Changes In Aerobic Power Research Articles

Training History, Cardiac Autonomic Recovery from Submaximal Exercise and Associated Performance in Recreational Runners.

This study investigated the effect of prolonged exertion on cardiac parasympathetic (cPS) reorganization and associated aerobic performance in response to repeated short-lasting submaximal exercise bouts (SSE) performed for 7 days following prolonged exertion. In 19 recreational runners, heart rate (HR) and HR variability (HRV) indices (lnRMSSD, lnHF, and lnLF/HF) were monitored pre- and post-submaximal graded cycling performed on consecutive days following a half-marathon (HM) and compared with the baseline, pre-HM values. Additionally, HR recovery (HRR), aerobic performance, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were determined. HR, HRV indices, and HRR were tested for correlation with exercise performance. A significant time effect was found in HR, HRR, and HRV indices as well as in aerobic performance and RPE during the study period. Most of the measured parameters differed from their baseline values only on the same day following HM. However, HRR and HR measured in recovery after SSE were additionally affected one day following the half-marathon yet in opposite directions to those recorded on the same day as the HM. Thus, postSSE HR and HRR exhibited a bivariate time response (postSSE HR: 102 ± 14 bpm; p < 0.001; 82 ± 11 bpm; p = 0.007 vs. 88 ± 11 bpm; HRR in 30 s after SSE cessation: 14.9 ± 4.9 bpm; p < 0.001; 30.1 ± 13.3 bpm; p = 0.006 vs. 24.4 ± 10.8 bpm), potentially indicating a cPS dysfunction phase on the same day and cPS rebound phase one day following HM reflected also in consecutive changes in aerobic power. Correlations were found between the changes in measured cardiac indices with respect to baseline and the changes in aerobic performance indices throughout the study period. The effect of exercise history on cPS reorganization is more pronounced in response to SSE than at rest. Accordingly, we conclude that SSE performed repeatedly on a daily basis following prolonged exertion offers a noninvasive tool to evaluate the impact of training history on cPS recovery and associated aerobic power output in recreational athletes.

Associations Between Variations in Accumulated Workload and Physiological Variables in Young Male Soccer Players Over the Course of a Season.

This study sought to analyze the relationship between in-season training workload with changes in aerobic power (VO2max), maximum and resting heart rate (HRmax and HRrest), linear sprint medium (LSM), and short test (LSS), in soccer players younger than 16 years (under-16 soccer players). We additionally aimed to explain changes in fitness levels during the in-season through regression models, considering accumulated load, baseline levels, and peak height velocity (PHV) as predictors. Twenty-three male sub-elite soccer players aged 15.5 ± 0.2 years (PHV: 13.6 ± 0.4 years; body height: 172.7 ± 4.2 cm; body mass: 61.3 ± 5.6 kg; body fat: 13.7% ± 3.9%; VO2max: 48.4 ± 2.6 mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1), were tested three times across the season (i.e., early-season (EaS), mid-season (MiS), and end-season (EnS) for VO2max, HRmax, LSM, and LSS. Aerobic and speed variables gradually improved over the season and had a strong association with PHV. Moreover, the HRmax demonstrated improvements from EaS to EnS; however, this was more evident in the intermediate period (from EaS to MiS) and had a strong association with VO2max. Regression analysis showed significant predictions for VO2max [F(2, 20) = 8.18, p ≤ 0.001] with an R2 of 0.45. In conclusion, the meaningful variation of youth players’ fitness levels can be observed across the season, and such changes can be partially explained by the load imposed.

Aerobic power and lean mass are indicators of competitive sprint performance among elite female cross-country skiers.

The purpose of this study was to establish the optimal allometric models to predict International Ski Federation’s ski-ranking points for sprint competitions (FISsprint) among elite female cross-country skiers based on maximal oxygen uptake ( ) and lean mass (LM). Ten elite female cross-country skiers (age: 24.5±2.8 years [mean ± SD]) completed a treadmill roller-skiing test to determine (ie, aerobic power) using the diagonal stride technique, whereas LM (ie, a surrogate indicator of anaerobic capacity) was determined by dual-emission X-ray anthropometry. The subjects’ FISsprint were used as competitive performance measures. Power function modeling was used to predict the skiers’ FISsprint based on , LM, and body mass. The subjects’ test and performance data were as follows: , 4.0±0.3 L min−1; LM, 48.9±4.4 kg; body mass, 64.0±5.2 kg; and FISsprint, 116.4±59.6 points. The following power function models were established for the prediction of FISsprint: and 6.95 × 1010 · LM−5.25; these models explained 66% (P=0.0043) and 52% (P=0.019), respectively, of the variance in the FISsprint. Body mass failed to contribute to both models; hence, the models are based on and LM expressed absolutely. The results demonstrate that the physiological variables that reflect aerobic power and anaerobic capacity are important indicators of competitive sprint performance among elite female skiers. To accurately indicate performance capability among elite female skiers, the presented power function models should be used. Skiers whose differs by 1% will differ in their FISsprint by 5.8%, whereas the corresponding 1% difference in LM is related to an FISsprint difference of 5.1%, where both differences are in favor of the skier with higher or LM. It is recommended that coaches use the absolute expression of these variables to monitor skiers’ performance-related training adaptations linked to changes in aerobic power and anaerobic capacity.

