Chromatic Changes Research Articles

Eco-Friendly Dyeing of Cotton and Wool Fabrics with Avocado Seed and Peel Extracts

ABSTRACT In this study, agricultural waste of avocado (Persea americana) was proposed as a natural dye source for eco-friendly and sustainable dyeing of textiles. Woven fabrics made of cotton and wool were pre-mordanted with nontoxic metallic salts; alum and ferrous sulfate and dyed with the pigments extracted from avocado seeds and peels. All samples exhibited very good washing and rubbing fastness grades. Pre-mordanting fabrics with ferrous sulfate provided a different color, a noticeable increase in dyeability and a significant improvement in fastness to light. On the other hand, in case of using alum, only a slight change in chroma and hue was recorded. Based on findings of the study, it was concluded that the extracted pigments have strong affinity for protein fibers and a relatively lower affinity for cellulosic fibers. It was also observed that the samples dyed with peel extract have darker and more saturated colors, a more persistent hue and higher light fastness grades when compared to the corresponding samples dyed with seed extract.

Impact of thermocycling on surface roughness, microhardness and optical properties of three different lithium disilicate ceramics

ObjectivesThis investigation was carried out to examine the influence of thermocycling aging on the surface roughness (Ra, µm), color parameters (L*, a*, b*), lightness change (ΔL*), chroma change (ΔC*ab), color change (ΔE), and microhardness (VH) of three lithium disilicate ceramics. Materials and methodsForty-five specimens were prepared from three lithium disilicate materials (n = 15)—e.max CAD (EC), e.max Press (EP), and GC Initial LiSi Press (LP) ceramics—with dimensions of 6.0 × 1.2 × 16.0 ± 0.2 mm following the manufacturers’ instructions. All specimens were exposed to 5000 thermal cycles with bath temperatures ranging between 5 °C and 55 °C. Data of surface roughness, color parameters, and microhardness were obtained using an optical profiler, a spectrophotometer, and a Vickers hardness tester, respectively. One-way ANOVA, a post-hoc Tukey’s test, and a paired sample t-test were implemented for statistical analysis (p ≤ 0.05). ResultsFor surface roughness, insignificant differences were reported between the materials either before or after thermocycling (p > 0.05) while each material displayed a significant increase after being subjected to thermocycling (p < 0.05). For color parameters, LP showed significantly lower L* and b* after thermocycling while EC presented a significant reduction in a* in comparison with other materials (p < 0.05). EP showed a significant decrease in ΔL*, ΔC*ab and ΔE compared with other materials (p < 0.05). Regarding microhardness, LP showed significantly increase value in comparison with other materials (p < 0.05). ConclusionsThermocycling had a major impact on the surface roughness, microhardness and optical characteristics of the tested materials. E.max Press displayed less changes in (ΔL*), (ΔC*ab) and (ΔE), while GC LiSi Press had better behavior in terms of microhardness.

Validation of urine colour L*a*b* for assessing hydration amongst athletes.

ObjectivesExisting studies have confirmed that urine colour through a urine colour chart is one of the effective indicators for assessing hydration. In recent years, the L*a*b* colour space has been widely used in the objective quantitative analysis of colour. The L*, a* and b* values represent the luminance change from black to white, the chromaticity change from green to red and the chromaticity change from blue to yellow, respectively. This study aimed to examine the validity of the urine colour L*a*b* parameters for assessing the level of hydration amongst athletes.MethodsThe study included a total of 474 young elite athletes (251 males and 223 females, age: 24.59 ± 4.86 years). A total of 803 urine samples were collected from the subjects in various stages of hydration, including morning urine and spot urine sample during rehydration. L*a*b* parameters were measured by spectrophotometer. Hydration status was assessed via urine osmolality and urine specific gravity.ResultsUrine colour b* value has a high correlation with urine specific gravity and urine osmolality (r = 0.811, 0.741, both p < 0.01); L* value has a moderate correlation with urine specific gravity and urine osmolality (r = –0.508, –0.471, both p < 0.01); there was no significant correlation between a* value and urine specific gravity, urine osmolality (p > 0.05). Whether the diagnosis of hypohydration is based on Usg ≥ 1.020 or Uosm ≥ 700 mmol/kg: The AUC of b* values were all above 0.9 and the specificity and sensitivity of b* values were high (both greater than 80%). The AUC of both L* and a* values were less than 0.5. Whether the diagnosis of hyperhydration is based on Usg ≤ 1.010 or Uosm ≤ 500 mmol/kg: The AUC of b* values were all above 0.9 and the specificity and sensitivity of b* value were high (both greater than 90%). The AUC of both L* and a* values were less than 0.5.ConclusionThese results suggested that the validity of urine colour b* value for assessing hydration amongst athletes was high, however, the validity of urine colour L* and a* values were low.

