Changes In Common Carp Research Articles

Evaluation of lead exposure effects on tissue accumulation, behavior, morphological and hemato-biochemical changes in common carp, Cyprinus carpio

BackgroundHeavy metal pollution, particularly lead (Pb), poses a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems and their inhabitants, threatening their delicate balance and long-term viability. This study highlights the urgent need to mitigate heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems. ObjectiveThis study investigates Pb(NO3)2 exposure effects on tissue accumulation, behavioral abnormalities, and hemato-biochemical parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio), a widely distributed freshwater fish species. MethodologyFish (115 ± 5.23 g) were exposed to various Pb(NO3)2 concentrations for 10 and 20 days, representing control (0 %), 25 %, 50 %, and 75 % of the LC50 equivalent to 19.33, 38.66, and 58.0 mg/l, respectively. The standard manual procedure was used for blood sampling. The lead concentration in fish tissue was determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. ResultsResults revealed that fish gills showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in Pb(NO3)2 after 10 days, further rising after 20 days. Liver concentrations also rose significantly (P < 0.05) with prolonged exposure and increasing Pb levels. Muscle had lower concentrations. Hematological parameters (RBC, WBC, HB, HCT) decreased with higher Pb(NO3)2 levels. Behavioral and morphological changes were significantly more pronounced in the exposure groups when compared to the control group. Hepatic enzyme activities (AST, ALT), glucose, and lipid levels increased, while total protein decreased. ConclusionsThe study highlights Pb(NO3)2 harmful effects on common carp, impacting tissue accumulation, hematological parameters, and biochemical disruptions. It emphasizes the need to monitor and mitigate heavy metal pollution in aquatic environments to safeguard freshwater organisms and ecosystems, and to further increase our understanding of Pb toxicity in freshwater ecosystems.

Multi-omics reveals the molecular mechanism of muscle quality changes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) under two aquaculture systems

Preliminary experiments in our laboratory have demonstrated that common carp (Cyprinus carpio) cultivated for two months in land-based container recirculating aquaculture systems (C-RAS) exhibit superior muscle quality compared to those raised in traditional pond systems (TP). To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle quality variations in common carp cultured under two aquaculture systems, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed on muscle tissues of specimens aged 11 to 23 months. Comparison of muscle histological sections between the two groups indicated a significantly lower long diameter of muscle fibers in the C-RAS group compared to the TP group (P < 0.01). Conversely, the muscle fiber density was significantly higher in the C-RAS group than in the TP group (P < 0.05). Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses identified 3390 differentially expressed genes (DEGs)—1558 upregulated and 1832 downregulated—and 181 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs)—124 upregulated and 57 downregulated—between the groups. Based on integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, the significant differences focus on metabolic pathways involving glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, arginine and proline metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, and purine metabolism. The study revealed that the muscle quality of common carp in two aquaculture systems is primarily regulated through improvements in energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and purine metabolism. These metabolic processes play significant roles in promoting muscle fiber hyperplasia and hypertrophy, enhancing muscle flavor, and increasing muscle antioxidant capacity. This study provides new insights into the molecular and metabolic pathways that control muscle quality in common carp under different environmental factors.

Assessment of patho-physiological responses, gill histopathology and SEM analysis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to varied doses of chloramine-T: A potent chemotherapeutic agent

Chloramine-T (Cl-T) is a chemo-therapeutant used at aquafarms to control fish mortalities associated with bacterial and parasitic infections in freshwater aquaculture. It is also effective as a disinfectant against a wide range of viruses known to cause disease in fish. However, a very little information is available on the patho-physiological alterations in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to different doses of Cl-T. Herein, the present study aimed to assess the patho-physiological changes in common carp exposed to different doses of Cl-T (20 mg/L, 100 mg/L, and 200 mg/L) for 15 days followed by a post-exposure assessment for another 15 days. The results indicated a significant decrease in haematological indices viz., Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Total Leucocyte Count (TLC), Total Platelet Count (TPC), Haemoglobin (Hb), Haematocrit (Hct), and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) at higher Cl-T concentrations. Whereas, a decrease in some of the immune-biochemical parameters was also noted viz., lysozyme, NBT, Total Ig, phagocytic activity, protein, albumin and globulin in a dose-dependent manner. However, a significant increase in Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and glucose levels was observed during exposure period. Histopathological analysis revealed gill hypertrophy, fusion of secondary lamellae, sloughing of lamellar epithelium and gill necrosis which were more pronounced with increasing concentration of Cl-T. The maximum damage to the gill was noted at a concentration of 200 mg/L. Whereas, scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis of gill revealed sloughing of lamellar epithelium, reduced interlamellar space and hypertrophy of secondary lamellae in Cl-T exposed fishes. Together, these results suggest that Cl-T exposure in common carp at 20 mg/L has a mild and acceptable effect on gill and physiology of fish, 100 mg/L has moderate effect, and 200 mg/L causes extensive damage to gills and physiology of fish.