Heart Rate Ratio Method for Tracking Changes in Aerobic Power in Female Collegiate Soccer Players.

Heart Rate Ratio Method for Tracking Changes in Aerobic Power in Female Collegiate Soccer Players.

The Relationship Between Changes in Aerobic Power and Cortisol in Youth Undergoing Weight Status Alteration

PURPOSE: To determine if changes in aerobic power and cortisol are related in youth who underwent weight status alterations. METHODS: Data were collected from 60 youth at baseline (t1) and two years later (t2), (mean age t1 = 9.6 yr). Participants were selected from a larger study (CHIC III) and divided into two groups based upon their weight status: N-O (normal weight at t1 and overweight at t2), and O-N (overweight at t1 and normal weight at t2). Normal weight was defined as >5th and <85th BMI percentile, while overweight was ≥ 85th BMI percentile. Aerobic power was estimated using the submaximal PWC195, and expressed per kg of fat free mass (VO2/kgffm). Blood was taken in the morning (standardized) at t1 and t2, and cortisol was analyzed via radioimmunoassay procedures. The relationship between changes in VO2/kgffm and cortisol was examined using Pearson correlations. Multiple regression analyses were also computed to determine the influence of changes in VO2/kgffm and BMI percentile, race and gender on change in cortisol. RESULTS: When both groups were analyzed together, there was a correlation (r=0.32, p<0.02) between the two-year changes in VO2/kgffm and cortisol. In the overall multiple regression model, we found that changes in VO2/kgffm and BMI percentile each accounted for 11% of the variance in change in cortisol (Total Rfs = 0.21, p<0.02). When the groups were analyzed separately, the relationship between changes in VO2/kgffm and cortisol was only significant for the O-N group (r=0.45, p<0.03). Similarly, in the regression model for each of the O-N and N-O groups, change in VO2/kgffm was the only predictor of cortisol change, although it was only significant for the O-N group, accounting for 20% of the variance. Change in BMI percentile was not a significant predictor of change in cortisol for either group. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in cortisol and VO2/kgffm are related in youth who underwent weight status alterations, independent of changes in BMI percentile. The influence of VO2/kgffm on cortisol change is stronger in youth who were overweight and became normal weight, compared to youth who increased their weight status by becoming overweight. Supported by NINR #NR01-1837.

Longitudinal changes in aerobic power in older men and women.

The purpose of this study was to describe the longitudinal (10 yr) decline in aerobic power [maximal O(2) uptake (Vo(2 max))] and anaerobic threshold [ventilatory threshold (T(Ve))] of older adults living independently in the community. Ten years after initial testing, 62 subjects (34 men, mean age 73.5 +/- 6.4 yr; 28 women, 72.1 +/- 5.3 yr) achieved Vo(2 max) criteria during treadmill walking tests to the limit of tolerance, with T(Ve) determined in a subset of 45. Vo(2 max) in men showed a rate of decline of -0.43 ml.kg(-1).min(-1).yr(-1), and the decline in Vo(2 max) was consequent to a lowered maximal heart rate with no change in the maximum O(2) pulse. The women showed a slower rate of decline of Vo(2 max) of -0.19.ml.kg(-1).min(-1).yr(-1) (P < 0.05), again with a lowered HR(max) and unchanged O(2) pulse. In this sample, lean body mass was not changed over the 10-yr period. Changes in Vo(2 max) were not significantly related to physical activity scores. T(Ve) showed a nonsignificant decline in both men and women. Groupings of young-old (65-72 yr at follow-up) vs. old-old (73-90 yr at follow-up) were examined. In men, there were no differences in the rate of Vo(2 max) decline. The young-old women showed a significant decline in Vo(2 max), whereas old-old women, initially at a Vo(2 max) of 19.4 +/- 3.1 ml.kg(-1).min(-1), showed no loss in Vo(2 max). The longitudinal data, vs. cross-sectional analysis, showed a greater decline for men but similar estimates of the rates of change in women. Thus the 10-yr longitudinal study of the cohort of community-dwelling older adults who remained healthy, ambulatory, and independent showed a 14% decline in Vo(2 max) in men, and a smaller decline of 7% in women, with the oldest women showing little change over the 10-yr period.

Changes in aerobic power of women, ages 20-64 yr.

This study quantified and compared the cross-sectional and longitudinal influence of age, self-report physical activity (SR-PA), and body composition (%fat) on the decline of maximal aerobic power (VO2peak) of women. The cross-sectional sample consisted of 409 healthy women, ages 20-64 yr. The 43 women of the longitudinal sample were from the same population and examined twice, the mean time between tests was 3.7 (+/-2.2) yr. Peak oxygen uptake was determined by indirect calorimetry during a maximal treadmill test. The zero-order correlation of -0.742 between VO2peak and %fat was significantly (P < 0.05) higher then the SR-PA (r = 0.626) and age correlations (r = -0.633). Linear regression defined the cross-sectional age-related decline in VO2peak at 0.537 ml.kg-1.min-1.yr-1. Multiple regression analysis (R = 0.851) showed that adding %fat and SR-PA and their interaction to the regression model reduced the age regression weight of -0.537, to -0.265 ml.kg-1.min-1.yr-1. Statistically controlling for time differences between tests, general linear models analysis showed that longitudinal changes in aerobic power were due to independent changes in %fat and SR-PA, confirming the cross-sectional results. These findings are consistent with men's data from the same lab showing that about 50% of the cross-sectional age-related decline in VO2peak was due to %fat and SR-PA.