Analysis of Maize Sowing Periods and Cycle Phases Using Sentinel 1&amp;2 Data Synergy

The reliability of crop-growth modelling is related to the accuracy of the information used to describe the agricultural growing phases. A proper knowledge of sowing periods has a significant impact on the effectiveness of any analysis based on modeled crop growth. In this work, an estimation of maize actual sowing periods for year 2019 is presented, combining the optical and radar information from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2. The crop classification was conducted according to the information provided by local public authorities over an area of 30 km × 30 km, and 1154 maize fields were considered within the analysis. The combined use of NDVI and radar time series enabled a high-resolution assessment of sowing periods and the description of maize emergence through the soil, by detecting changes in the ground surface geometry. A radar-based index was introduced to detect the periods when plants emerge through the soil, and the sowing periods were retrieved considering the thermal energy needed by seeds to germinate and the daily temperatures before the emergence. Results show that 52% of maize hectares were sowed in late April, while about 30% were sowed during the second half of May. Sentinel-1 appears more suitable to describe the late growing phase of maize, since the radar backscattering is sensitive to the dry biomass of plants while the NDVI decreases because of the chromatic change of leaves. This study highlights the potential of synergy between remote sensing sources for agricultural management policies and improving the accuracy of crop-related modelling.

Volatile Organic Compound Sensing Array and Optoelectronic Filter System using Ion-Pairing Dyes with a Wide Visible Spectrum.

An ideal dye-based sensing array has essential design requirements, including facile preparation methodology, tolerance to water vapor, a broad range of color-responsive changes, and a simple readout system. Here, a brief synthetic route is developed for ion-pairing dyes exhibiting unusual chromatic changes across the entire visible spectrum. It requires only mixing and precipitation under mild conditions. The dyes are applied to a sensing array containing 12 sensing elements with different initial states. Owing to the numerous color variations of the dyes, the color map generated by the array is highly simple yet sufficiently accurate to distinguish among the different functional groups (such as amines, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids) as well as carbon chain lengths. Principle component analysis (PCA) demonstrates that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be well classified according to the color changes of the sensing array. The ion-pairing dyes are embedded into3Dstacked nanofibers via electrospinning, and function as effective harmful-gas (e.g., formaldehyde) sensors with sub-ppm theoretical detection limits (0.15ppm). Finally, the 3D stacked nanofibers can be employed in an optoelectronic filter system that automatically checks for formaldehyde in the surroundings and also confirms the effective removal of the detected formaldehyde by the gas filter cartridge.

Spraying treatment of fresh-cut apples as a sustainable alternative to dipping for browning inhibition: a preliminary lab-scale study

Several fresh-cut apple snacks are available on the market, and their color is highly relevant for consumers. As apple slices brown very quickly after cutting, dipping them in an antioxidant solution for a few minutes is common to avoid this phenomenon. However, this procedure has some limitations. Using the same solution for several immersion cycles over several hours can lead to cross-contamination and microbial growth. In addition, osmotic exchange phenomena in the immersion tank lead to a reduction in the concentration of the active ingredients of the antioxidant solution over time, which requires continuous readjustment of the concentrations. These aspects, together with the large quantities of exhausted antioxidant solution to be disposed of, are limiting factors that drive the search for alternative and more sustainable methods than dipping. In this work, a comparison between a conventional dipping treatment of fresh-cut apples and spraying at increasing volume of antioxidant solution was performed. Color, considered as the quality reference parameter, was visually assessed (occurrance of dark spots) and CIE Lab colorimetric indices were measured over a five-day experimental period. Based on dark spots and the changes in brightness (Δ L*), hue angle (Δ h) and chroma (Δ C*), some of the spraying treatments applied were found to be comparable to dipping in controlling browning. For all treatments, high intra- and inter-batch variability and within slices of the same apple was observed concerning both instrumental data and dark spots development, indicating that further investigation is needed to validate this result and to apply this procedure at an industrial level.