Physiological changes in common carp exposed to pyrethroid pesticides using well water

Physiological changes in common carp exposed to pyrethroid pesticides using well water

Determination of acute toxicity of sodium pyrithione and its exposure effects on antioxidant enzymes activity, immune status, and histopathological changes in common carp

ABSTRACT This study determined the LC50-24 h value of sodium pyrithione (NaPT) on Cyprinus carpio at 102.7643 µg/L. Then, 60 healthy fish were randomly allocated into 6 exposure groups, each receiving varying levels of NaPT for different durations (control goup = 0% µg/L NaPT for 24 and 96 h; NaPT-10 = 10% of the LC50-24 h dose of NaPT for 24 and 96 h; NaPT-20 = 20% of the LC50-24 h dose of NaPT for 24 and 96 h). As a result, the increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the decrease in catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the gill and liver tissue in both duration and dose groups were found to be statistically significant. In addition, NaPT increased serum tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in both dose groups for both durations. The results revealed that NaPT exposure caused shortening of gill tissue lamellae and vacuolisation (separation) of the secondary lamellar epithelium. Likewise, NaPT exposure was responsible for vacuolisation and hepatocellular degeneration in liver tissue in hepatocytes. In conclusion, the toxicity study, antioxidant enzyme activities, cytokine immune response, and histopathological results indicate that NaPT has a toxic effect on the carp.

The blood and mRNA levels of antioxidant-related factors in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed p-Coumaric acid.

The natural antioxidants are well known for their antioxidative activity without side effects when compared to antibiotics. Hence, the present study aimed at evaluating p-Coumaric acid as an antioxidant additive on the blood and mRNA levels of antioxidant-related factors in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish fed the basal diet supplemented with p-Coumaric at 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 g/kg for 56 days, then the serum, intestine, and liver samples were collected. The growth performance of fish fed with CA showed significantly (P < 0.05) improved FW, WG, and SGR compared to those of the control one. However, the feed conversion ratio was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in fish fed 1 and 1.5 g/kg diet levels. SOD was not significantly differed among the groups fed with varied p-Coumaric acid (P > 0.05). Serum GPX and TAC were enhanced considerably by p-Coumaric acid regarding the control with the highest being in fish fed 1.5 g/kg diet (P < 0.05). Serum CAT was more elevated in fish provided p-Coumaric acid at 1 or 1.5 g/kg than the control while fish fed 0.5 g/kg did not display significant changes. MDA level significantly decreased by all p-Coumaric acid groups compared to the control one, and the lowest level was observed in 1.5 g/kg (P < 0.05). The mRNA level of CAT was significantly upregulated in the liver by p-Coumaric acid at 1 or 1.5 g/kg (P < 0.05), while the intestine CAT did not influence by p-Coumaric acid (P > 0.05). The measured SOD in the liver and intestine samples revealed no changes in common carp fed p-Coumaric acid (P > 0.05). GPX was significantly upregulated in the intestine by p-Coumaric acid at 1 or 1.5 g/kg (P < 0.05), whereas the liver GPX was upregulated by p-Coumaric acid at 1.5 g/kg. The mRNA level of the GST gene in the intestine of common carp was upregulated by p-Coumaric acid at 1.5 g/kg, whereas the liver displayed upregulated GST in fish fed 1 g/kg diet. The present study approved the application of p-Coumaric acid as a natural antioxidant for friendly, sustainable aquaculture.

