Changes In Other Variables Research Articles

Improving motorcyclist safety through hearing in all directions: survey results concerning a novel protective helmet with earpieces.

Every year over 200,000 motorcyclists are killed globally. One poorly understood risk factor for motorcycle crashes is the role of motorcyclists' ability to hear traffic and other sounds around them in all directions. Most motorcycle helmets protect the head and permit vision in the forward direction, but they impair the wearer's ability to hear. This study evaluated user perceptions of Protective Helmet with Earpieces Equipped, a novel system that affixes technology onto existing motorcycle helmets to allow motorcyclists to better hear the surrounding environment in all directions. 59 Colombian traffic police agents who rode motorcycles daily completed self-report surveys about their traditional motorcycle helmet, used a Protective Helmet with Earpieces Equipped helmet for two months, and then completed a follow-up survey. We tested two hypotheses: (a) at follow-up compared to baseline, motorcyclists would report decreases in perceived safety, comfort, and ability to detect sounds with their traditional helmet, as well as increased fatigue and stress from motorcycling with their traditional helmet, and (b) at follow-up, motorcyclists would report high perceived safety and perceived importance of hearing traffic sounds in all directions while motorcycling. Wilcoxon signed-rank test evaluated hypotheses. Participants rated perceived safety while using their traditional helmet to be significantly lower after using the Protective Helmet with Earpieces Equipped compared to before using it (Z=-3.5, p less than .001). There were no changes in other variables assessed. Following use of the new helmet, participants reported greatly improved safety (M=4.56, SD=0.54, where 4=safer and 5=substantially safer) and perceived the importance of hearing traffic sounds in all directions as high. Improved auditory perception could increase motorcyclist safety. Participating traffic agents felt the Protective Helmet with the Earpieces Equipped greatly improved their ability to hear and improved their motorcycling safety. Perceived safety while using their traditional helmet decreased following use of the alternative.

Impact of Changes in Fuel Prices on Inflation and Economic Growth in Mozambique

The fuel oil is a basic input to production, so an increase in oil price leads to a rise in production costs that induces firms to lower output. In parallel, oil prices change also effects, indirectly, the consumption, through its positive relation with disposable income. However, despite the relevance of the variation in fuel prices in economy, there are no recent study conducted to analyse the impact of changes in fuel prices on GDP and CPI in Mozambique. This study aims to contribute to filling the information gap by providing the quantification of the impact of fuel prices on GDP and CPI. So, the study aim to determine the impact of changes in FUEL prices on Inflation (Consumer Price Index – CPI) and Economic Growth (Gross Domestic Product – GDP), using quarter data from 2007 to 2020. Descriptive statistics, Unit Root Test, Johansen Cointegration Test and Error Correction Model, Granger Causality Econometric Models, Impulse and Response Function and Variance Decomposition Analysis are used. The results indicate that in Mozambique there are a cointegrating long-run relationship between FUEL prices and CPI and GDP, which suggest that the impact of FUEL prices shocks to CPI and GDP in short-run and long-run path. Also, the results show that changes in GDP and FUEL prices lead to an increase in CPI by 3.0% and 1.3%, respectively, <i>coeteris paribus</i>. The previous quarter’s errors (or deviation from long-run equilibrium) are corrected for with the current quarter at a convergence speed of 3.5% to GDP, and 4.8% to CPI. Granger causality tests also indicate causality between CPI and GDP, and the changes in GDP causes changes in other variables.