A model for assessing the efficacy of colour vision aids.

Optical filter aids are marketed which claim to improve colour discrimination in red-green colour vision defectives. An earlier model has been revised and used to assess 9 currently available aids. Spectral reflectances (400-700 nm) for 80 colours equally spaced in hue angle at four equally spaced saturations were synthesised from chromatically adjacent Munsell colours. Aid induced chromaticity changes for Protanomals and Deuteranomals were calculated. Five aids enhanced red-green discrimination significantly for Protanomals and six for Deuteranomals and one aid reduced it significantly for both defectives. Five aids enhanced blue-yellow discrimination in Protanomals and Deuteranomals for whom it is not needed.

Properties of Oaxaca Cheese Elaborated with Ultrasound-Treated Raw Milk: Physicochemical and Microbiological Parameters.

The effect of ultrasound-treated fresh raw milk upon yield, physicochemical and microbiological quality of Oaxaca cheese was evaluated under a factorial design. The ultrasound frequencies tested were 25 and 45 kHz, during 15 or 30 min. The cheeses made with the ultrasonicated milk (30 min, high-intensity ultrasound, HIU) had greater luminosity without significant changes in hue or chroma, as compared to the controls with no HIU. The yield improved significantly (by up to 2.8 kg/100 L of milk), as the ultrasound treatment time increased. Such cheese yield is attributable to the higher protein content, which was up to 1.5% higher, after sonication. Long-treatment time (30 min) at 25 kHz significantly lowered mesophilic bacteria counts down to limits allowed by current regulations and favors the growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) while lowering mold and yeast counts. The absence of E. coli and Salmonella spp. and the decrease in S. aureus counts in Oaxaca cheese were attributed to the mixing of the paste with hot water, inherent to the traditional elaboration process, and to the antagonistic effect of the ultrasound-triggered increased LAB on pathogenic bacteria. Since the artisanal elaboration of Oaxaca cheese does not comply with the current Mexican regulations regarding mesophiles, ultrasound could be a suitable technology to protect its genuine elaboration process with raw milk.

Effect of Hot Water, Steam and Microwave Blanching on Colocasia esculenta Leaves

Blanching, a pre-processing procedure, is usually carried out to inhibit enzymatic and other reactions which contribute to loss of quality prior to processing of green leafy vegetables. In this work the effect of hot water, steam and microwave blanching on peroxidase inactivation, colour changes, ascorbate degradation and changes in phenolic content of C. esculenta leaves was studied. Hot water and steam blanching were carried out in boiling water and steam, respectively, for 10, 20, 30, 60 and 120 s while microwave blanching was carried out for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 s. Peroxidase inactivation was faster in microwave blanched leaves. A 90% inactivation of peroxidase was achieved within 15 s of microwave blanching compared to 120 s and 30 s of hot water and steam blanching, respectively. The highest change in colour (ΔE) and chroma was observed after 20 s of microwave and steam blanching, respectively, although the changes were not significant. All the different blanching techniques resulted in ascorbate degradation, although higher losses were observed with hot water blanching compared to steam and microwave blanching.

Dynamics of Drying Turmeric Rhizomes (Curcuma longa L.) with Respect to Its Moisture, Color, Texture and Quality

