Changes In Bursa Research Articles

Age-related involutory changes in bursa of Fabricius of Chabro bird

Age-related involutory changes in bursa of Fabricius of Chabro bird

Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles Synthesized with Alginate Oligosaccharides Alleviate Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage to Organs in Broilers through Activating Nrf2-Mediated Anti-Oxidation and Anti-Ferroptosis Pathways.

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for maintaining health due to its ideal antioxidant properties. We previously prepared a new type of biogenic selenium nanoparticles based on alginate oligosaccharides (SeNPs-AOS), and this study aimed to investigate the protective effects of SeNPs-AOS (Se particle size = 80 nm, Se content = 8%) on organ health in broilers challenged with HS. A total of 192 21-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into four groups according to a 2 × 2 experimental design, including a thermoneutral zone group (TN, raised under 23 ± 1.5 °C); TN + SeNPs-AOS group (TN group supplemented 5 mg/kg SeNPS-AOS); HS group (HS, raised under 33 ± 2 °C for 10 h/day); and HS + SeNPs-AOS group (HS group supplemented 5 mg/kg SeNPS-AOS). There were six replicates in each group (eight broilers per replicate). The results showed that SeNPs-AOS improved the splenic histomorphology, enhanced the activity of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) of the spleen, as well as upregulating the splenic mRNA expression of antioxidant-related genes in broilers under HS. In addition, SeNPs-AOS reversed the pathological changes in bursa caused by HS increased the activity of GST, GSH-Px, and CAT and upregulated the mRNA expression of Nrf2 and antioxidant-related genes in the bursa of heat-stressed broilers. In addition, dietary SeNPs-AOS improved the hepatic damage, increased the activity of GSH-Px in the liver, and upregulated the mRNA expression of antioxidant-related genes while downregulating the Keap1 gene expression of the liver in broilers during HS. Moreover, dietary SeNPs-AOS upregulated the anti-ferroptosis-related genes expression of liver in broilers under HS. In conclusion, dietary SeNPs-AOS could relieve HS-induced oxidative damage to the spleen, bursa of Fabricius and liver in broilers by upregulating the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant gene expression and SeNPs-AOS could also upregulate the expression of hepatic Nrf2-related anti-ferroptosis genes in heat-stressed broilers. These findings are beneficial for the development of new nano-antioxidants in broilers.

Evaluation the role of Apsa-mos® as immunomodulator on the level of antibody titers in broiler chickens vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus.

The aim of our study is to evaluate the effect of Apsa-mos® as immunostimulant on the level of antibodies in broiler chickens vaccinated with Newcastle disease live attenuated vaccine (β1 and lasota strain) at 10, 24-day old respectively. Forty, one-day-old chicks were reared in this experiment. They were divide into four groups and treated as follows: Chicks in the 1st group were treated as control one (G1); Chicks in the group 2 (G2), were vaccinated with live attenuated β1 NDV vaccine at 10 days followed by attenuated lasota NDV strain vaccine at 24 days of age, chicks in the group three (G3) were vaccinated as in group 2 but amended with Apsa-mos® at a rate of 1 mg / kg of feed; Chicks in the 4th treatment was given Apsa-mos® only at a rate of 1 mg / kg of feed. Antibody titers after administration of NDV vaccines were estimated using ELISA technique. The results showed a significant difference in the titers between the vaccinated and non-vaccinated birds with higher values when Apsa- mose® was added, in comparison with groups 1 and 4. No significant changes were noticed between granulocytes differential counts and in the values of stress factor of heterophiles/lymphocytes (H/L ratio) in all treated groups. Amending Apsa-mos® to the feeds of the treated birds G3 and G4 has no negative effect on the treated and play a positive role by restoring the normal architecture of lymphoid tissues of bursa of Fabrecious and caecal tonsils. we concluded that the giving of Apsa-mos improve the immune state of the chicks in both types humeral and cellular immunity especially in G3 and decreased the influence of the vaccine in this group and increase the immunity in G4 also Apsa-mos decrease the effect of the vaccine in G3 seen in histological changes in bursa of fabricious and cecal tonsils.

Influence of the structural development of bursa on the susceptibility of chickens to infectious bursal disease virus

Infectious bursal disease (IBD), caused by IBD virus (IBDV), is an acute, highly contagious immunosuppressive avian disease. Although age-dependent changes in susceptibility of chickens to IBDV have been established, the relationship between age-dependent structural changes in bursa of Fabricius and susceptibility of chickens to IBDV is still unclear. In the present study, we examined the bursa anatomical structure and pathological changes in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) white leghorn chickens 0 to 8 weeks post hatch (w.p.h.) and IBDV BC6/85-infected SPF chickens 2 to 6 w.p.h. respectively, by histology, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy. Almost all IBDV-exposed chickens (2 to 6 w.p.h.) were infected, with the severest bursal inflammation and complication in chickens at 3 w.p.h. Furthermore, the bursae of healthy chickens at 3 to 6 w.p.h. had decreased laminin immunoreactivities, lots of splits, and irregular shapes in basement membrane (BM) of cortico-medullary epithelium (CME), irregularly arranged CME, and large numbers of immunoglobulin M-bearing (IgM+) B lymphocytes in the medulla. The decreased barrier function of corticomedullary border and large amount of IgM+ B lymphocytes provide a chance for IBDV to easily contact and infect target cells at 3 to 6 w.p.h. By contrast, regular BM, neatly arranged CME, and few IgM+ B lymphocytes in healthy chickens younger than 2 w.p.h., as well as reduced IgM+ B lymphocytes and high immunoglobulin A (IgA) content in healthy chickens older than 8 w.p.h., were observed, suggesting that the integrity of corticomedullary border barrier, a small amount of target cells and high IgA content of the bursa could be the reasons for these chickens being less susceptible to IBDV. Although studies have shown how IBDV affects bursa, we focus first on the age-dependent changes of CME, BM of CME and IgA content, and our findings are the first to elucidate the structural development of bursa in relation to IBDV susceptibility from a morphological perspective.

