Change Requests Research Articles

Software Change Request in Software Development Project : Factors and Methods (Scoping Review Methods)

Software development is dynamic by nature, often requiring changes in software requirements through Software Change Requests (SCRs). This research aims to identify and analyze the key factors that influence SCRs in software development projects and evaluate the methods used to effectively manage these changes. This research uses the Scoping Review Method to systematically review and synthesize existing literature on SCRs, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of current practices, challenges, and strategies for managing software change requests. The review includes an extensive search of academic databases to identify relevant studies that address SCR factors and management methods. Key factors that influence SCR include project size, complexity, stakeholder involvement, and clarity of initial requirements. Methods for managing SCR are categorized into formal approaches, such as structured change control processes and tools, and informal approaches, which rely on ad-hoc communication and collaboration. The results underscore the importance of a well-defined change management process to mitigate the risks associated with SCR. Effective SCR management can improve project outcomes by improving software quality, increasing stakeholder satisfaction, and minimizing project delays. This research has practical implications for software development professionals by providing insight into effective SCR management techniques. This research also identifies gaps in the literature, recommending future research on the impact of agile methodologies and the use of automated tools in facilitating change management. Understanding these factors and methods enables practitioners to better navigate the complexities of software change, ensuring successful project delivery and maintaining high software quality.

Pilot to scale: Implementing a digital triage solution across a large comprehensive cancer centre.

225 Background: Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (PM) sees over 80,000 patients annually and primarily operates using an outpatient model. Historically patients use a phone/voicemail triage service to communicate with their care team between scheduled visits. Many patient queries lack critical information necessary for effective screening, assessment, and processing. In turn leading to delays or missed calls that negatively impact patient experience, system efficiency, and safety. To address these challenges, we piloted a digital triage service and subsequently implemented in sixteen clinics. This project evaluated initial adoption, usage, care patterns and satisfaction in the first 5 months post-implementation. Methods: We used human-centred service design to develop the digital triage service within the EMR (Epic). Implementation strategies to scale across all outpatient clinics included leadership buy-in, co-design with key stakeholders, a phased implementation approach, and improvement cycles. To evaluate initial adoption, usage and care patterns, we used EMR system data. To assess patient satisfaction, we surveyed patients who used the service during the first three months. We conducted semi-structured interviews with staff to understand their experience integrating digital triage into their workflow. Results: Following the go-live period, patients sent an average of 1096 digital requests per month, representing 16% of all triage requests (phone + digital). The most common requests were symptom management (36% of nursing requests) and appointment change requests (40% of administrative requests). The algorithm automatically routed 93% of requests to the most appropriate care team member, compared to 74% pre-implementation. When asked if they were satisfied with their experience, most patients agreed or were neutral (69% and 10%, respectively), while 21% disagreed. In semi-structured interviews, nurses and administrative staff described improved efficiency by having triage requests integrated within the EMR, while have challenges related to prioritizing requests across multiple channels (e.g. digital, phone, others). Conclusions: Digital triage is foundational for better cataloguing and understanding our patients' unmet needs at home and between visits, enabling a continuous learning process to understand when and why people struggle throughout their care journey. Ongoing analyses will explore disease site-specific trends, compare phone to digital triage, and identify differences between users of each method. The data will inform further improvement cycles on the build and workflows, while enabling appropriate resourcing of this critical service and shifts towards proactive care.

온라인 무역사기 사례에 관한 연구: 이메일 해킹 무역사기 사례를 중심으로

Purpose: This study focuses on the fact that fraud using email, which is a major means of communication in trade transactions, continues to occur. To raise awareness of the email hacking risks, this study suggests practical countermeasures through analysis of fraud that has caused damage and cases of attempted fraud. Research design, data, and methodology: Along with a literature review, this study focuses on successful and attempted email hacking trade fraud based on recent data from KOTRA. Results: According to the analysis, representative types of email-related trade fraud are mainly “new forms of email account hacking” and “existing forms of similar email alteration fraud cases”. Recently, in response to changes in companies' awareness of email fraud, the number of cases has decreased, but caution is required because fraudsters are becoming more detailed and sophisticated in their approach. Conclusions: This paper encourages step-by-step practical and policy alternatives in order to be suspicious of (and to confirm) account change requests based on the changing perception of fraud by email, which is the main means of communication for traders.

