Changes In Abdominal Adiposity Research Articles

Avocado Consumption, Abdominal Adiposity, and Oral Glucose Tolerance Among Persons with Overweight and Obesity

BackgroundAlthough intake of Hass avocado has been cross-sectionally linked to lower abdominal obesity, knowledge of the effects of avocado consumption on abdominal adiposity and glycemic outcomes remains limited. ObjectiveThe effects of avocado consumption on abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, oral-glucose-tolerance test (OGTT), and estimated β-cell function were evaluated. MethodsA total of 105 adults aged 25–45 y (61% female) with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to an intervention (N = 53) that received a daily meal with 1 fresh Hass avocado or a control (N = 52) that received an isocaloric meal with similar ingredients without avocado for 12 wk. DXA was used to assess the primary outcomes of abdominal adiposity [visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT), and the ratio of VAT to SAAT (VS Ratio)]. Fasted glucose and insulin were used to assess the primary outcomes of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) and β-cell function (Insulinogenic index) were estimated using an OGTT. Changes between groups were compared using an ANCOVA. Secondary analyses were conducted based on sex. ResultsThe control group exhibited a greater reduction in SAAT [–54.5 ± 155.8 g (control) compared with 17.4 ± 155.1 g (treatment), P = 0.017] and increase in VS Ratio [0.007 ± 0.047 (control) compared with –0.011 ± 0.044 (treatment), P = 0.024]. Among females, the treatment group exhibited a greater reduction in VAT [1.6 ± 89.8 g (control) compared with –32.9 ± 81.6 g (treatment), P = 0.021] and VS Ratio [0.01 ± 0.05 (control) compared with –0.01 ± 0.03 (treatment), P = 0.001]. Among males, there was no significant difference between groups in changes in abdominal adiposity or glycemic outcomes. ConclusionsDaily consumption of 1 fresh Hass avocado changed abdominal adiposity distribution among females but did not facilitate improvements in peripheral insulin sensitivity or β-cell function among adults with overweight and obesity.This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02740439.

Longitudinal validity of abdominal adiposity assessment by regional bioelectrical impedance.

The main goal of this study was to analyze the longitudinal agreement between changes in trunk and abdominal adiposity variables assessed by DXA and portable bioimpedance device (ViScan). A total of 44 women, enrolled in a 4-month exercise intervention, were included in this analysis. Trunk/abdominal compartments were assessed by ViScan and DXA. Adjusted correlations for age and FM at first assessment (pre) were utilized to perform concurrent validation among methods and completed with an agreement analysis. We observed significant differences between the changes detected by DXA and ViScan for %TFM (difference = -1.41%; p < 0.05), and proportional bias (Kendall's Tau = 0.53; p < 0.0001). Changes in abdominal adiposity were similar (difference = -0.1037 z-score units, p = 0.53), although there was proportional bias (Kendall's Tau = -0.24, p < 0.022). ViScan has a limited capability to evaluated changes in trunk and abdominal adiposity, at least for clinical purposes in adult women.

The effect of a physical activity consultation on body mass index z-score of overweight adolescents: results from a pediatric outpatient obesity clinic.

Although the success of adolescent obesity management cannot be based only on BMI, a PA consultation on the top of the traditional pediatric and nutrition interventions may further improve the BMI z-score outcome at 6months. What is Known: • Physical activity (PA) plays an important role in weight management. However, most adolescents, in particular those who are overweight, present low levels of PA. • There is no consensus whether PA counseling influences PA behavior. What is New: • A PA consultation (a structured form of PA counseling) as part of a multidisciplinary team may further be useful for weight management of overweight adolescents followed at the clinical setting, compared to the traditional approach including only the pediatric and nutrition consultations. • Waist-to-height ratio may be more suitable than waist circumference per se to track changes in abdominal adiposity among adolescents who are still growing.

