Changes In Biochemical Composition Research Articles

Protein and Lipid Content of Milk Extracellular Vesicles: A Comparative Overview.

The characterization of the protein and lipid cargo of milk extracellular vesicles from different mammal species is crucial for understanding their biogenesis and biological functions, as well as for a comprehensive description of the nutritional aspects of animal milk for human diet. In fact, milk EVs have been reported to possess relevant biological effects, but the molecules/biochemical pathways underlying these effects have been poorly investigated. The biochemical characterization is an important initial step for the potential therapeutic and diagnostic use of natural or modified milk EVs. The number of studies analysing the protein and lipid composition of milk EVs is limited compared to that investigating the nucleic acid cargo. Here, we revised the literature regarding the protein and lipid content of milk EVs. Until now, most investigations have shown that the biochemical cargo of EVs is different with respect to that of other milk fractions. In addition, even if these studies derived mostly from bovine and human milk EVs, comparison between milk EVs from different animal species and milk EVs biochemical composition changes due to different factors including lactation stages and health status is also beginning to be reported.

Seasonal Changes in Biochemical Composition of Freshwater Bivalve Mollusc Lamellidens marginalis (Lamark) from Purna River Near Jafrabad (M.S.) India

Seasonal Changes in Biochemical Composition of Freshwater Bivalve Mollusc Lamellidens marginalis (Lamark) from Purna River Near Jafrabad (M.S.) India

Effect of Biotic and abiotic factors on mites infestation under grain storage- A review

Mites are common pests of stored grain containing high fat and protein content. They are considered secondary invaders among the diverse range of storage pests because they are unable to infest sound grain and instead feed on fractured kernels, debris, and high moisture grain that has been already damaged by some insect pests. The high humidity and optimum temperature are determining factors for the sensitivity of the food grains for mites attack. Mites directly risk human health by contaminating food and indirectly by mycotoxin released under storage conditions. They also result in a considerable loss in grain weight and a reduction in germination ability. The losses become more severe as the mite population grows. Chemical agents have traditionally been used to prevent or manage mite infestations, as it is the simplest and most cost-effective approach to dealing with stored grain mites. This review paper discusses Distribution, pest status, host range, food grain choice, abiotic factor influence, quantitative damage, change in biochemical composition, and botanicals for mite management.

STUDY OF BIO-CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OFVEGETABLES OF DOMESTIC SELECTION

Porridge is one of the most important processed cereal products. Useful properties are lost from processing, the biochemical composition changes and organoleptic properties deteriorate. In this connection, enrichment with natural additives is an alternative solution. The criteria for choosing vegetable supplements were their functional properties and harmonious combination with cereals. Therefore, vegetables in the form of additives, widely used, easily accessible, and not too expensive, such as carrots, and pumpkins were chosen. Studies have shown that the vitamin, mineral and amino acid composition of vegetables varies significantly depending on the type and variety of crops. The vitamin and mineral composition of carrots, regardless of variety, is superior in value to pumpkin. However, the amino acid composition of pumpkins significantly exceeds that of carrots. Thus, carrot varieties "Alau" and "Derbes", as well as pumpkin varieties "Karina", considering the chemical composition, can be used to enrich instant cereals with vitamins, minerals and amino acids.

The Changes in Biochemical Compositions of Five Different Macroalgae and Seagrass (Halophila stipulacea (Forsskal) Ascherson 1867) Collected from Iskenderun Bay