Former teachers’ perceptions of psychosocial supports leading to attrition

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine how former K-12 teachers’ perceptions of psychosocial support led to their decision to leave the profession.Design/methodology/approachThe researcher conducted eight interviews with former teachers who had been in the profession for 1.5–26 years and asked them about their thoughts on mental health interventions, leadership and collegial support and the stressors of teaching. The data were analyzed by qualitative analysis.FindingsFormer teachers had varying responses, and some of the biggest takeaways were the importance of strong leadership support, the request for more time and overall changes to the system and how teachers are supported overall. Results indicate the ultimate impetus for exiting the profession was not directly the result of mental health support or the lack thereof, yet support for well-being did play a role in job dissatisfaction with the teaching role.Originality/valueTeacher attrition is a significant issue in many countries. This study focuses on teachers in South Carolina, USA, yet the literature indicates similar problems across the USA and globally. The focus on former teachers was compelling, as most studies focus on current teachers.

Evaluation of IT Governance at Credit Union XYZ Financial Institutions Using COBIT 5 Framework

Since 2002, Credit Union XYZ has been utilizing information technology in its lending operations. However, the utilization of IT governance has not been optimal due to various weaknesses, obstacles, and issues such as server problems, downtime for maintenance, system change requests, human resources, and recurring IT-related problems. This research aims to assess the current IT governance capabilities at Credit Union XYZ. The method used is the COBIT 5 standard with a focus on the APO and DSS domains tailored to the existing issues. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to the IT team and relevant stakeholders. The selected COBIT 5 processes include APO06 (Manage budget and costs), APO07 (Manage human resources), DSS01 (Manage operations), DSS02 (Manage service requests and incidents), and DSS03 (Manage problems). The eval_uation reveals a 1 level gap in IT governance capabilities, with the current level at level 2 in Credit Union XYZ, while the target is level 3 in the future. The researcher's recommendation to Credit Union XYZ is to align IT processes with the standards and regulations established by COBIT 5.

Canada's provincial COVID-19 pandemic modelling efforts: A review of mathematical models and their impacts on the responses.

Mathematical modelling played an important role in the public health response to COVID-19 in Canada. Variability in epidemic trajectories, modelling approaches, and data infrastructure across provinces provides a unique opportunity to understand the factors that shaped modelling strategies. Provinces implemented stringent pandemic interventions to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission, considering evidence from epidemic models. This study aimed to summarize provincial COVID-19 modelling efforts. We identified modelling teams working with provincial decision-makers, through referrals and membership in Canadian modelling networks. Information on models, data sources, and knowledge translation were abstracted using standardized instruments. We obtained information from six provinces. For provinces with sustained community transmission, initial modelling efforts focused on projecting epidemic trajectoriesand healthcare demands, and evaluating impacts of proposed interventions. In provinces with low community transmission, models emphasized quantifying importation risks. Most of the models were compartmental and deterministic, with projection horizons of a few weeks. Models were updated regularly or replaced by new ones, adapting to changing local epidemic dynamics, pathogen characteristics, vaccines, and requests from public health. Surveillance datasets for cases, hospitalizations and deaths, and serological studies were the main data sources for model calibration. Access to data for modelling and the structure for knowledge translation differed markedly between provinces. Provincial modelling efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic were tailored to local contexts and modulated by available resources. Strengthening Canadian modelling capacity, developing and sustaining collaborations between modellers and governments, and ensuringearlier access to linked and timely surveillance data could help improve pandemic preparedness.

Research Paper: Software Solution: Development of SOP for Change Request Form by Using Spira Team as Change Request Management Tool

Research Paper: Software Solution: Development of SOP for Change Request Form by Using Spira Team as Change Request Management Tool