Abdominal adiposity and daily step counts as determinants of glycemic control in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective:Favorable effects of walking levels on glycemic control have been hypothesized to be mediated through reductions in abdominal adiposity, but this has not been well studied. We addressed this issue in patients treated for type 2 diabetes.Design:Cross-sectional analysis.Subjects:A total of 201 subjects with type 2 diabetes underwent assessments of pedometer-measured daily step counts, blood pressure, A1C and anthropometric measures (2006–2010). Associations of anthropometric indicators of abdominal adiposity (that is, waist circumference; waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)) with A1C were evaluated through linear regression models adjusting for age, ethnicity, sex and the use of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents. Models including waist circumference were additionally adjusted for body mass index (BMI). A similar approach was used to examine A1C and daily step associations.Results:Among the 190 subjects (mean age 60 years; mean BMI 30.4 kg m−2), mean values (s.d.) for waist circumference and WHR were respectively, 99.1 cm (13.3) and 0.88 (0.07) in women, and 104.5 cm (13.1) and 0.97 (0.06) in men. Mean A1C and daily step count were respectively, 7.6% (1.4) and 5 338 steps per day (2609), and were similar for both sexes.There was a 0.51% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.10, 0.93) A1C increment per s.d. increase in waist circumference and a 0.32% (95% CI: 0.08, 0.56) A1C increment per s.d. increase in WHR in fully adjusted models. Each s.d. increase in daily step count was associated with clinically significant reductions in waist circumference and BMI. Each s.d. increase in daily steps was associated with a 0.21% (95% CI: 0.02, 0.41) A1C decrement that declined to 0.16% (95% CI: −0.35, 0.04) with further adjustment for anthropometric indicators of abdominal adiposity.Conclusion:Higher daily steps may be associated with lower A1C values both directly and via changes in abdominal adiposity.

Changes in Abdominal Adiposity in Overweight and Obese Subjects Following an 8-Week Community Weight Management Program

INTRODUCTION: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that 68% of the Americans are either overweight or obese. Adiposity has been linked with increased risk of heart disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, high cholesterol, respiratory disease, and stroke. Specifically, visceral adiposity has been reported to increase the risk of these comorbidities. PURPOSE: To examine changes in visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat stores, body mass, and body mass index (BMI) following an 8-week community weight management program. METHODS: Over the last nine years (2000-2009), 231 subjects, 175 females and 56 males (mean ± SEM, age: 50.5 ± 0.7y; height: 1.6 ± 0.005m; body mass: 95.6 ± 1.4kg; BMI: 34.2 ± 0.45 kg/m2) participated in an 8-week community based weight management program consisting of a low-calorie diet (1200 kcal/day) and moderate physical activity. Subjects participated in weekly group meetings where they received education on the food exchange system and were counseled on behavior modification strategies related to diet and exercise adherence. Fat distribution was estimated using anthropometric sagittal diameter and predictive equations. Percent body fat was measured using bioelectric impedance, Tanita BF-350 (Arlington Heights, IL). Self-reported data was used to monitor adherence to diet and exercise. Two test periods (pre-post) were analyzed using paired sample T-test to determine changes in body mass, BMI, percent fat, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and total adipose tissue (TAT). RESULTS: Significant decreases (p<0.001) in body mass, BMI, VAT, SAT, TAT, and percent body fat (p<0.01) were found from pre-to-post test. Relative reductions were 6% for percent body fat, 18% for VAT, 9% for SAT, and 10% for TAT at the end of the 8-week intervention. CONCLUSION: The significant decrease in body mass as well as percent body fat contributed to significant losses in VAT, SAT, and TAT. In addition, there was greater relative loss of VAT than SAT. Our results show that an 8-week community based weight management program consisting of a low-calorie diet and moderate physical activity led to significant positive changes in body composition.