In present study, biochemical compositions (ash, lipid and protein) of five different macroalgae ((Green Macroalgae-GMA (Chaetomorpha linum and Caulerpa prolifera), Red Macroalgae-RMA (Pterocladiella capi-lacea), Brown Macroalgae-BMA (Sargassum vulgare and Ericaria amentacea)) and Angiosperm/Seagrass (Hal-ophila stipulacea) collected from Iskenderun Bay were investigated. The differences observed between biochemical compositions such as ash, lipid and protein of five macroalgae species and Angiosperm/Seagrass (Halophila stip-ulacea) were statistically significant (p<0.05). The lowest and highest ash, lipid and protein values of five macroalgae were 12.19±1.15% (Caulerpa prolifera)- 21.38±1.53% (Ericaria amentacea), 1.74±0.19% (Caulerpa prolifera)- 5.83±0.68% (Ericaria amentacea), 5.56±0.06% (Chaetomorpha linum)- 11.45±0.53% (Sargassum vulgare), respec-tively. Ash, lipid and protein values of Angiosperms/Seagrass (Halophila stipulacea) were determined as 14.56±2.08%, 3.16±0.48% and 8.11±0.07%, respectively. Protein value of Angiosperms/Seagrass (Halophila stipulacea) was higher than those of (GMA (Chaetomorpha linum and Caulerpa prolifera) but not RMA(Pterocladiella capillacea) and BMA (Sargassum vulgare and Ericaria amentacea)). Lipid value of Angio-sperms/Seagrass (Halophila stipulacea) was similar to RMA(Pterocladiella capillacea). In conclusion, the information of the biochemical compositions of five different macroalgae and Angiosperms/Seagrass (Halophila stipulacea) are important for the evaluation of potential sources for commercial and human consumption. In addition, biochemical compositions of tested macroalgae and seagrass could make important contributions to feed formulations and functional foods in future.

MORPHOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF BLOOD IN CATS WITH CALICIVIROSIS

In recent years, there has been a massive trend in Ukraine to keep cats, which has inevitably led to an increase in the incidence of their diseases. In the general pathology of cats, viral diseases occupy a leading place, and of particular concern is calicivirosis, which is caused by a virus capable of high mutation rates and can cause atypical course with nonspecific manifestations of clinical signs. Therefore, given the urgency of this issue, the result of our research is to clarify, supplement and summarize data on hematological and biochemical parameters of blood and erythrocytopoiesis in calicivirosis in cats, because blood is a sensitive and informative indicator of the body, responds quickly to changes as exogenous. and endogenous factors. The research was conducted in veterinary clinics of Zhytomyr and Kyiv, on purebred and outbred cats (n = 18). Diagnostic studies to confirm feline calicevirus were performed using rapid tests Ag Test (FCV Ag), Quicking Biotech Co., Ltd. and ELISA and PCR for the presence of calicivirus antigen on the basis of a private veterinary laboratory LLC "Bald" in Kiev.
 Comprehensive studies have shown that cats with calicivirosis (18) are characterized by changes in morphological and biochemical composition of blood. Deviations from physiological limits were found, namely erythrocytopenia P≤0.05, thrombocytosis P≤0.05, leukocytosis P≤0.05, monocytosis P≤0.01, increase in ESR P≤0.001 and lymphocytopenia P≤0.05, for biochemical ones it is a significant increase in the concentration of globulin P≤0.001, creatinine P≤0.001, urea P≤0.05 hyperenzymemia α-amylase P≤0.001, and ALT P≤0.05. As a result of experimental research of morphological indicators of blood the difficult pathogenesis of a disease with multiorgan insufficiency is established.

Age-related changes in blood biochemical composition of Hu sheep

The blood biochemical composition is indicative of the animal's performance and health status. This study evaluated the interaction between age and blood metabolites, immunoglobulins, hormones in Hu sheep. In total 30 male lambs between 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 months (M) old were used in this study. The lambs were kept with their dams and offered the total mixed ration at 7 days of age, while at 55 days of age; the lambs were weaned and transferred to individual pens. The data were analysed using the one-way ANOVA procedure of SPSS and the Pearson’s correlation coefficient between blood parameters was calculated. The 2M old lambs had significantly lower (p < 0.05) blood biochemical parameters than 1M old lambs. However, these parameters were higher in the adult sheep except the blood glucose (GLU). In contrast, the blood albumin/globulin ratio and beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) did not show significant differences. Moreover, positive correlations were observed between blood immunoglobulins, growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), globulin (GLB), and blood total protein (TP). In addition, BHBA had a positive correlation with GLB and immunoglobulins. In addition, blood albumin (ALB) had a significant positive correlation with TP, GH, and IGF-1. Moreover, a significant positive correlation was between GLU and insulin. The investigation of blood biochemical parameters in sheep of different ages from 1 to 12M could be a reliable method to detect the metabolism status and health condition through the early stage of life. HIGHLIGHTS The reduction of blood metabolites, immunoglobulins, hormones at 2 M old lambs compared with 1 M old lambs due to the dietary changes from liquid to solid could challenges ruminant health. The improvements of blood biochemical profile correspond with the development of rumen and immune functions. This study may extend our knowledge about the blood biochemical profile in Hu sheep.

