For AFM⊥, the in-plane angles ϕ were varied at ϕ = 0°, 15°, and 30° (denoted as AFM⊥,ϕ=0°, AFM⊥,ϕ=15°, and AFM⊥,ϕ=30°, respectively). The ground-state magnetic structure of GdPtBi was validated through dipolar magnetic field calculations at the muon sites, corroborating the internal magnetic fields observed in muon spin relaxation (μSR) experiments. The results indicate that the AFM⊥,ϕ=30° configuration aligns with the μSR-measured internal field. The DFT-calculated band structure and Berry curvature reveal that AFM⊥ belongs to the triple-point semimetals (TPSMs) where the triple-point nodes positioned along the Z-Γ-Z and F-Γ-F paths have energies that shift as the spin-orbit coupling strength varies with ϕ. Notably, this shift in triple-point energy corresponds to a significant change in the anomalous Hall conductivity (AHC, σxy), with a difference of 75.06 Ω-1 cm-1 at the Fermi energy between AFM⊥,ϕ=0° and AFM⊥,ϕ=30°. These findings highlight the potential for controlling the AHC through precise manipulation of the AFM structure.

Numerical heat transfer analysis considering thermal contact conductance between rough reciprocating sliding surfaces

The frictional heat generated leads to elevated surface temperatures, which markedly influence the reliability and service life of friction pairs. Considering the dynamic changes in the thermal contact conductance and friction coefficient, the heat transfer equations which consist of heat exchange due to temperature difference and frictional heat generation at the sliding interface have been established. A finite element heat transfer model is constructed between two rough reciprocating sliding surfaces. The influences of the reciprocating motion and the interface thermal contact conductance on the heat flow distribution coefficient and surface contact temperature are solved by numerical simulations respectively. Furthermore, a prediction model is developed based on the BP neural networks. The results indicate that the heat flow distribution coefficient and surface contact temperature increase with rising motion frequency or interface thermal contact conductance and eventually reach a steady state. Moreover, for a fixed motion frequency, both parameters increase linearly with motion amplitude under different interface thermal contact conductance. The prediction model for heat flow distribution coefficient and surface contact temperature shows average relative errors of 0.45% and 3.53%, respectively. This research provides a new efficient way to analyze heat transfer in reciprocating sliding contacts and predict the contact surface temperatures.

Effect of Physiologically Relevant Dehydration on the Dielectric Properties of Ground Beef.

Readily available animal tissue, such as ground beef, is a convenient material to represent the dielectric properties of biological tissue when validating microwave imaging and sensing hardware and techniques. The reliable use of these materials depends on the accurate characterization of their properties. In this work, the effect of physiologically relevant levels of dehydration on ex vivo tissue samples is quantified while controlling for variation within and between samples. Seven commercial ground beef samples (90% lean muscle, 10% fat) are dehydrated from 0.0% to 7.0% in 1.0% increments by weight. Dielectric measurements are collected using a conventional dielectric probe technique from 0.2 to 6 GHz. A linear mixed-effects model is used to control for within- and between-sample variation while modeling the effect of dehydration and dispersion across frequency. Significant ( ) changes are noted in both permittivity and conductivity due to sample dehydration. For a 1% change in weight due to dehydration, changes in permittivity (5.1%-5.6%) and conductivity (3.2%-5.7%) are reported. These changes are important for the use of large muscle-based phantoms in microwave sensing and imaging validation, as well as the feasibility of microwave hydration assessment. The statistical model used here can be applied to similar research questions and can augment existing frameworks for reporting dielectric measurements.

An Urchin-like Bi/Bi2S3 active heterostructure anode toward high electrochemical performance potassium-ion batteries

Although the Bi2S3 material is one of the most promising anodes for potassium-ion batteries, its practical application has been hindered by low electronic conductivity, side reactions, and huge volume changes. In this work, a novel carbon-coated Urchin-like Bi/Bi2S3 active heterostructure anode (denoted as Urchin-like Bi/Bi2S3@C) is designed to promote the cycling stability as well as rate properties, ultimately realizing high electrochemical performance potassium-ion batteries. Specifically, the as-designed Urchin-like structure is used to mitigate the volume change of the anisotropy of the components during cycling process, and the unique Bi/Bi2S3 active heterostructure is applied to enhance the intrinsic electronic conductivity and maintain the high capacity. In addition, the carbon coating layer not only ensures the stability of such Urchin-like structure but also inhibits the agglomeration of alloy particles. As a result, the Urchin-like Bi/Bi2S3@C anode can provide a high discharge capacity of 388 mAh g−1 even after 340 cycles at a high current density of 2.0Ag−1, and its rate properties are also improved significantly. This study provides a new strategy for achievement the efficient potassium storage performance of Bi2S3 anode, and systematically explains its advanced nature and modification mechanism.