The effectiveness of a theory -based health education program on waterpipe smoking cessation in Iran: one year follow-up of a quasi-experimental research

BackgroundThe present research aimed to determine the effect of an educational intervention based on the extended theory of planned behavior (ETPB) on waterpipe (WT) smoking cessation in women.MethodsThe present quasi-experimental had a pre-test, post-test design with 3, 6 and 12 months follow-ups was conducted in Bandar Abbas city, south of Iran in December 2021-March 2023. A total of 448 women over the age of 15 (224 in the intervention group (IG), 224 in the control group (CG)), using a two-stage cluster sampling method participated. The educational intervention focused on WT smoking cessation implemented in 14 sessions. The educational methods in the training sessions were lectures, collaborative discussions, Q&As, brainstorming, role plays, and peer education. The main outcome was WT cessation behavior. Repeated measures ANOVA tests and post hoc were run to compare the IG and CG at baseline in terms of demographic variables, t-test and chi square test, and in the four points of time of data collection. The data were analyzed in Stata14. A p-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.ResultsThe mean and standard deviation of WT cessation behavior and all ETPB constructs in the IG was significantly higher than the CG. After the educational intervention, in the IG, the perceived behavioral control, attitude, subjective norm, intention and knowledge increased, and the weekly smoking and WT smoking habit decreased (P < 0.001). The CG did not have any significant change in other variables except for the increased knowledge score. During the 12-month follow-up, the cessation rate was 43.81% (P = 0.645) in the IG and 7.45% in the CG (P = 0.081).ConclusionsThe educational intervention positively affected WT smoking reduction and cessation in women through influencing the ETPB constructs. It is strongly recommended to design theory-based interventions beyond the individual level with an emphasis on interpersonal relationships to facilitate WT cessation as far as possible.

Effects of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peel Extract Supplementation on Markers of Inflammation and Serum Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 in Women With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study.

Osteoarthritis (OA) as a common musculoskeletal disorder is the main cause of disability in the world. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) on some inflammatory markers and matrix maloproteinase1 (MMP1) in women with knee OA. Sixty obese women with knee OA aged 38 to 60 years were included in this clinical trial. The women were allocated into intervention (n = 30) and placebo (n = 30) groups along with standard drug therapy receiving 500 mg PPE or placebo twice daily for 8 weeks, respectively. Three-day food records, anthropometric measurements, fasting blood samples, and physical activity questionnaires were gathered at the baseline and the end of the study. The supplementation of PPE significantly reduced the serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ĸB), MMP1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels of the patients within the intervened group (all, P < .05) and compared with the placebo (P = .002, .045, .040, and .003, respectively) at the end of the study. The serum NF-ĸB levels significantly increased within the placebo group at the end of the trial (P = .002). Changes in other variables in the placebo group were not significant (P > .05). The findings of this clinical trial indicated that PPE supplementation decreased serum inflammatory markers including hs-CRP, NF-ĸB, and MCP-1 and MMP1 levels in women with knee OA. PPE supplementation may be useful as a part of an integrated approach to modulating inflammatory complications in women with knee OA.

The Effects of Melatonin Alone or in Combination with Zinc on Gonadotropin and Thyroid Hormones in Female Rats.

Thyroid and gonadotropin hormones play an essential role in the regulation of regulating various physiological functions. The effects of melatonin and zinc (Zn) on these hormones have already been investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of melatonin with and without zinc on the levels of gonadotropin hormones and thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)) in female rats. In general, 35 sexually mature female rats were randomly divided into five treatment groups, with each group comprising 7 rats, in a completely randomized design (CRD) during the research. The rats were treated daily with Zn and melatonin via gavage as follows T1 (control 1, basal diet), T2 (control 2, treatment with normal saline) and the other experimental groups, including T3, T4 and T5, were treated with Zn (40 ppm), melatonin (5 mg/kg) or a combination of Zn and melatonin at the same dose. The administration of the drugs was continued for 20 days (daily) . Plasma samples were then taken for the determination of LH, FFH, LH/FSH, estrogen, progesterone, T3, T4 and TSH levels. The results showed no significant differences in FSH and LH levels between treatments. Estrogen, progesterone and TSH levels were higher in the rats receiving 5 mg melatonin per day than in the other groups, but not statistically significant (P>0.05). However, T3 levels decreased significantly in the group receiving 40 mg/kg Zn compared to the other experiments. (P<0.05). The results showed no significant difference between the treatments in terms of T4 levels (P>0.05). In conclusion, no remarkable changes in other variables were observed in female rats receiving melatonin, Zn or a combination of melatonin and Zn, with the exception of T3.