EFFECT OF FLAVOMYCIN AND SYNBIOTIC ON EXPERIMENTALLY-INFECTED COMMON CARP FISH WITH PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

This study investigated the antibacterial effect of flavomycin and synbiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p. aeruginosa) beside the weight gain and hemato-biochemical changes in common carp. Apparently healthy 150 common carp weighing 110 ± 10 g were divided into six equal groups. The 1st group received basal diet without any additives (control group). The 2nd group received basal diet with 8 mg/kg diet flavomycin for 30 days. The 3rd group received basal diet with 3 mg/kg diet synbiotic for 30 days. Fish in 4th, 5th and 6th groups were experimentally infected with P. aeruginosa. The 4th group was left untreated. The5th and 6th groups were treated with 8 mg/kg diet flavomycin or 3 mg/kg diet symbiotic, respectively for 5 days. Swabs were collected to reisolate p. aeruginosa. Blood samples were collected for hemato-biochemical analysis. Healthy fish received flavomycin or synbiotic revealed significant increase in body weight gain, RBCs, Hb, PCV with non-significant increase in total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, AST, ALT, urea, creatinine. Infected fish with P. aeruginosa showed tail and fin rot, hemorrhagic ulcerative skin, superficial ulcers beside mortality rate up to 32% with significant decrease in body weight, RBCs, HB, PCV %, total protein, albumin, globulin and significant elevation in AST, ALT, ALP, urea and creatinine. Infected fish treated with flavomycin or synbiotic improved the clinical signs, reduced mortality rate to 8% and 12%, respectively, and decreased rate of infection. In conclusion, flavomycin or synbiotic has effective antibacterial effect against P. aeruginosa.

Impact of Yeast Fermented Poultry by-Product Meal on Growth, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Intestinal Morphometry and Immune Response Traits of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Abstract The current study was carried out to investigate the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-fermented poultry by product meal (PBM) on growth performance, micromorphological, and immunological changes in common carp. Five experimental diets were prepared to include fermented PBM at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 % level in the diet of common carp (4.91±0.01 g). The fish were reared for 90 days on these diets. The obtained results revealed that yeast fermented PBM significantly changed the final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the fish in a dose dependent manner (P&lt;0.05). Fish fed 20 % fermented PBM showed the highest FBW, WG, SGR, FI, and lowest FCR. However, whole body composition did not vary significantly among fish fed different diets (P&gt;0.05). Dietary yeast fermented PBM at 10 and 20 % level significantly increased the lipase, amylase, and protease activities than the other groups (P&lt;0.05). The anterior, middle, and posterior intestinal villus length was significantly increased in fish fed fermented PBM at 15 and 20 % level when compared to the other groups (P&lt;0.05). The number of goblet cells was significantly increased in the middle section of intestine in fish fed yeast fermented PBM at 20 % level, while in the posterior region of intestine the number of goblet cells was significantly increased in fish fed yeast fermented PBM at 15 and 20 % level (P&lt;0.05). The histomorphology of intestine showed an increased length, branching and density of intestinal villi in fish fed yeast fermented PBM diets. Most of the measured blood parameters showed insignificant (P&gt;0.05) differences except for Hb, RBCs, WBCs, total blood protein, and globulin which were significantly affected by the inclusion of yeast fermented PBM (P&lt;0.05). Lysozyme activity was significantly increased in fish fed yeast fermented PBM at 5, 10, and 15 % level, while the phagocytic activity and phagocytic index were significantly increased at 20 % level when compared to the control groups (P&lt;0.05). It is concluded from this study that inclusion of yeast fermented PBM in the diet of common carp at 15-20% level increased digestive enzyme activities, immune function and growth of the fish.

The protective effects of vitamin C on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs)

The aim of this study was to investigate the hematological, biochemical, immunological, oxidative and mucosal changes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) (15.18 ± 0.22 g) exposed to titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs), as well as the possible role of vitamin C in counteracting undesirable effects. Six experimental groups were examined for 21 days. T1: Control- basal diet; T2: TiO2-NPs (0.125 mg L−1) + basal diet; T3: basal diet + vitamin C (500 mg kg−1 of food); T4: basal diet + vitamin C (1000 mg kg−1 of food); T5: basal diet + vitamin C (500 mg kg−1 of food) + TiO2-NPs (0.125 mg L−1); T6: basal diet + vitamin C (1000 mg kg−1 of food) + TiO2-NPs (0.125 mg L−1). The results showed that TiO2-NPs alone significantly elevated the level of biomarkers for stress (glucose, cortisol) and liver damage (ALT, AST, ALP) and significantly declined immune parameters of serum (TP, Ig, ACH50, LYZ) and mucus (Ig, LYZ) due to increased oxidative stress and lower activity of antioxidant enzymes compared to the control group. In addition, TiO2 caused some histological damages to liver, however the severity of these damages was lower in fish supplemented with 1000 mg kg−1 vitamin C compared to other TiO2 exposed groups. Vitamin C supplementation considerably prevented TiO2-NPs-induced changes and attenuated the intensity of liver damages. In conclusion, although TiO2-NPs produced toxicity in Cyprinus carpio, supplementation of diet with vitamin C at a level of 500 to 1000 mg kg−1 of feed could effectively prevent oxidative stress and undesirable effects of TiO2-NPs exposure.