Parental kidnapping as a form of abuse of parental rights

The article explores the legal phenomenon of “parental kidnapping”. It is noted that Ukrainian legislation lacks a definition of this legal phenomenon. The author suggests understanding parental kidnapping as the action of one of the parents regarding the unauthorized change of the child’s place of residence without the consent of the other parent with whom, according to the law or a court decision, the child resides. This includes abduction, leading to a violation of the child’s rights and causing material or non-material harm. Statistical data from the Secretariat of the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for 2022–2023 regarding the number of parental requests for the unauthorized change of the child’s place of residence by one of the parents is provided. The legislative regulation of this legal phenomenon and the peculiarities of holding parents accountable for such abuse of parental rights in Ukraine are analyzed. Ukrainian legal practitioners categorize the actions falling under the concept of “parental kidnapping” as domestic violence against the child in the form of psychological violence, especially towards the other parent with whom the child lived before the abduction. In cases where there are signs of physical injuries on the child, physical violence against the abducted child is also considered. The legal positions of Ukrainian courts in cases of parental kidnapping are discussed. Generally, since there is no legal provision specifying responsibility for such actions, in cases where the evidence presented by the plaintiff parent proves that the other parent changed the child’s place of residence without authorization, the court grants the plaintiff parent’s claim for the return of the child. Proposals are formulated for measures that need to be implemented to prevent, counteract, and legally hold accountable for parental kidnapping.

Optimize and Thrive: An Electronic Health Record Optimization Program Case Study.

Although electronic health record optimization programs are common in healthcare organizations, a dearth of published evaluations of these programs exists. Little is known about the ability of optimization programs to handle flooding requests for change and achieve their objectives of cost savings, value, quality of care, and efficiency. This program evaluation reviewed one organization's electronic health record clinical optimization program. The evaluation examines the implementation of the insulin dosing calculator project at five hospitals within a large nonprofit healthcare organization using interviews, project documents, reported insulin dosing errors, and workflow observation to determine if the program provides sufficient structure and processes to successfully implement large optimization projects and achieve the project's desired outcomes. This evaluation finds that the optimization program processes support the implementation of large projects. The program can improve the planning of human resources to increase productivity and reduce waste. A clearer definition of meaningful project outcomes at the onset would allow the program to measure and communicate its accomplishments across the organization.

Correlation study on the game of badminton and techniques on shuttlecock durability

Badminton shuttlecocks are often observed to break after several rallies in elite competitions. These change requests are frequent and considered disruptive to the game. The frequency of shuttlecock changes from 36 official matches from the Olympic Games and Super Series between 1997 and 2020 were observed. An Independent T-test and ANOVA were performed on the means of five relevant game characteristics including: format of play by structure (singles vs doubles) and categories (MS, WS, MD, WD and MD), scoring system (pre-2006 vs post-2006), the frequency of badminton shots (smash, attacking shots and rally) that resulted in shuttlecock changes and total time spent on changing shuttlecocks were analysed. The descriptive and frequency analyses found that singles matches resulted in almost 50% more change requests than doubles matches (18.52 ± 8.76 vs 10.73 ± 5.01) and that MS matches were found to have a disproportionately higher number of shuttlecock changes compared to all other categories of play (11.00 vs 3.57 – 4.80 per match). It was also observed that a considerable portion of game time was spent on changes shuttlecock (9.44% - 24.44%). It is believed that addressing shuttlecock durability will reduce disruption due to frequent shuttlecock changes and improve sustainability of the game.

Comparative characteristics of student groups with positive and negative social and psychological development dynamics in the process of studying at university

Introduction. The article examines the problem of significant differences between student groups with pronounced positive and negative dynamics of team development. Identifying these differences will lead to appropriate teaching interventions in order to prevent the disintegration of the group and developing a negative psychological atmosphere in it. The purpose of the study is to identify socio-psychological differences between student groups who have experienced a pronounced positive and negative dynamics of the team’s development during their studies at the university. Materials and Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the parametric conception of the team. In order to achieve the objective of the study and verify the hypothesis, the authors used theoretical (analysis, comparison, generalization, systematization) and empirical (in-depth interview and retrospective self-report) methods. The total sample size of participants in the interview was 38 people, including 13 people from the group with positive dynamics of team development (group 1) and 25 people from the group with negative dynamics (group 2). The obtained data were processed using statistical methods: the multifunctional Fisher test (to identify differences in the expression of variables obtained by content analysis), the Wilcoxon T test (to assess statistically significant changes in the group participants). Results. The article presents a theoretical analysis of approaches to the problem of researching a student group as a permanent educational team. In the course of the study, the authors revealed socio- psychological differences between student groups with pronounced positive and negative dynamics of team development: the presence/absence of a positive image of the group shared by the majority as a cohesive and unified team; transforming this image into a group target; the presence/absence of a positive set of values, reflecting the ideas of collective action and individual well-being; the presence/absence of transfer of target and meaningful guidelines for joint activities from extra-curricular creative activities to the field of professional activities; the existence/absence of community-accepted norms and rules of compatibility, which are not protective, but developing; the presence/absence of a conflict atmosphere, competition and isolated microgroups, which collectively increase the group's closeness and its lower inclusion in the university environment. The authors revealed that the negative group dynamics is more clearly recognized by the respondents, the reasons for it are conflicts and the influence of informal leaders with different values and norms. The impact of the university environment is strongest in the first year and has been declining since the second term of the second year. Adult activity is not perceived by students as a factor in changes in the group. A significant discrepancy was revealed between the cyclical nature of educational activities and the changing request of a student from year 3. The most significant influence on students is exerted by the formats where students occupy the most subjective position and the most active formats of education, which are distinguished by a high degree of subjective novelty. The influence of the group on each student (both positive and negative) is perceived as very significant. The modality of assessing this influence depends on the nature of the group dynamics. Conclusions. Based on the data obtained, the authors identified significant socio-psychological differences between student groups with pronounced positive and negative dynamics of team development. Targeted teaching interventions on these significant differences will reduce the likelihood of negative socio-psychological dynamics in student groups.