Using the Perfusion Index for Block Success in Pediatric Patients: A Retrospective Study.

To investigate the efficacy of the perfusion index in assessing block success in pediatric patients undergoing elective supracondylar fracture repair surgery. It was a retrospective study in a tertiary-care center. Twenty-eight pediatric supracondylar humerus fracture patients who underwent elective surgery for fracture repair were evaluated. Perfusion index, pulse rate, pleth variability index (PVi), and oxygen saturation were measured at different time intervals before and after the coracoid infraclavicular block procedure. The changes in perfusion index (PI) values were found to be statistically significant (p˂0.05). The Bonferroni analysis revealed that the results obtained at three separate measurement times differed significantly (p˂0.05). On the other hand, changes in other variables were not statistically significant (p˃0.05). The perfusion index can be used as an indicator of block success in elective surgeries of the upper extremities in pediatric patients.

The cost coordination theory of harm and the EU trucks case

ABSTRACT This article reviews and critically assesses the “cost coordination” theory of harm developed in a recent eponymous article, Harrington (2022), and its application to the EU trucks case. We conclude that, while the cost coordination theory is a valuable and interesting contribution to the academic literature, it assumes a number of market features that may not be present in the EU trucks case—in particular that list price coordination is persistent rather than occasional, that transaction prices are sufficiently transparent to implement an effective monitoring and retaliation mechanism, and that list price changes are interpreted by local price setters as reflecting changes in cost rather than changes in other variables. We also note that, compared with standard price coordination, cost coordination generally tends to be both harder to sustain and less effective at raising prices if it is sustained.

Pilot and Feasibility Studies of a Lifestyle Modification Program Based on the Health Belief Model to Prevent the Lifestyle-Related Diseases in Patients with Mental Illness.

In this study we have examined the feasibility of a program based on the health belief model (HBM), for its effectiveness in improving lifestyle-related diseases in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD), which are often complicated with physical conditions. In this model, we attempted to enable patients to identify a "threat" and to find "balance between benefits and disadvantages". Subjects were carefully selected from among psychiatric patients by excluding any bias. Thus, the enrolled patients were 30 adult men and women with lifestyle-related diseases, or those with a body mass index (BMI) of over 24. Of these 30 subjects, 15 were randomly assigned to the intervention group and 10 the control group, since 5 subjects in the control voluntarily left from the study. Comparison of the intervention and control groups revealed significant improvement (p < 0.05) in HDL cholesterol in the intervention group. However, there were no significant changes in other variables. These findings support the usefulness and efficacy of HMB-based nutritional interventions for preventing lifestyle-related disorders among psychiatric patients. Further evaluation is needed with a larger sample size and a longer intervention period. This HMB-based intervention could be useful for the general population as well.

Analysis of the Factors Affecting Performance of Sustainable Supply Chain Management of Garut Arabica Coffee

Research aims: This study aims to analyze the factors influencing the sustainable supply chain management of Garut Arabica Coffee in increasing product competitiveness.Design/Methodology/Approach: This study used a quantitative approach with an exploratory and causal design to explain how one variable influences or is responsible for changes in other variables. A quantitative approach analyzed the factors influencing the sustainability of Garut Arabica Coffee’s supply chain operational performance.Research findings: Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis revealed that economic, social, and environmental factors positively and significantly impacted the sustainability of the Garut Arabica Coffee supply chain. The SWOT analysis showed that it requires implementing an integrated strategy from all factors with the support of sustainable infrastructure facilities, programs to eradicate farmer poverty, recycling defective products, and monitoring suppliers using the ISO 140001 standard.Theoretical Contribution/Originality: This study analyzed the factors influencing the Garut Arabica Coffee sustainable supply chain and provides strategies based on supply chain sustainability indicators that can be implemented to overcome the problems faced.Practitioners/Policy Implications: This study gives beneficial information to stakeholders from farmers, cooperatives, and the government involved in developing the supply chain performance improvement of Garut Arabica Coffee production.Research Limitations/Implications: This research was still limited to the performance of the supply chain on a micro scale with 100 respondents, so the scope still needs to be expanded to have a bigger impact on society.