Blood biochemical changes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) upon co-exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles and paraquat

Research on eliminating organic pollutants in water by using heterogeneous photocatalysts such as nano-TiO2 abound. However, the question is whether metabolites, resulting from optical dispersion of environmental pollutants, are still toxic to aquatic organisms. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of a co-exposure to paraquat and TiO2-NPs on blood biochemical indices of common carp. Fish were exposed to 0.2 and 0.4 mg L-1 paraquat with 0.125 mg L-1 TiO2-NPs for 21 days under different light conditions, including natural photoperiod (16 L 8h-1 D) and complete darkness. No significant alterations in the Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Creatine phosphokinase (CPK), activities and total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels were observed in fish exposed to TiO2-NPs and 0.2 mg L-1 paraquat under normal lighting conditions. However, a significant change in blood biochemical indices in fish exposed to TiO2-NPs with 0.4 mg L-1 paraquat (16 L 8h-1 D) and in fish exposed to TiO2-NPs and paraquat (under darkness). A significant decrease in the activity of Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and a significant increase in creatinine level were observed in all groups which were exposed to TiO2-NPs and paraquat. The results of this study indicate that using 0.125 mg L-1 nano-TiO2 in order to remove paraquat (0.2 mg L-1) under lighting conditions can minimize the adverse effects of paraquat and its metabolites on blood biochemical indices of fish. So, using nano-TiO2 (0.125 mg L-1) to remove paraquat under lighting conditions can significantly reduce its toxic effects.

Influence of the presence of ide Leuciscus idus on the boldness of common carp Cyprinus carpio

Behavioural traits (e.g., shyness vs boldness) can determine growth rates and also affect the probability of survival. We investigated behavioural changes in common carp caused by the co-occurrence of ide. The study was conducted in ten purpose-constructed experimental ponds containing both deep and shallow sections. Common carp (five individuals) were placed in each pond, but ide (two individuals of a variety called golden orfe) were placed in only half of the ponds. Three repetitions of the experiment were made, and in each repetition three observation series were conducted. Carp behaviour in every pond was noted during each series. Each observation lasted 5 min and the number of carp entries into the shallow water was counted. Each fish was used in only one repetition of the experiment. During eight of the nine observation series the common carp in ponds containing ide entered the shallow sections of the ponds significantly more often than carp kept without ide. Thus, the presence of ide influenced carp behaviour, making them bolder, which caused more frequent use of the shallow section of the ponds. We believe that carp were less stressed in the presence of ide. Thus, adding ide could be beneficial to carp, both in commercial carp production, because of the better use of the whole pond area, and also in ornamental carp breeding resulting in a higher visibility of fish.

Effects of glucose on biochemical immune responses and hepatic gene expression in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L

Glucose metabolism is a key biological process in animals, as it is related to multiple activities including immune response and diseases. In this study, we focused on serum parameter changes and hepatic gene expression to explore the immune response to glucose injection. We performed serum analysis and high-throughput sequencing analysis in the liver of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L). The serum GLU and albumin were up-regulated by glucose injection. The transcriptome analysis showed that the categories of response to external stimulus in GO category, PPAR-signalling pathway, complement and coagulation cascades pathways in KEGG analysis were enriched in genes that were differently expressed between the glucose injection group and the control group. Among these pathways, redox-regulatory protein FAM213A-like, extracellular superoxide dismutase [Cu–Zn]-like and putative natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP) were up-regulated by glucose stimulation. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha hydroxylase, vitamin D 25-hydroxylase and natterin-3-like were significantly down-regulated by glucose injection. The present study is the first report of serum and hepatic transcriptome changes in common carp in response to glucose increase in serum. The obtained data provide valuable clues for future efforts into understanding the connection between the energy metabolism and the immune system.

Fipronil (Phenylpyrazole) induces hemato-biochemical, histological and genetic damage at low doses in common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758).