Changes in Aerobic Power, Body Composition, and Exercise Adherence in Obese, Postmenopausal Women Six Months after Exercise Training

To determine the acute and follow-up effects of 4 months of health and fitness education with and without exercise training, 182 sedentary, obese. 60− to 70-year-old women were randomly assigned to the following groups: fitness education (ED. n - 70). fitness education with aerobic training (EX. n = 76), and control (CO. n = 36). Assessments of aerobic power using a submaximal bicycle test, body composition, using the sum of three skinlfolds. and body mass index (BMI) were made before and after the 4-month intervention and at a 3− and 6-month follow-up. Both EX and ED decreased body fat levels (vs. CO) over the course of the study (p

Changes in aerobic power of men, ages 25???70 yr

This study quantified and compared the cross-sectional and longitudinal influence of age, self-report physical activity (SR-PA), and body composition (%fat) on the decline of maximal aerobic power (VO2peak). The cross-sectional sample consisted of 1,499 healthy men ages 25-70 yr. The 156 men of the longitudinal sample were from the same population and examined twice, the mean time between tests was 4.1 (+/- 1.2) yr. Peak oxygen uptake was determined by indirect calorimetry during a maximal treadmill exercise test. The zero-order correlations between VO2peak and %fat (r = -0.62) and SR-PA (r = 0.58) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher that the age correlation (r = -0.45). Linear regression defined the cross-sectional age-related decline in VO2peak at 0.46 ml.kg-1.min-1.yr-1. Multiple regression analysis (R = 0.79) showed that nearly 50% of this cross-sectional decline was due to %fat and SR-PA, adding these lifestyle variables to the multiple regression model reduced the age regression weight to -0.26 ml.kg-1.min-1.yr-1. Statistically controlling for time differences between tests, general linear models analysis showed that longitudinal changes in aerobic power were due to independent changes in %fat and SR-PA, confirming the cross-sectional results.

The interactions of intensity, frequency and duration of exercise training in altering cardiorespiratory fitness.

This review has grouped many studies on different populations with different protocols to show the interactive effects of intensity, frequency and duration of training as well as the effects of initial fitness levels and programme length on cardiorespiratory fitness as reflected by aerobic power (VO2max). Within each level of exercise duration, frequency, programme length or initial fitness level, the greatest improvements in aerobic power occur when the greatest challenge to aerobic power occurs i.e., when intensity is from 90 to 100% of VO2max. The pattern of improvement where different intensities are compared with different durations suggests that when exercise exceeds 35 minutes, a lower intensity of training results in the same effect as those achieved at higher intensities for shorter durations. Frequencies of as low as 2 per week can result in improvements in less fit subjects but when aerobic power exceeds 50 ml/kg/min, exercise frequency of at least 3 times per week is required. As the levels of initial fitness improve, the changes in aerobic power decreases regardless of the intensity, frequency or duration of exercise. Although these pooled data suggest that maximal gains in aerobic power are elicited with intensities between 90 to 100% VO2max, 4 times per week with exercise durations of 35 to 45 minutes, it is important to note that lower intensities still produce effective changes and reduce the risks of injury in non-athletic groups.

Attitudes towards health and physical activity in the elderly. Effects of a physical training program

Attitudes towards physical activity, perceived health, body image, anxiety and life satisfaction have been studied in men and women 60 years of age and older, volunteering for progressive endurance training. Relative to other studies of younger volunteers, the senior citizens placed more value upon activity as "an esthetic experience" and as "a means to health and fitness" showing less interest in "the pursuit of vertigo." Many non-participants and "drop-outs" perceived their current fitness as satisfactory. Subjects who selected a low frequency and low intensity of training were obese, with high Cornell Medical Index (CMI) scores on both organic and psychological scales. After 14 weeks of conditioning, 83% of subjects reported improvements in well-being. However, CMI scores were reduced on only one of twelve organic scales and none of the behavior, mood and feeling scales. Neugarten's Life Satisfaction Index, Kenyon's Body Image scales, and McPherson's the Real Me scores remained unchanged, but there was a decrease of Manifest Anxiety (Taylor scale) and a greater regard for physical activity as "the relief of tension." When subjects were classed according to changes in aerobic power, between group differences were found for "Real Me" scores and for three of Kenyon's attitude scales. Persons who trained frequently and intensively showed improvements for body image and for five of Kenyon's attitude scales.

Longitudinal variations in maximal oxygen intake with age and activity.

Longitudinal variations in maximal oxygen intake with age and activity.