Analysis of changes in biochemical composition in the body of juvenile Portunus trituberculatus during overwintering (Brachyura, Portunidae)

Abstract This study analysed the composition and content of nutrients in the muscle and hepatopancreas of juvenile Portunus trituberculatus cultured in a pond at the beginning, middle and end of overwintering, so as to understand the nutrient metabolic patterns in the body of P. trituberculatus during overwintering. The results showed that the muscle index (MY) of P. trituberculatus changed little during overwintering, but the hepatosomatic index (HSI) decreased significantly (7.88% at the beginning of overwintering and only 6.23% at the end of overwintering). The total carbohydrate, crude lipid and crude protein in the muscle and hepatopancreas of juvenile P. trituberculatus decreased to different degrees throughout the overwintering period, in particular, the decrease in total carbohydrate was approximately 50% and the decrease in crude lipid was around 30%. In terms of fatty acid composition, the total saturated fatty acids (ΣSFAs) in the muscle of juvenile P. trituberculatus slightly decreasing, the monounsaturated fatty acid content (ΣMUFAs) slightly increasing, while the total polyunsaturated fatty acids (ΣPUFAs) remained basically unchanged. In contrast, the content of fatty acids in the hepatopancreas changed greatly, and the ΣSFAs decreased significantly (), which was 44.2% at the beginning of overwintering and only 24.02% at the end. The ΣMUFAs decreased only at the end of overwintering, while the ΣPUFAs increased significantly (), reaching 7.62% at the beginning of overwintering, 18.59% at the middle and 32.83% at the end of overwintering. In general, the energy material of juvenile P. trituberculatus was mainly derived from the hepatopancreas throughout the overwintering period, and it mainly utilized carbohydrates and crude lipids in the body and was highly selective in the oxidative utilization of fatty acids, mainly utilizing SFAs for oxidative energy supply, while PUFAs, HUFAs, EPA and DHA were selectively retained.

Assessment of seasonal changes in biochemical composition of freshwater bivalve, Parreysia cylindrica in relation to heavy metal pollution of Jayakwadi reservoir (M.S.), India

The objective of present study is to determine seasonal changes in biochemical content of freshwater bivalve, Parreysia cylindrica in relation to heavy metal pollution of Jayakwadi reservoir. Heavy metal concentrations were determined seasonally from surface water, soil sediment and soft body tissues of freshwater bivalve, Parreysia cylindrica. The heavy metal concentrations in surface water, soil sediment and soft body tissues of Parreysia cylindrica were highest during summer season than winter and monsoon season. The Protein, DNA, RNA and Ascorbic acid content were estimated during summer, monsoon and winter season from mantle, gills, digestive glands and whole soft body tissues. In the present study Protein, DNA, RNA and Ascorbic acid content were highest during monsoon than summer and winter season.

Serum protein and electrolyte imbalances are associated with chemotherapy induced neutropenia