A Study on Optimizing E-Commerce Warehousing: Strategies for Efficient Operations

The retail industry has experienced major alter with the fast development of e-commerce, which has driven to request for warehousing and co-ordinations capacities. To meet consumers' developing desires for quick, dependable and cost-effective conveyance, e-commerce companies confront expanding weight to optimize their stock methodology and keep up a competitive advantage. The reason of this comprehensive audit is to look at the current state of e-commerce optimization investigate with a centre on recognizing viable techniques to progress productivity, efficiency, and client fulfilment. The presentation places the subject within the broader setting of the online retail industry and highlights the interesting challenges online retailers confront in overseeing their stock and conveyance operations. This highlights the significance of optimizing these basic capacities to meet the changing requests of the advanced advertise, characterized by shorter arrange and conveyance cycles, expanded client expectations and they require for consistent multi-channel integration. The primary part of the paper presents the hypothetical systems that were utilized within the online store optimization study. It investigates the commitments of co-ordinations administration hypothesis; operations inquire about and supply chain administration to supply a conceptual premise for understanding the complex and interconnected nature of warehousing in an e-commerce environment. Essential concepts such as stockroom administration, stock arrangement and arranging, arrange picking and pressing, and transportation optimization are altogether surveyed, emphasizing their interrelationship and they require for all encompassing, systems-oriented choice making. Another area synthesizes observational discoveries on different techniques and best hones for making strides e-commerce stockroom operations.

Thank You for Changing: Gratitude Promotes Autonomous Motivation and Successful Partner Regulation.

Romantic partners often attempt to improve their relationship by changing each other's traits and behaviors, but such partner regulation is often unsuccessful. We examined whether gratitude expressed by agents (i.e., partners requesting change) facilitates greater regulation success from targets (i.e., partners making change) by encouraging targets' autonomous motivation. Across studies, including observational (Study 1, N = 111 couples), preregistered longitudinal (Study 2, N = 150 couples), and experimental (Study 3a, N = 431; Study 3b, N = 725) designs, agents' gratitude for targets' efforts was linked to greater targets'-and less consistently agents'-reported regulation success. These effects were consistently mediated by greater target autonomous motivation, and generally persisted when accounting for how agents communicated their change request and other positive responses to targets' efforts (e.g., positivity and support). Gratitude for targets' efforts appears to be an important tool for promoting change success.

Electronic medical record redesign to improve patient safety and use of non-medication orders by clinicians