Drying involves removing moisture from food. Therefore, to preserve the phenolic and bioactive compounds such as curcumin, dimethoxy curcumin and bisdemethoxi curcumin, etc., an efficient drying method is considered necessary. The primary drying methods are sun drying, hot air oven drying and fluidized bed drying. Traditional drying methods result in the loss of volatile oil (up to 25%) by evaporation and destruction of some light-sensitive oil constituents. Three methods of drying Turmeric with pretreatments boiled/unboiled and whole/sliced (2.5 cm long) were compared on physical and quality parameters. Texture analysis from sundry sliced boiled rhizomes achieved maximum peak force (45.40 kg), which was an indication of maximum uniform drying. Moisture content was strongly and significantly associated with drying time in different drying methods. Out of the three drying methods, in general, the sun drying showed a declining trend of L*, a* and b* values with drying time. Whereas a slower rate of decrease in L*, a* and b* values was predominant in the oven dry method. Interestingly, in the case of the fluidized method, almost static L*, a* and b* values were measured at 3 h of drying onwards after a declining trend of those values. In the case of sun and oven drying, the hue angle reached its peak at the fourth hour of drying, then gradually declined up to final drying. However, for fluidized bed drying, it had a continuous declining trend for other parameters such as chroma and total color change; there was a sharp decreasing trend for all throughout. Turmeric whole boiled dried in the sun produced the maximum curcumin (5.82%) and the sliced boiled ones produced the maximum oleoresin (8.10%), indicating good quality powdered product among all other drying treatments. Considering all the aspects, it is recommended that sun drying should be followed in post-harvest operations, as it produces a quality powder with comparatively more curcumin, despite its longer drying time.

Effect of Heat Treatment on Nutritional and Chromatic Properties of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)

Chlorophyll is the primary source of color in widespread green plants. It has been investigated in mung bean seed coats and cotyledons. This study aimed to examine chromatic changes in mung beans during heat processing. It observed pigment variation within the cotyledons and seed coats of mung beans. Following thermal treatment from 0 to 50 min, the color of mung bean products changed, primarily from a decrease in chlorophyll content in the seed coat (from 6.57 to 1.28 mg/100 g, with significant differences. p &lt; 0.05), accompanied by the formation of tawny pheophytin. However, the b value of mung bean seed coat showed an increasing trend with significant differences (yellowness, 21.55 increasing to 34.85, p &lt; 0.05). Interestingly, the total flavonoid content in the seed coat tended to increase with thermal time (2.93 to 18.74 µg/mg) with statistical differences (p &lt; 0.05). The condensation reaction of flavonoids with other polyphenolic compounds formed dark-brown polymers, resulting in a significant decrease in brightness (L value) of the cooking solution with thermal processing time (p &lt; 0.05). Thus, the chlorophyll extraction and purification of the mung bean seed coat confirmed the morphological change of chlorophyll combined with the Maillard reaction, resulting in the color change after thermal treatment. It showed that a significant reason for the discoloration of mung beans was pheophytin from chlorophyll in the processing process.

Effects of Changes in Environmental Color Chroma on Heart Rate Variability and Stress by Gender.

With increasing time spent indoors during the coronavirus disease pandemic, occupants are increasingly affected by indoor space environmental factors. Environmental color stimulates human vision and affects stress levels. This study investigated how changing environmental color chroma affected heart rate variability (HRV) and stress. The HRV of nine males and fifteen females was measured during exposure to 12 color stimuli with changes in chroma under green/blue hues and high/low-value conditions, and a stress assessment was performed. The effect of chroma on the HRV of males and females was verified, but the interaction effect between chroma and gender was not. ln(LF) and RMSSD were valid parameters. ln(LF) of males and females decreased as chroma increased under the green hue and low-value conditions; RMSSD was reduced as chroma increased in the blue hue and low-value conditions. ln(LF) decreased as chroma increased under blue hue and high-value conditions in males. Color–stress evaluation revealed that the higher chroma under high-value conditions, the more positive the stress emotion, and the lower the chroma under low-value conditions, the more negative the stress emotion. As chroma increased under low-value conditions, color is a stress factor; for men, this effect was more evident in the blue hue.

Experimental Analysis of the Fire-Induced Effects on the Physical, Mechanical, and Hydraulic Properties of Sloping Pyroclastic Soils

The paper investigates the changes in the physical, mechanical, and hydraulic properties of coarse-grained pyroclastic soils, considered under both wildfire-burned and laboratory heating conditions. The soil samples were collected on Mount “Le Porche” in the municipality of Siano (Campania Region, Southern Italy), hit by wildfires on 20 September 2019. The area is prone to fast-moving landslides, as testified by the disastrous events of 5–6 May 1998. The experimental results show that the analyzed surficial samples exhibited (i) grain size distribution variations due to the disaggregation of gravelly and sandy particles (mostly of pumice nature), (ii) chromatic changes ranging from black to reddish, (iii) changes in specific gravity in low-severity fire-burned soil samples different from those exposed to laboratory heating treatments; (iv) progressive reductions of shear strength, associated with a decrease in the cohesive contribution offered by the soil-root systems and, for more severe burns, even in the soil friction angle, and (v) changes in soil-water retention capacity. Although the analyses deserve further deepening, the appropriate knowledge on these issues could provide key inputs for geotechnical analyses dealing with landslide susceptibility on fire-affected slopes in unsaturated conditions.