IntroductionCancer and its treatment using various chemotherapeutic agents can have many adverse side effects. These side effects often result in significant changes in haematological and biochemical composition of blood. As a result, the regular monitoring of serum biochemical and haematological changes plays an important role in management of disease. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between haematological and biochemical changes in neutropenic cancer patients following chemotherapy. Specifically we evaluated the association between neutrophil count and serum proteins and electrolytes. MethodsFor this purpose we analysed retrospectively collected laboratory results from two independent patient cohorts. Each cohort was divided into a control group consisting of patients with normal haematological parameters and a study group which included patients with reduced neutrophil counts. Neutropenic patients (study group) were cancer patients on chemotherapy. Results and conclusionBlood samples of cancer patients in study group showed reduction in haemoglobin, neutrophils and platelets. Neutropenic group showed a significant reduction in serum albumin, total protein, calcium, and potassium. Our results show that patients with severe neutropenia had pronounced changes in serum protein and electrolytes and increased incidence of abnormal serum protein and electrolyte level. The changes in the neutrophil counts showed a positive correlation with the changes in serum protein and electrolyte levels. A similar trend was seen in both the patient cohorts: the discovery set (176 patients) and the validation set (200 patients). Taken together our results suggest that chemotherapy-induced neutropenia is associated with dysregulation in haemoglobin, platelets, serum proteins and electrolytes.

Study of morphological and biochemical blood composition in rats on the background of quercetin loading

The interaction of warm-blooded organisms with the environment is always reflected in the homeostatic equilibrium of metabolic processes. The dynamics of redox processes occurring in the body is primarily reflected in hematological indices. The aim of the investigation was to study reactive changes of morphological and biochemical blood composition in rats against the background of quercetin load. Objectives: to analyze the dynamics of morphological and biochemical composition of animal blood at the background of intragastric loading with quercetin in the form of oil solution during 30 days. The study was performed on 80 white mongrel male rats weighing 190-210 g, which were divided equally into control (intact) and experimental groups. The study of reactive changes in the morphological and biochemical composition of the blood of rats under the influence of quercetin was conducted in the dynamics before the experiment, as well as on 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days of experiment. It was found that against the background of additional loading with oil solution of quercetin in rats there were reactive changes in the morphological composition of the blood, which are reflected in the increased number of red blood cells, concentration of hemoglobin and leucocytes within the physiological norm, as well as changes in the biochemical composition of the blood, expressed in increased concentration of albumin and decreased concentration of albumin fractions in the rats of the experimental group compared with intact animals.

Seasonal changes in reproductive biology and biochemical composition of the grooved razor shell Solen marginatus (Bivalvia: Solenidae) from Oualidia Lagoon, Morocco

The reproductive cycle, condition index and seasonal variation in biochemical composition of the bivalve Solen marginatus were studied from December 2017 to February 2019 at the Oualidia Lagoon in Morocco. The grooved razor shell reproduction was assessed by histological analysis which indicated that the sex ratio did not differ significantly from 1:1. The gametogenesis began in the fall–winter (September–February) with maximum maturation stage in the spring (April 2018). From February to August, the period of sexual activity was marked by the increased water temperature (from 16 to 25 °C), the rise in chlorophyll a (from 0.33 to 1.76 μg/l), and significant variations in condition index. Spawning occurred in spring–summer (March–July 2018), reaching its maximum in May 2018. The summer resorption and resting stages marked the end of the reproductive cycle. Seasonal variations in biochemical composition were studied in relation to reproductive events and environmental conditions. Biochemical analysis showed that proteins and lipids are the dominant components in dry tissue. Their amount increased in association with the gametogenesis. The highest concentration of glycogen detected was during fall and winter seasons when the population was in sexual resting stage.

Label-free study of intracellular glycogen level in metformin and resveratrol-treated insulin-resistant HepG2 by live-cell FTIR spectroscopy

Conventional in vitro study often involves the destruction of the cells followed by purification and dilution steps before applying enzymatic assay or metabolomic analysis. It is a costly and laborious process, and it cannot monitor changes as a function of time. Recently, we have developed a new label-free live-cell FTIR approach that can directly measure biochemical compositional changes within living cells in situ and the spectral changes are shown to be highly specific to the drug applied. In this work, we have demonstrated for the first time the effect of two anti-diabetic drugs, metformin and Resveratrol, on insulin-resistant liver cells (HepG2). Using live-cell FTIR with principal component analysis, we have shown the differences in the biochemical profiles between normal and insulin-resistant cells (p < 0.05), the lack of response/difference from the insulin-resistant cell to insulin (p > 0.05) and the restoration of the biochemical profile and sensitivity to insulin from the insulin-resistant cells after the drug treatment (p < 0.05). Particularly, a rise in the glycogen level, marked by three distinctive peaks at 1150, 1080 and 1020 cm−1, within the living cells after the anti-diabetic drug treatments is observed. The live-cell FTIR results are confirmed by a parallel gold-standard biochemical assay, demonstrating the restoration of insulin sensitivity of the insulin-resistance cells. Live-cell FTIR can be a complementary tool for drug efficacy screening, especially for insulin sensitizers.