Radiative convective heat transfer and magneto-hydrodynamic flow in a viscous fluid-saturated porous channel with variable thermal conductivity

The proposed model offers a wide range of practical use, including nuclear energy plants, oil recovery, geothermal extraction, solar systems, dispersing fog, electrical power generation, hydro-metallurgical industry and advancements in medical sciences. The article explores the impact of radiative-convective heat transfer(HT) and magneto-hydrodynamic flow of a viscous fluid in a vertical porous channel with varying thermal conductivity and viscosity. The developing mathematical model analyses fluid flow and temperature distribution profiles. The nonlinear coupled differential equations (DEs) have been solved analytically and numerically. The numerical solution has been obtained from the Chebyshev spectral collocation method and a significant agreement is found with the analytical solution in the special case. The obtained solution offers a graphical representation of velocity, and temperature profiles have been found with respect to involving various parameters. The authors also study the behaviour of fluid flow near the surface and heat transfer from high to low temperatures at the walls. Correlations have been established for skin friction and Nusselt number in relation to involving parameters. The study reveals that the velocity profile is more pronounced when thermal conductivity changes compared to variable viscosity. The purpose of the study is to enhance the efficiency of oil recovery, geothermal extraction, etc., models.

Effect of Cold Deformation on the Microstructural and Property Uniformity of Al2O3/Cu Composites.

Copper matrix composites (Cu-MCs) have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional electrical, wear-resistant, and mechanical properties. Among them, Al2O3/Cu composites, reinforced with Al2O3, are a focal point in the field of high-strength, high-conductivity copper alloys, owing to their high strength, excellent electrical conductivity, and superior resistance to high-temperature softening. Cold deformation is an effective method for enhancing the mechanical properties of Al2O3/Cu composites. However, during cold deformation of large-cross-sectional Al2O3/Cu composites, the inhomogeneity in microstructure and properties induced by varying stress states cannot be overlooked. In this study, cold deformation of 1.12 wt% Al2O3/Cu large-cross-sectional composites was performed using a rolling process, coupled with finite element numerical simulations, to investigate the distribution characteristics of microstructure and properties during the rolling process. The results indicate that under cold deformation, the hardness of the material increases linearly from the surface layer to the core, while the change in electrical conductivity is minimal. The increase in hardness is closely related to variations in dislocation density and grain size, with dislocation density being the dominant strengthening mechanism. Quantitative analysis reveals that strain inhomogeneity during cold deformation is the primary cause of microstructural differences, leading to variations in mechanical properties at different positions. This study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the inhomogeneity of cold deformation in large-sized Al2O3/Cu composites and for controlling their microstructure-property relationships.

Hybrid Materials Based on Carbon Nanotubes and Tetra- and Octa-Halogen-Substituted Zinc Phthalocyanines: Sensor Response Toward Ammonia from the Quantum-Chemical Point of View.

This paper presents the results of quantum-chemical modeling performed by the Density Functional-Based Tight Binding (DFTB) method to investigate the change in the band structure of hybrid materials based on carbon nanotubes and unsubstituted, tetra-, or octa-halogen-substituted zinc phthalocyanines upon the adsorption of ammonia molecules. The study showed that the electrical conductivity of these materials and its changes in the case of interaction with ammonia molecules depend on the position of the impurity band formed by the orbitals of macrocycle atoms relative to the forbidden energy gap of the hybrids. The sensor response of the hybrids containing halogenated phthalocyanines was lower by one or two orders of magnitude, depending on the number of substituents, compared to the hybrid with unsubstituted zinc phthalocyanine. This result was obtained by calculations performed using the nonequilibrium Green's functions (NEGF) method, which demonstrated a change in the electrical conductivity of the hybrids upon the adsorption of ammonia molecules. The analysis showed that in order to improve the sensor characteristics of CNT-based hybrid materials, preference should be given to those phthalocyanines in which substituents contribute to an increase in HOMO energy relative to the unsubstituted macrocycles.

Sensitivity of bulk electrical impedance spectroscopy (bio-capacitance) probes to cell and culture properties: Study on CHO cell cultures.

Bulk electrical impedance spectroscopy (bio-capacitance) probes, hold significant promise for real-time cell monitoring in bioprocesses. Focusing on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, we present a sensitivity analysis framework to assess the impact of cell and culture properties on the complex permittivity spectrum, εmix, and its associated parameters, permittivity increment, Δε, critical frequency, fc, and Cole-Cole parameter, α, measured by bio-capacitance probes. Our sensitivity analysis showed that Δε is highly sensitive to cell size and concentration, making it suitable for estimating biovolume during the exponential growth phase, whereas fc provides information about cumulative changes in cell size, membrane permittivity, and cytoplasm conductivity during the transition to death phase. The analysis indicated that specific information about cell membrane permittivity or internal conductivity cannot be extracted from εmix spectrum. Based on the sensitivity analysis, we proposed two alternative parameters for monitoring cells in bioprocesses: Δε1 MHz and Δε1 MHz/Δε0.3 MHz, using measurements at 300 kHz, 1 MHz, and 10 MHz. Δε1 MHz is suitable for estimating viable cell density during the exponential growth phase due to its lower sensitivity to cell size. Δε1 MHz/Δε0.3 MHz can replace fc due to similar sensitivities to cell size and dielectric properties. These frequencies are within most bio-capacitance probes' optimal operation range, eliminating the need for low-frequency electrode polarization and high-frequency stray capacitances corrections. Experimental measurements on CHO cells confirmed the results of sensitivity analysis.