Immediate impact of exercise on arterial stiffness in humans

Central artery stiffness increases with sedentary aging in humans. Middle-aged and older (MA/O) adults without hypertension who perform habitual aerobic exercise, and subsequently maintain higher cardiorespiratory fitness, tend to have lower aortic and carotid artery stiffness compared with age-matched nonhypertensive MA/O adults. However, MA/O sedentary adults who begin a regular aerobic exercise program for 3–6 months demonstrate either small or limited improvements in aortic stiffness, whereas more robust decreases in carotid artery stiffness are observed with this same volume and duration of exercise. In contrast, MA/O adults with treated or treatment-naive hypertension demonstrate no changes in aortic stiffness and minimal changes in carotid stiffness after a short-term aerobic exercise training intervention, suggesting that central artery stiffness may be less responsive to aerobic exercise training among MA/O adults with hypertension. Some studies suggest that heavy volume/intensity resistance training may cause increases in carotid artery and aortic stiffness, whereas other studies using moderate volume/intensity resistance training consistent with national guidelines found no changes in carotid artery or aortic stiffness. Obesity is associated with accelerated carotid artery and aortic stiffening in children and throughout the adult age range. Weight gain and loss are generally associated with increases and decreases in aortic and carotid stiffness, respectively, typically correlated with changes in abdominal adiposity and/or blood pressure. Therefore, the focus of this chapter will discuss the evidence for the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise training, resistance exercise training, and weight loss on aortic and carotid artery stiffness in adults with aging and hypertension, and mechanisms will be discussed selectively when necessary to provide additional insight into clinical findings.

Consequences of Change in Waist Circumference on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Over 9 Years

Obesity and abdominal adiposity have been shown in prospective studies to be risk factors for cardiovascular disease and particularly for diabetes (1–8). In cross-sectional studies, both are related with risk factors for these diseases (9–12), but there are few publications on the effects of changes in abdominal adiposity (13). We characterized men and women who gained and lost abdominal adiposity over 9 years and describe the incidence and the improvement in cardiometabolic risk factors according to changes in waist circumference. From the Data from an Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (DESIR) cohort (9,14,15), 1,868 men and 1,939 women aged 30–64 years at baseline were followed over 9 years. The 73% of the baseline cohort that we studied were older, less frequently abdominally obese, hypertriglyceridemic, hyperinsulinemic, smokers, and fewer had metabolic syndrome. Cardiometabolic abnormalities and the metabolic syndrome were defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) criteria (16), except high blood pressure, which included antihypertensive treatment (Table 1); hyperinsulinemia was defined by upper quartiles of fasting insulin ≥57.3 pmol/l for men and ≥52.8 pmol/l. The incidence and improvement of cardiometabolic risk factors were studied by age-adjusted logistic regression, according to waist change: ≤ −3.0 cm, −2.9 to +2.9 cm, 3.0–6.9 cm, and ≥7.0 cm. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05. The median increase in waist circumference was 3 cm in men and …

The influence of physical activity on abdominal fat: a systematic review of the literature

The relationship between excess abdominal adipose tissue, metabolic and cardiovascular health risk has stimulated interest in the efficacy of physical activity in specifically perturbing this adipose depot. The evolution of imaging techniques has enabled more direct measurement of changes in abdominal and visceral fat. The purpose of this summary was to systematically review the relationship between physical activity and abdominal fat. Database searches were performed on MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORT DISCUS and PUBMED, from 1985 to 2005 with keywords "exercise", "abdominal fat" and "visceral fat". Nineteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and eight non-randomized controlled trials were selected. In RCTs using imaging techniques to measure change in abdominal fat in overweight or obese subjects, seven out of 10 studies (including three trials with type 2 diabetics) reported significant reductions compared with controls. Reductions in visceral and total abdominal fat may occur in the absence of changes in body mass and waist circumference. Waist-to-hip ratio is not a sensitive measure of change in regional adiposity in exercise studies. No studies fulfil the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement's criteria for the highest quality of randomized trial; however, many studies were in progress or published before the opportunity to comply with these recommendations. Therefore, limited evidence from a number of studies suggests a beneficial influence of physical activity on reduction in abdominal and visceral fat in overweight and obese subjects when imaging techniques are used to quantify changes in abdominal adiposity. More rigorous studies are needed to confirm these observations.

The Effects Of Exercise Training On Maintenance Of Abdominal Adiposity And Lipoproteins During Weight Regain