Walking with Different Insoles Changes Lower-Limb Biomechanics Globally in Patients with Medial Knee Osteoarthritis.

Using insoles to modify walking biomechanics is of keen interest for the treatment of medial-compartment knee osteoarthritis. So far, insole interventions have focused on reducing the peak of the knee adduction moment (pKAM) and have led to inconsistent clinical outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in other gait variables related to knee osteoarthritis when patients walk with different insoles to provide insights into the necessity to enlarge the biomechanical analyses to other variables. Walking trials were recorded for 10 patients in four insole conditions. Changes among conditions were computed for six gait variables, including the pKAM. The associations between the changes in pKAM and the changes in the other variables were also assessed individually. Walking with different insoles had noticeable effects on the six gait variables, with high heterogeneity among patients. For all variables, at least 36.67% of the changes were of medium-to-large effect size. The associations with the changes in pKAM varied among variables and patients. In conclusion, this study showed that varying the insole could globally influence ambulatory biomechanics and that limiting measurement to the pKAM could lead to an important loss of information. Beyond the consideration of additional gait variables, this study also encourages personalized interventions to address inter-patient variability.

Role of metabolization and conjugation of herbicides in tolerance of white oats to 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase (HPPD) enzyme inhibitors

The success of chemical control is dependent on crop tolerance to herbicides and their efficiency in controlling weeds. Thus, knowledge of the tolerance level of cultivated plants and the tolerance mechanism involved is crucial for safe herbicide use. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of metabolization (malathion) and conjugation (NBD-Cl) inhibitors on the tolerance of white oats to the herbicides mesotrione and tembotrione. The experiment was carried out under field conditions in the 2021 crop, in an RBD, with nine treatments, namely: T0- control (no application); T1- malathion; T2- NBD-Cl; T3- mesotrione; T4- mesotrione+malathion; T5- mesotrione+NBD-Cl; T6- tembotrione; T7- tembotrione+malathion and T8- tembotrione+NBD-Cl. The plant characteristics were evaluated for plant intoxication, SPAD index, levels of chlorophyll a, b and total carotenoids, yield components, yield and industrial grain quality. Symptoms of intoxication in oat plants started at 7 DAA and increased up to 14 DAA in treatments containing mesotrione or tembotrione. Plant recovery started at 21 DAA, and it was intensified at 28 DAA. Intoxication levels were not affected by the addition of the metabolization inhibitors malathion (43.1%) and NBD-Cl (36.2%). There was no change in other variables tested under the control treatment. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that there was no change in the level of tolerance of white oats to the herbicides mesotrione or tembotrione after application of malathion and NBD-Cl. This outcome suggests that metabolization or conjugation is not the main mechanisms that make white oat tolerant to HPPD enzyme inhibitors.

The mediational role of motivation in the model of motor development in childhood: A longitudinal study

The aim of this study was twofold: first, to examine the stability of the hypothesized conceptual model of motor development (without and with including various types of motivation) when children are followed up one-year later, and second to examine longitudinally whether changes in one model variable predict changes in other variables, according to the hypothesized pathways in the model. A sample of 361 Spanish students (50.7% girls, 8–11 years old) voluntarily participated in this study. In relation to the first aim, structural equation modeling revealed the expected positive relationship between the model variables in both measurement times. That is: actual motor competence (MC) predicted physical activity (PA) (p < .001), perceived MC mediated the relationship between actual MC and PA (p < .001), and autonomous motivation mediated the relationship between perceived MC and PA (p < .05). Moreover, the comparison of the invariance analysis showed non-practical differences between the unconstrained model and the constrained model, supporting the stability of the model over time. In relation to the second aim, the hypothesized model in Time 2 controlling for Time 1 values showed that changes in children’s actual MC positively predicted changes in their perceived MC (p < .001), which in turn, predicted changes in their autonomous motivation (p < .001), and PA (p < .001) at Time 2. Based on these findings Physical Education teachers are recommended to foster children’s actual and perceived MC as well as their autonomous motivation over time in order to promote PA strategies for lifelong health.