Efficacy of turmeric (Curcuma longa) as antioxidant in combating heat stress in broiler chicken

A study was undertaken to evaluate the antioxidants potential of herbal turmeric (Curcuma longa) in combating heat stress on120 broiler chicks in hot summer months. The day old Vencobchicks were randomly divided into five groups in a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments were basal diet (no antioxidant supplementation, BD), and the other four diets were BD supplemented with vitamin E (200 mg/kg), vitamin E (200 mg/kg) + Se (0.15 mg/kg), Turmeric (0.2%) and turmeric (0.4%), respectively. Additionally, a group of 24 chicks was raised separately in stress free environment on BD without any antioxidant supplementation and this diet acted as control. Blood was collected at 4th and 6th week of age from 12 birds from each group. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant concentrations were estimated in plasma and cortisol concentration was analyzed in serum. Birds were vaccinated with Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine on 7th and 21st day and humoral response (HI) was assessed in sera samples at 4th and 6th wk of age. Cell mediated immune response (CMI) was assessed by injecting Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA-P) intra dermally into inter digital fold at the end of 4th and 6th wk and increase in the skin thickness was measured after 24 h. At the end of 42nd day, 6 birds from each group were sacrificed to observe the histological changes in bursa, spleen and liver. Serum cortisol was highest in heat stressed birds and lowest in heat stress free (control) group. On contrary, the activities of enzymatic antioxidants i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase and non enzymatic antioxidants (reduced glutathione) and immunological indices HI and CMI were lower (P<0.01) in heat stressed birds compared to control group. Inclusion of vitamin E in combination with Se showed the highest (P<0.01) response in reducing cortisol levels and improving antioxidant and immune status followed by vitamin E sole supplementation. Turmeric supplementation at either dose significantly (P<0.01) lowered serum cortisol and increased the antioxidant activity and immune status. However, the improved response obtained was more significant (P<0.01) with Turmeric supplementation at higher dose (0.4%) than supplementation at lower (0.2%) level. The study indicated that Turmeric at 0.4% level of supplementation to basal diet was effective in lowering the oxidative damage caused due to heat stress, but it was less effective than supplementation of vitamin E either alone (or) in combination with Se.

Pathology of fenvalerate toxicity in broiler chicks and its amelioration with vitamin E

The present study was conducted to evaluate the histopathological alterations in experimentally induced fenvalerate toxicity and ameliorating effect of vitamin E in broiler chicks. For this study, one hundred fifty apparently healthy unsexed broiler chicks (White Leghorn) were randomly divided into five groups. The control chicks were fed with normal feed without fenvalerate. Group I and II were fed with 20 ppm/kg feed and 40 ppm/kg feed Fenvalerate respectively. Group III and IV chicks were fed with 20 ppm/kg feed and 40 ppm/kg feed Fenvalerate respectively along with Vitamin E @ 2.5 ml each (62.5 mg) in water. Grossly kidney showed enlargement, moderate to severe congestion with mild haemorrhages. Liver revealed paleness, congestion with areas of blotchy haemorrhages. Hydropericardium is noticed in heart. Thymus and spleen showed mild atrophy with petechial haemorrhages. Microscopically, kidney revealed mild fatty change, intertubular fibrous tissue proliferation and focal atrophy of renal tubules. Tubular necrosis in kidneys was evident in group II and IV. Periportal fibrosis, hyperplasia of bile ductular epithelium and individualization of hepatocytes were noticed in liver. Mild haemorrhages and mild to moderate depletion of lymphocytes were noticed in thymus, bursa and spleen. The ameliorative effect of vitamin E @ 2.5ml (62.5mg.vitamin E) was negligible. Toxic changes were noticed mainly in kidney followed by liver indicating the nephrohepato toxic nature of the fenvalerate. The changes in bursa and thymus are indicating the immunosuppressive effect.

The Histological Changes in Bursa of Fabricius on Chickens Vaccinated with Intermediate and Hot Strains of Vaccines against Gambaro Disease.

The study material represent histological modifications in bursa of Fabricius on vaccinated chickens with intermediary and hot vaccines strains.Was established that intermediary vaccine strains against infectious bursitis make the changes in bursa tissue which is observed at 10, 20 and 30 days after vaccination and expressed with hypertrophy of lymphoid follicles, partial destruction of lymphocytes, plasma cells, accumulation of serous or sero-bloody exudates in the interfollicles space and return to normal structure over 30, 40 days after vaccination. Hot vaccines strains causing a deep tissue destructive processes that are expressed with cover epithelium detachment, mass destruction of lymphoid follicle lymphocytes, and accumulation of sero- sangvinolen exudates in interfollicles and follicles regions. Hot vaccine strains caused destructive lesions in tissue of bursa of Fabricius leading to further immunosuppressant state and low post vaccination response against anther infectious diseases.

Early Changes in Bursa of Fabricius from Marek's Disease

SUMMARY Seventy Line 7 X specific-pathogen-free (SPF) hybrids were inoculated with four isolates of the Marek's disease (MD) agent. The strains used were the JM and Conn-A agents, chosen as standard isolates, and materials from two field outbreaks. Whole blood from infected donors was the source of inoculum; both undiluted and phosphate-buffered saline dilutions of blood were inoculated. At 12 days postinoculation, bursas were dramatically smaller in all chicks receiving undiluted blood, and less small in those receiving dilutions of blood. Histologic evaluation revealed changes in the bursa reported by others as typical for MD infection, plus other lesions associated with early MD infection.