This study was conducted to investigate the toxic effects of fipronil on common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The trial was performed in laboratory of Department of Life Sciences at the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Total of 72 fishes, with apparently no clinical signs were purchased from local fish hatchery near Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. After 2 weeks of acclimatization fish were divided into six groups in glass aquaria (each having 100 liters of water capacity) and treated with different concentrations of fipronil for 12 days: 0 mg/L-control group (A),0.02 mg/L (B),0.04 mg/L (C),0.06 mg/L (D),0.08 mg/L (E) and 0.10 mg/L (F). Blood samples were taken every 4 days for evaluation of hemato-biochemical parameters. Fish in high doses treated groups show severe abnormalities in clinical-hematological and biochemical parameters. At high dose in group E and F fish show clinical ailments such as convulsions, jerking, faintness, increase in operculum movement, body curvature and breathing difficulty. Erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit were decreased significantly (P < 0.05) and mean corpuscular volume, total leukocyte count, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes were significantly increased. Biochemical parameters including urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose were significantly increased but albumin was significantly decreased. Nuclear and cellular abnormalities were also increased in high dose treated groups. Hence fipronil induces clinico-hematological and serum biochemical changes in common carp C. carpio.

Blood biochemical changes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) fed different levels of copper sulphate and zeolite

In this study, copper toxicity, was investigated after the addition of zeolite to the diet of common carps (Cyprinus carpio). The experiment included four groups with three replicates each. The 4 group feeds were [CuSO4; CuSO4 + Zeolite; Zeolite, and the control without CuSO4 or Zeolite with three replicates each. Fishes were kept in 80 L glass aquariums with 10 fishes with a mean weight of 60.6 ± 0.2 g. At the end of each period, a necropsy was performed on fishes from each treatment, and gross clinical signs were recorded. We found significant changes in the blood parameters of the common carps with or without different levels of zeolite and copper. Changes in cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium (Ca2+), phosphorus (P+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), magnesium (Mg2+), and ferrous (Fe+2) were also significant. Our results suggest that zeolite can be used in fish feeds at a rate of 40 mg/l to mitigate the toxic effects of copper.

DNA damage and hematological changes in Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to oxadiazon

This study was carried out to investigate the genotoxic, and hematological and serum biochemical effects of a widely used herbicide, oxadiazon in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) fingerling. Fish were exposed to different concentrations (0, 1, 1.5 and 2 ppm) of the herbicide for 30 days. Blood samples were collected, then comet assay in circulating erythrocyte cells was applied. Erythrocytes cells of fish exposed to 1, 1.5 and 2 ppm of oxadiazon showed DNA damage (21.3%, 22.9%, and 28.4%, respectively) significantly higher than the control group. Moreover, exposure to oxadiazon significantly decreased WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct as well as serum albumin, glucose, and total protein levels, while serum ALP was significantly increased in the exposed fish groups. No significant differences were found in MCV, MCHC and MCH levels between oxadiazon treatments and control groups. In conclusion, this study shows that oxadiazon is highly toxic to C. carpio and causes significant changes in hematological and biochemical parameters as well as indicates the mutagenic potential of oxadiazon in the erythrocyte cells of this fish.

Comparative effects of Shirazi thyme and vitamin E on some growth and plasma biochemical changes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) during cadmium exposure

Phytobiotics include a large number of active components which potentially have a growth-promoting effects and antioxidant properties. This study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of Shirazi thyme and vitamin E on growth and plasma biochemical parameters of common carp exposed to cadmium. Fish (34 ± 3 g) were divided into four groups and fed four distinct diets including commercial diet without any additive (for control and metal only group) and supplemented with either 1% ground Shirazi thyme or 100 mg kg−1 vitamin E for 45 days. At the end of the feeding trial, all treatments except control group were exposed to sub-lethal concentration of waterborne cadmium for 15 days and sampling was done on days 0, 7 and 15 after the metal exposure. According to the results, dietary inclusion of thyme prevented the harmful effects of cadmium and also improved fish growth and nutritional indices including weight gain, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate and condition factor. Results also revealed that Shirazi thyme was more effective than vitamin E. Similarly, no changes in the hepatosomatic, viscerosomatic and bile somatic indices were observed. Plasma enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP and LDH) and metabolites were not altered due to thyme supplementation compared to the control. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 1% ground Shiraz thyme improved the growth and health status of fish and showed better hepatorenoprotective properties than vitamin E during waterborne cadmium exposure in common carp juveniles. It might be conceivable to consider Shirazi thyme as a potential phytobiotic for incorporation in fish diet.