Pigment Penetration Characterization of Colored Boundaries in Powder-Based Color 3D Printing.

Color 3D printing has widely affected our daily lives; therefore, its precise control is essential for aesthetics and performance. In this study, four unique test plates were printed using powder-based full-color 3D printing as an example; moreover, the corresponding pigment-penetration depth, chromaticity value and image-based metrics were measured to investigate the lateral pigment penetration characteristics and relative surface-color reproduction of each color patch, and to perform an objective analysis with specific microscopic images. The results show that the lateral pigment-penetration depth correlates with the number of printed layers on the designed 3D test plates, and the qualitative analysis of microscopic images can explain the change in chromaticity well. Meanwhile, there is an obvious linear correlation between the mean structural similarity, color-image difference and color difference for current color samples. Thus, our proposed approach has a good practicality for powder-based color 3D printing, and can provide new insight into predicting the color-presentation efficiency of color 3D-printed substrates by the abovementioned objective metrics.

Sol-silicate versus organic paints: Durability after outdoor and ultraviolet radiation exposures

Sol-silicate paints and polyvinyl acetate paints with similar red and green colour tones were applied to concrete and brick specimens and underwent either natural outdoor exposure in a marine setting for 12 months or accelerated ultraviolet radiation exposure (total exposure 4620 h). Chromatic changes were regularly monitored via spectrophotometer measurements. After exposure, physical, chemical, and mineralogical changes were evaluated using a multianalytical protocol based on stereomicroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle and peeling test measurements.After both tests, all the samples underwent colour changes whose intensity was independent of the type of substrate and type of exposure, being more related to the nature of the chromophore than to the nature of the base paint (organic or sol-silicate). After the outdoor test, the detachment of the pictorial layer was occurred in all the samples, more intensely in the sol-silicate painted brick mockups; this detachment process was related to salt precipitation-dissolution phenomena, mainly gypsum from marine aerosol, which causes effects that are more adverse when the adhesion between the paint and the substrate is weak.Compared to conventional organic paints, the use of sol-silicate paints in works of art in public spaces could meet the durability expectations of artists, always performing a prior evaluation focused to the selection of substrates that provide good adhesion and located in environments free from sources of salts.

Biocides for the Control of Mosses on Stone Cultural Relics

ABSTRACT Controlling biodeterioration is a worldwide necessity for the preservation of cultural heritage. Biocides are the most effective compounds used for heritage protection of stone; however, their specific efficacy, performance over time, interference with cultural heritage materials, and potential hazards are still unclear. In this work, we test and evaluate a large number of biocides to address the degradation of stone cultural relics by mosses. The quantitative and qualitative evaluations of biocide efficiency were performed by chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlaF) measurements and confocal microscopy. Surprisingly, traditional herbicides (glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium) and metal oxide nanoparticles (CuO, ZnO) with antibacterial effects do not affect mosses. However, some plant hormones and essential oils showed good effects at all stages of moss growth. Meanwhile, biocides were also tested on artificial simulated rocks to see if they change their properties. It turns out that biocides containing copper ions can cause chromaticity changes on the rock surfaces. In the end, a total of six efficient and safe biocides were obtained, which will play a good role in biological control for cultural heritage protection.

The Effect of the Field of Adaptation on Chromatic Discrimination Ellipses

In this paper results of chromatic discrimination measurements obtained in two lighting scenarios are compared. Chromatic discrimination thresholds were measured in relation with systematically manipulated chromaticities seen under different visual angles. In both cases the Ellipse module of the Cambridge Colour Test (CCT) was obtained binocularly by normal colour-observers. Discrimination ellipses fitted to the measured thresholds were compared in terms of the adapting chromaticity and the visual angle of the adapting stimulus. Our findings show that changes in the reference chromaticity of the CCT have stronger effect on the elongation of the chromatic discrimination ellipses compared to the effect of the adapting chromaticity obtained in a light booth.Further comparison of discrimination thresholds estimated towards the confusion directions and the corresponding radii of the Ellipse test results suggests that the reliability of the Ellipse test results depends on the relation between the measurement directions and the confusion directions.