Effects of Inoculation with Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Preservation of Nannochloropsis gaditana Biomass in Wet Anaerobic Storage and Its Impact on Biomass Quality

Wet anaerobic storage of algal biomass is a promising preservation approach that can ensure a continuous supply of these feedstocks to biorefineries year-round. An effective solution to preservation must ensure minimal dry matter loss and a change in biochemical composition during storage. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the preservation of Nannochloropsis gaditana biomass through wet anaerobic storage and its impact on biomass quality. Prior to storage, the algae sample is inoculated with two different strains of lactic acid bacteria and thereafter stored for 30 and 180 days. Each inoculant limited the dry matter loss to &lt;10% (dry basis) after the storage duration. Final pH values (4.3–4.8) indicate that the biomass samples are properly ensiled, achieving the acidic conditions necessary for preservation. Compositional analysis of the biomass after storage shows a reduction in carbohydrate content, a relative increase in lipid content, and no significant change in the protein fraction. Glucose and galactose were the most prevalent sugar monomers. The low dry matter loss and minimal compositional change indicate that wet anaerobic storage is an effective means of preserving algal biomass and ensuring a constant supply of algal biomass feedstock to a biorefinery.

Peculiarities of the Edaphic Cyanobacterium Nostoc linckia Culture Response and Heavy Metal Accumulation from Copper-Containing Multimetal Systems.

Soil and water pollution is a major problem that has a negative impact on ecosystems and human health in particular. In the bioremediation processes, the application of photosynthetic microorganisms, including cyanobacteria, is a direction of action addressed with increasing frequency in the context of further development and improvement of environmentally friendly techniques needed for detoxification of soils and waters polluted with low concentrations of toxic elements, since they pose a challenge for traditional treatment methods. In the present study, the removal of copper and other metal ions from multielement systems by three generations of Nostoc linckia is discussed. Changes in the biochemical composition of the nostoc biomass, which accumulates metal ions, were monitored. Neutron activation analysis was applied to assess Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn accumulation by biomass, as well as to determine the biochemical composition of biomass after specific biochemical methods were used. The capacity of the accumulation of copper and other metal ions from multi-elemental systems by cyanobacteria Nostoc linckia was high and increased over two cycles of biomass growth in the systems Cu-Fe-Ni and Cu-Fe-Zn and over three cycles in Cu-Fe and Cu-Fe-Ni-Zn systems. It constituted 1720–10,600 µg metal/g depending on the system and cycle of cultivation. The accumulation of Fe, Ni, and Zn also increased over the generations of nostoc. The process of metal accumulation was demonstrated by a significant change in the biomass biochemical composition. Cyanobacteria Nostoc linckia possess a pronounced capacity of copper and other metal ion accumulation from multimetal systems and showed an increased resistance in environments polluted with heavy metals.

Changes in gene expression and biochemical composition of Haematococcus pluvialis grown under different light colors

Changes in gene expression and biochemical composition of Haematococcus pluvialis grown under different light colors

Assessment of some biochemical indices in red meat tendered with potash and extract of Ocimum basilicum