Body shape change in Common carp, Cyprinus carpio var. Sazan, during early development using geometric morphometric method

This research was conducted to study the body shape changes in Common carp, Cyprinus carpio Var. Sazan during early developmental stages using landmark-based geometric morphometric method. For this purpose, a total number of 210 larvae from hatching till 55 days post hatching (dph) were sampled. For extracting body shape data, the left side of specimens was photographed and nine landmark-points were defined and digitized on 2D pictures using tpsDig2 software. Landmark data after GPA, analyzed using Relative Warp analysis, regression of shape on total length and cluster analysis. The results showed that change of body shape in common carp during early development includes (1) increase in the head depth, and trunk length from hatching up to 8 dph, (2) increase in the body depth, and the head and tail lengths from 8-20 dph, and (3) increase in the head length and depth from 20-55 dph. The cluster analysis was revealed that larval stages can be divided into four phases, including eleuthero-embryonic, larva, younger juvenile and juvenile. Based on our finding, the body shape changes of this species during early development is due to adjusting of vital priority.

Liver alteration and hematological and serum biochemical responses of common carp,Cyprinus carpioLinnaeus, 1758, following long-term feeding of pistachio (Pistacia vera) green hull extract as a source of natural phenol

Summary This study was conducted to investigate the effect of pistachio green hull extract (PGHE) on hematological and serum biochemical changes in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Three hundred common carp (11.65 ± 1.65 g) were fed one of five different dietary treatments (with three replications) containing 0, 0.5, 1.5, 4.5 or 9 g PGHE kg−1diet for ten continuous weeks. Each tank had a 90-L capacity and water flow rate of about 500 ml min_1.Total phenolic compounds of the different diets differed significantly (P < 0.001) according to the amount of PGHE. At the end of experiment, six fish were removed randomly from each treatment. Blood samples were taken for hematological and serum biochemical analyses at room temperature. Liver tissue samples were processed for histology and stained by H&E. The results indicated that all doses of tested PGHE induced no significant changes in hematocrit, hemoglobin, or erythrocytes, nor alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, total protein, albumin, globulin, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, glucose or cholesterol in the serum. Leukocytes were higher (P < 0.01) in fish fed a 1.5, 4.5, or 9 g PGHE kg−1 diet when compared to the 0.5 g PGHE kg−1 diet group or the control. Serum aspartate transaminase in treatments containing a 4.5 or 9 g PGHE kg−1 diet was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in comparison with the control. Liver histology showed focal necrosis, cytoplasm degeneration, lateral nuclei and an increase in Kupffer cells following PGHE administrations. The results of this trial indicated that although there were no significant changes in most hematological and biochemical parameters, PGHE could induce some adverse pathological effects on liver tissue.

Changes in Biogenic Amines and ATP-Related Compounds and Their Relation to Other Quality Changes in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) Stored at 20 and 0°C

Biogenic amines, ATP-related compounds, sensory attributes, total volatile basic nitrogen, microbial flora (total viable bacteria, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, and H2S-producing bacteria), and free amino acids were determined in common carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) stored at 20 and 0°C. Pseudomonas and H2S-producing bacteria became the dominant bacteria in carp stored at 20 and 0°C, whereas Aeromonas rapidly increased only in carp stored at 0°C. Inosine monophosphate, which is responsible for flavor and freshness, increased to a maximum of 2.37 μmol/g after 12 h at 20°C and to 4.72 μmol/g after 3 days at 0°C. Putrescine and cadaverine were the dominant amines in carp and their concentrations were significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with total volatile basic nitrogen and sensory scores in all samples during the storage. Significant correlations also were observed between histamine and total volatile basic nitrogen and sensory scores only in samples stored at 20°C. Arginine decreased while putrescine increased in all samples. A significant decrease (P < 0.05) in histidine was observed after 24 h of storage, which coincided with an increase in histamine after 36 h in samples stored at 20°C. Hypoxanthine concentrations were significantly correlated with the microbial species (P < 0.01) and sensory scores (P < 0.05) and seems to be a reliable marker for quality of carp fillets stored at 20 and 0°C.

Long time effect of oral cortisol on resistant to salinity changes in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) fingerling

Long time effect of oral cortisol on resistant to salinity changes in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) fingerling