Background: Electronic medical records (EMRs) have become highly customizable. Although customization allows changes for workflow optimization, such changes can result in a less standardized system and create barriers due to individual preferences. Aim: This was a documentation of the efforts of a greenfield academic medical centre in Qatar to improve patient safety, physician operational efficiency and revenue capture by standardizing the design of the non-medication orders and associated revenue of the EMR . Methods: A multi-disciplinary group reviewed and revamped the design and workflow for non-medication orders, including redistributing orders into order catalogues, standardizing their naming, assigning them billing codes, and reviewing other order details. Measurement of project performance followed cross-sectional and prospective cohort designs. Results: The redesign improved clinicians’ satisfaction with the EMR and reduced patient safety incidents and other technical issues. Improvements in the organization’s operations and staff performance were noticeable across multiple areas. The proportion of clinicians finding it difficult to navigate and select orders reduced from 31% to 21%. The proportion of clinicians who believed the orders to be clear and accurate increased from about 16% to 31%. The estimated percentage of clinicians reporting a technical issue with an order during the last month reduced from 52% to 41.94%, and physicians’ dissatisfaction with the overall organization of non-medication orders in the EMR reduced from about 32% to 23%. The average number of technical issues and change requests sent monthly to the technology team for non-medication orders reduced from 30 to 1.4 technical issues and 3.2 change requests. Conclusion: EMR performance improvement projects that consider and address staff input, patient safety and performance metrics can uplift an organization’s clinical and financial performance.

Perceptions of an acceptance-based weight management treatment among adults living in rural areas.

Obesity and obesity-related comorbidities disproportionately affect rural communities. Research has emerged in support of a novel acceptance-based behavioural weight management treatment (ABT) that integrates the principles and procedures of acceptance-commitment therapy (ACT) with traditional components of standard behavioural treatment (SBT). The current study assessed the perceptions of community stakeholders in rural areas to session materials of a commercially available ABT program. Surveys and focus groups were used to solicit feedback from three former interventionists with experience delivering SBTs in rural counties and from 17 former participants in these programs. Qualitative responses encompassed four overarching themes: (1) recommendations to support participant engagement, (2) comments about preferences for specific ABT and SBT strategies, (3) concerns about specific aspects of treatment delivery, and (4) requests for aesthetic changes to session materials to enhance clarity and engagement. Overall, participants viewed ABT materials and concepts favourably but believed it would be important to begin the intervention with rapport building and training in traditional SBT strategies prior to delving into ACT strategies. Future studies should investigate the efficacy of ABT for weight loss in adults with obesity living in rural communities and continue to solicit feedback from rural community stakeholders.

132 Modernizing Onboarding for Clinical Research Professionals: An Interactive and Adoptable Approach

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The Clinical Research Professionals (CRP) at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) identified and addressed gaps in a static on boarding material by transforming it into an interactive, centralized, and customizable REDCap checklist to better meet researcher needs across the institution. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The CRP On boarding Checklist is a tool designed to assist clinical researchers in their onboarding process at CCHMC. This tool helps CRPs determine the required/recommended trainings available to assist with skill-building and establishing job role competency. CRP supervisorsand subject matter experts were included incontent revisions, format, and transition to a RED Capsurvey. The new checklist is interactive, targets training requirements by job function, and clearly labels mandatory training. A companion document allows new CRPs to create and track their own individualized training plan. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The revised CRP On boarding Checklist was launched in April 2022 and announced via email communication. Alive demonstration was presented to all CRPs during the May 2022 CRP Monthly Meeting. The checklist and companion document are linked to the internal CRP website, which is accessible institutionally. Sincelaunch, almost 100 new and internally transferring CRPs have utilized the online tool to guide their training needs. The checklist is intended to reflect real-time changes in educational offerings. In addition to feedback and change requests from the CRP community, the checklist is updated as necessary and routinely reviewed on a biannual basisby the CRP Education Committee. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The creation and maintenance of the CRP Onboarding Checklist is a modern and accessible way for CRPs and supervisors to explore role-applicable training and take active roles in the on boarding process. The RED Capformat allows easy sharing and adoptability to other institutions via data dictionary.

The impact of electronic and self-rostering systems on healthcare organisations and healthcare workers: A mixed-method systematic review.