Some changes in biochemical composition in red meat boiled with potash and extracts of Ocimum basilicum was the crux of this research. Fresh beef were divided evenly into 4 groups labeled A-D. Group A was boiled with distilled water, group B was boiled with potash in distilled water, group C was boiled with extract of Ocimum basilicum while group D was boiled with a mixture of potash and Ocimum basilicum. All samples were boiled for fifteen minutes. Samples were taken for analysis at zero hour and after every 48hrs. The samples were stored in a freezer at -4ºC. The pH, malonedialdehyde concentration, acid value, total protein, percentage metmyoglobin and heme iron were determined. The pH values showed significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in red meat boiled with both potash and extracts of Ocimum basilicum from 0 to 144 hours. There was no significant difference (p&gt;0.05) observed in the malondialdehyde concentration and acid value for the duration of the experiment. A significant (p&gt;0.05) decrease in the total protein content was observed after 96 hours in red meat boiled with potash. The results for percentage metmyoglobin content showed a significant difference (P&lt;0.05) and a decrease in red meat boiled with Ocimum basilicum and both potash and Ocimum basilicum after 96 and 144 hours. The results for heme iron concentration showed no significant difference (p&gt;0.05) in red meat boiled with Ocimum basilicum from 0 to 144 hours while an increase was observed in red meat boiled with potash after 96 hours.

РАЗВИТИЕ ЭМБРИОНОВ КУР ПОРОДЫ КОРНИШ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ВОЗРАСТА ПТИЦЫ ПРИ СНЕСЕНИИ ЯИЦ

The results of studies have been presented in the paper on morphologic and biochemical and hatching properties of eggs of layers of cross “Smena 9” father parent form in dependence of layer age. Morphologic and biochemical egg composition changes have been proved depending on layer age that is significant egg mass increasing, egg white relative mass decreasing and yolk relative mass increasing. Worst hatching egg quality from 40 week age layers have been determined with low vitamin A content in yolk and low vitamin B2 content in egg white, with minimal egg white index and Haugh units values and low protein level. All these factors have determined early and end embryonic death and high per cent substandard chicks.

Evaluation of Postharvest Senescence of Broccoli via Hyperspectral Imaging.

Fresh fruit and vegetables are invaluable for human health; however, their quality often deteriorates before reaching consumers due to ongoing biochemical processes and compositional changes. We currently lack any objective indices which indicate the freshness of fruit or vegetables resulting in limited capacity to improve product quality eventually leading to food loss and waste. In this conducted study, we hypothesized that certain proteins and compounds, such as glucosinolates, could be used as one potential indicator to monitor the freshness of broccoli following harvest. To support our study, glucosinolate contents in broccoli based on HPLC measurement and transcript expression of glucosinolate biosynthetic genes in response to postharvest stresses were evaluated. We found that the glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway coincided with the progression of senescence in postharvest broccoli during storage. Additionally, we applied machine learning-based hyperspectral image (HSI) analysis, unmixing, and subpixel target detection approaches to evaluate glucosinolate level to detect postharvest senescence in broccoli. This study provides an accessible approach to precisely estimate freshness in broccoli through machine learning-based hyperspectral image analysis. Such a tool would further allow significant advancement in postharvest logistics and bolster the availability of high-quality, nutritious fresh produce.

Effect of hatching time and starvation on morphometrics and biochemical composition of Octopus tetricus paralarvae

Rearing paralarvae of merobenthic octopus species from hatch to their benthic phase remains a difficult task, mainly due to unsuitable diets. Knowledge of their nutritional requirements is therefore crucial to providing appropriate diets. This study tracked changes in morphometrics and biochemical composition of Octopus tetricus paralarvae from the same brood that hatched at different times, and in starved paralarvae. Mean wet weight, dry weight, mantle length, arm length and protein content were highest in paralarvae that hatched at 0 days postfirst hatch, while the mean lipid content of paralarvae was not affected by hatching times. The mean wet weight of starving paralarvae continuously decreased, while the dry weight showed two distinctive declines between 0–1 dph and 3–5 dph. Both total length and mantle length were longest in paralarvae aged 0–1 dph compared to 4–5 dph under starving conditions. Paralarvae mean lipid content did not differ due to starving period but mean protein content decreased continuously. The most abundant fatty acids in paralarvae were DHA, EPA, palmitic acid and stearic acid across both experiments. The tendency of the protein content of developing and starved paralarvae to decline, while the overall lipid content remained largely unchanged, suggests that proteins were mainly catabolized, further indicating their importance for the formulation of artificial diets for octopus paralarvae.