Purpose The primary purpose was to investigate the effect of exercise training on maintaining weight loss induced improvements in metabolic fitness, specifically abdominal adiposity and lipoproteins, during weight regain. Secondarily, we examined the relationships between abdominal adiposity and lipoproteins during weight loss and regain. Methods Nineteen overweight to class I obese (BMI = 25–34.9) individuals (6 males,13 females) age 18–43 y participated in this 10 wk, two phase study. In phase I, subjects underwent 6 wk of modest energy restriction (∼500 kcal/d) and exercise training to induce a 5% reduction in body weight. During phase II, subjects were randomized into either a weight maintenance or partial weight regain group. Both groups continued exercise training. The maintain group slightly increased energy intake (+∼100 kcal/d) to achieve weight maintenance, while the regain group significantly increased energy intake (+∼600 kcal/d) to induce regain of 50% of initial weight loss. Exercise training during both phases consisted of 45 min/d, 5d/wk of walking to mild treadmill jogging at 60%VO2max. Lipoproteins and abdominal fat were assessed at three testing sessions: pre-weight loss (baseline), post Phase I treatment (wk 6), and post Phase II treatment (wk 11). RESULTS Weight loss resulted insignificant reductions in BMI, body fat %, total, subcutaneous, and intra-abdominal fat, triglyceride incremental peak (Peak1 TG), triglyceride incremental area under the curve (TG-AUCI), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and LDL1-C. Exercise training maintained changes in body fat %, total, subcutaneous, and intra-abdominal fat, Peak1 TG, and TG-AUC1, but was not successful at maintaining TC, LDL-C, LDL1 -C, or mean LDL size during weight regain. Changes in abdominal adiposity and lipoproteins were not significantly correlated during weight loss or weight regain. CONCLUSION Weight loss, induced by the combination of diet and exercise, is effective at improving many of metabolic syndrome parameters, and exercise training was effective at maintaining some of these improvements during partial weight regain. Finally, changes in abdominal adiposity during weight loss and partial weight regain were not related to changes in lipoproteins. Supported by: The MU Research Council and the MU College of Human Environmental Sciences: Margaret Mangel Catalyst Fund.

Reductions in Abdominal Adiposity and its Association with Lipoprotein Subfractions

0543 PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between changes in abdominal adiposity (AA) with changes in lipid subfractions and particles sizes in overweight adults undergoing 16-months of supervised, verified exercise with an ad libitum diet. METHODS: Subjects (n = 52, age 18–35, BMI ≥ 25) were randomly assigned to non-exercise control (women, n = 12, men, n = 12) or exercise (women, n = 18, men, n = 10) groups. Aerobic exercise progressed to 45 minutes·day−1, 5 days·week−1 over 6 months and was maintained for an additional 10 months. Controls maintained their normal physical activity. AA was measured by computed topography at baseline and 16-months. Lipid subfractions and particles sizes were isolated from fasting blood samples by nuclear magnetic resonance at baseline and 16-months. RESULTS: For men in the control group there was a significant correlation between changes in visceral abdominal fat (VAF) (r = 0.62), subcutaneous abdominal fat (r = 0.80), and total abdominal fat (r = 0.75) with changes in medium very low density lipoprotein with no other significant correlations. Changes in VAF with change in small high density lipoprotein (r = 0.66) was significant for the control women, with no other significant correlations occurring. There were no significant correlations between changes in lipoprotein subfractions and particle sizes with any measure of AA in the exercising men or women. CONCLUSION: We conclude that reductions in AA may not correspond to improvements in lipid subfractions or particles sizes in young adults participating in long-term exercise. Therefore, other factors other than a reduction in AA may contribute to reducing metabolic risk factors in young adults.

Ten-year changes in the obesity, abdominal adiposity, and serum lipoprotein cholesterol measures of Western Samoan men

Previously reported associations between abdominal adiposity and coronary heart disease (CHD) may be mediated through serum lipids. In the present longitudinal study, 43 Western Samoan men who participated in a 1982 study were recontacted for a second determination of anthropometric and serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The men showed dramatic increases in weight (mean change ± SD: 10.5 ± 8.8 kg), abdominal circumference (10.0 ± 7.6 cm), total cholesterol (49.5 ± 26.4 mg/dl), and non-HDL cholesterol (53.1 ± 26.6 mg/dl). A new indicator was used to estimate changes in abdominal adiposity: the residual from the regression of change in the abdominal circumference on change in body weight (the AR). The AR was significantly correlated with changes in total ( r = 0.38) and non-HDL cholesterol ( r = 0.39). Changes in HDL cholesterol were correlated with changes in weight only ( r = −0.37). These bivariate relations remained significant in multiple linear regression analyses. These longitudinal results are the first to suggest changes in abdominal adiposity are related to changes in total and non-HDL cholesterol levels.