Effect of high temperatures on the magnetic susceptibility of loess.

Coal fires refer to fires generated by the self-combustion of coal seams, which have a maximum temperature of 1000 °C. Such fires can significantly alter the properties of surrounding rock and soil. However, in Northern Shaanxi, China, coal resources are abundant, and the buried depth of coal seams is shallow; therefore, coal fires often occur. Because Northern Shaanxi is located in China's Loess Plateau, there is a large amount of loess accumulation on the surface. For this reason, it is imperative to study the effects of high temperatures on loess. In this paper, the loess samples are heat treated at different temperatures (200-1000 °C), and their surface redness (a*) and mass magnetic susceptibility (χ) are measured to simulate the high-temperature effects of coal fires on the loess in northern Shaanxi, and also study its chromaticity changes and abnormal magnetic properties. The results show that (1) the loess χ value is affected by the heat-treatment temperature; at 600 °C, the χ value decreases, increasing rapidly above after 850 °C. Further, the magnetic susceptibility changes significantly. (2) The thermal-induced transformation of ferromagnetic minerals and the buried depth of loess are the main reasons for these changes in magnetic susceptibility and red chroma of loess.

Deterioration of graffiti spray paints applied on granite after a decade of natural environment

Graffiti spray paints are commonly used in contemporaneous mural paintings in public spaces, contributing to the transformation of sites and urban life. These outdoor artworks are now beginning to show different deterioration forms, such as physical-mechanical alteration (loss of material and cohesion, etc.) and chromatic changes. However, the deterioration has not been formally characterized, and the influence of the paint composition and underlying substrate are not known. In this study, three non-metallic (red, blue and black) alkyd graffiti spray paints and one metallic (silver) polyethylene graffiti spray paint were applied to two granite stones with different mineralogy and texture and exposed to a natural urban-marine environment near Vigo (NW Spain) for one decade (2010−2020). Physical changes were evaluated by stereomicroscopy, colour spectrophotometry, measurements of gloss, surface roughness and static contact angle, and peeling test. Mineralogical changes were determined by x-ray diffraction and molecular changes by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, micromorphological and chemical characterization of the surfaces was conducted by scanning electron microscopy.Physical-mechanical changes, such as craquelure and paint loss, depended on the texture of the granite. More specifically, paint on the granite with the finest grain size showed most intense cracking and loss of material. Chemical changes, which were not related to the granite substrate, were most intense in the red and silver paint coatings. In the red paint, loss of binder was accompanied by an intense fading of the colour (due to titanium dioxide relative enrichment), while in the silver paint coating, chemical changes occurred in both the organic binder and aluminium particles, thus darkening the colour. Fewer chemical changes were observed in the blue and black paints. Physical and chemical changes detected in these paints were not correlated.

Inkjet‐Printed, Flexible Full‐Color Photoluminescence‐Type Color Filters for Displays

Photoluminescence‐type color filters (PLCFs) are supposed to offer vivid colors and higher power efficiency for modern displays by removing absorption losses of the conventional color filters (CFs). Inkjet printing (IJP) is a versatile and low‐cost method to pattern color converters. But uniformity of the patterns is a big concern. Poor photoluminescence stability is also problematic, especially for the perovskite nanoparticles (PNPs) and quantum color converters. Herein, a porous polymer film (PF) is deployed as a template for IJP. The capillary effect of sub‐micron pores in the PF modifies the rheological process of ink spreading that eliminates the coffee‐ring effect and simultaneously provides photoluminescence (PL) stability. A high‐quality green PNP, and red quantum rod (QR) based CF array onto the PF is successfully printed. A liquid crystal display (LCD) deploying this full‐color PF CFs is demonstrated. Color gamut of the device could reach 96.9% of BT2020. The PF CFs show good PL stability for more than 218 days. Furthermore, the fabricated PF CFs possess great flexibility, and any chromaticity and brightness change after 10 000 times of folding were not observed. Thus, the proposed CF using the PF is highly suitable for flexible display and photonics components.