To synthesise evidence from studies that explored the impact of electronic and self-rostering systems to schedule staff on healthcare organisations and healthcare workers. Mixed-method systematic review. Studies were screened by two independent reviewers and data were extracted using standardised data extraction tables. The quality of studies was assessed, and parallel-results convergent synthesis was conducted. Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, ERIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and PsycARTICLES were searched on January 3, 2023. Eighteen studies were included (10 quantitative descriptive studies, seven non-randomised studies and one qualitative study). Studies examined two rostering interventions including self-rostering (n = 12) and electronic rostering (n = 6). It was found that the implementation of electronic and self-rostering systems for staff scheduling impacted positively on both, healthcare workers and healthcare organisations. Benefits included enhanced roster efficiency, staff satisfaction, greater control and empowerment, improved work-life balance, higher staff retention and reduced turnover, decreased absence rates and enhanced healthcare efficiency. However, self-rostering was found to be less equitable than fixed rostering, was associated with increased overtime, and correlated with a higher frequency of staff requests for shift changes. The impact of electronic and self-rostering systems to schedule staff on healthcare organisations and healthcare workers' outcomes was predominantly positive. Further randomised controlled trials and longitudinal studies are warranted to evaluate the long-term impact of various rostering systems, including electronic and self-rostering systems. Rostering is a multifaceted responsibility for healthcare administrators, impacting patient care quality, workforce planning and healthcare expenditure. Given that healthcare staffing costs constitute a substantial portion of global healthcare expenditure, efficient and strategic resource management, inclusive of healthcare staff rostering, is imperative. The 27-item Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) checklist. No Patient or Public Contribution.

Calculation of product service systems in single and small batch production

AbstractSingle and small batch production is characterized by complex value-added processes and products. The transparent calculation of new offers and change requests is therefore a particular challenge. At the same time, the rising spread of product service systems (PSS) increases the complexity of costing, as additional intangible services have to be calculated precisely. In addition to the challenges posed by such precise calculation of intangible services, companies have to master another complexity driver in the form of PSS. Innovative information and communication technologies (ICT) offer new potential for effective and efficient design of the costing process for the entire life cycle. The rising availability of data along the entire product life cycle significantly increases transparency and, thanks to intelligent analysis algorithms, allows the identification of clear cause-and-effect relationships and forecasting options. The aim of the presented paper is thus to develop a model for calculation of PPS in single and small batch production that exploits the new potential of ICT.

Consumer focus group testing with stakeholders to generate an enteral resuscitation training flipbook for primary health center and first-level hospital providers in Nepal

IntroductionEnteral resuscitation (EResus) is operationally advantageous to intravenous resuscitation for burn-injured patients in some low-resource settings. However, there is minimal guidance and no training materials for EResus tailored to non-burn care providers. We aimed to develop and consumer-test a training flipbook with doctors and nurses in Nepal to aid broader dissemination of this life-saving technique. Materials and methodsWe used individual cognitive interviews with Nepali (n = 12) and international (n = 4) burn care experts to define key elements of EResus and specific concepts for its operationalization at primary health centers and first-level hospitals in Nepal. Content, prototype illustrations, and wireframe layouts were developed and revised with the burn care experts. Subsequently, eight consumer testing focus groups with Nepali stakeholders (5–10 people each) were facilitated. Prompts were generated using the Questionnaire Appraisal System (QAS) framework. The flipbook was iteratively revised and tested based on consumer feedback organized according to the domains of clarity, assumptions, knowledge/memory, and sensitivity/bias. Results and discussionThe flipbook elements were iterated until consumers made no additional requests for changes. Examples of consumer inputs included: clarity—minimize medical jargon, add shrunken organs and wilted plants to represent burn shock; assumptions—use locally representative figures, depict oral rehydration salts sachet instead of a graduated bottle; knowledge/memory—clarify complex topics, use Rule-of-9 s and depict approximately 20% total body surface area to indicate the threshold for resuscitation; sensitivity/bias—reduce anatomic illustration details (e.g. urinary catheter placement, body contours). ConclusionStakeholder engagement, consumer testing, and iterative revision can generate knowledge translation products that reflect contextually appropriate education materials for inexperienced burn providers. The EResus Training Flipbook can be used in Nepal and adapted to other contexts to facilitate the implementation of EResus globally.

History and Iatrogenic Effects of Conversion Therapy.

Research indicates that sexual orientation change efforts (SOCEs) are not effective and furthermore commonly lead to iatrogenic effects such as depression, anxiety, and even suicide. Negative attitudes toward homosexuality derive from most formal religions and are incarnated in medical and psychological theories that support and encourage SOCEs. Oppression of sexual minorities makes it unlikely that change requests by patients are voluntary. Recently there has been a dramatic change as the field moves from reparative to affirmative approaches. Here, we review the history of SOCEs, their consequences, current affirmative treatments, and future directions in the field as they pertain to the well-being of the queer community. From an institutional community psychology perspective, we argue that even if true conversion were possible, such efforts are unethical and should not be pursued even if requested. As is the case with all psychological/psychiatric interventions, the issue is not "can" but "ought."