PERIOD CHANGES OF FOUR CEPHEID VARIABLES

We have analysed the AAVSO (2023) photometric (UBVRI) observations of several dozens of Cepheids and W Vir variables. These observations allowed us to find the period changes of four Cepheid variables: ζ Gem, VX Cyg, V Lac, TT Aql. Mean phase light curves were obtained for 3-5 time intervals of observations using trigonometrical polynomial approximations of data in the V-band. VX Cyg shows the period decrease in 400 days interval that is also accompanied by the decrease of asymmetry. It was impossible to find regularities of period changes of other variables within error estimates due to the relatively small amount of observed cycles.

Hubungan Antara Kecerdasan Emosi Dengan Self Control Siswa SMP X Kelas IX di Jakarta

The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Self Control in Class IX Middle School Students in Jakarta. This research applies a quantitative approach with a correlational type of research. This correlational method aims to study the relationship between two or more variables, namely the extent to which changes in one variable are related to changes in other variables. Data collection was carried out through questionnaires. The data obtained was then analyzed using the Product Moment correlation approach, because both variables have a normal distribution. The questionnaire was distributed to 77 class IX respondents at SMP X in Jakarta. Based on the results of the data processing carried out, variable Meanwhile, for variable Y, namely Student Self Control, the highest number is in the high category at 64.9%, followed by the medium category level, and followed by the low category level. The correlation obtained between variables X and Y is 0.745 with a significance value of 0.000, which means the two variables have a positive relationship. The level of relationship is in the strong category because it is in the interval 0.60 – 0.799. Based on this explanation, the researcher concluded that there is a positive and significant relationship or correlation between Emotional Intelligence and Self Control in Students.

Acute climate risks in the financial system: examining the utility of climate model projections

Efforts to assess risks to the financial system associated with climate change are growing. These commonly combine the use of integrated assessment models to obtain possible changes in global mean temperature (GMT) and then use coupled climate models to map those changes onto finer spatial scales to estimate changes in other variables. Other methods use data mined from ‘ensembles of opportunity’ such as the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Several challenges with current approaches have been identified. Here, we focus on demonstrating the issues inherent in applying global ‘top-down’ climate scenarios to explore financial risks at geographical scales of relevance to financial institutions (e.g. city-scale). We use data mined from the CMIP to determine the degree to which estimates of GMT can be used to estimate changes in the annual extremes of temperature and rainfall, two compound events (heatwaves and drought, and extreme rain and strong winds), and whether the emission scenario provides insights into the change in the 20, 50 and 100 year return values for temperature and rainfall. We show that GMT provides little insight on how acute risks likely material to the financial sector (‘material extremes’) will change at a city-scale. We conclude that ‘top-down’ approaches are likely to be flawed when applied at a granular scale, and that there are risks in employing the approaches used by, for example, the Network of Central Banks and Supervisors for Greening the Financial System. Most fundamental, uncertainty associated with projections of future climate extremes must be propagated through to estimating risk. We strongly encourage a review of existing top-down approaches before they develop into de facto standards and note that existing approaches that use a ‘bottom-up’ strategy (e.g. catastrophe modelling and storylines) are more likely to enable a robust assessment of material risk.

Pengaruh Content Marketing Instagram, Social Media Marketing Instagram, Price, Dan Restaurant Atmosphere Terhadap Repurchase Intention Pada Restaurant Dan Bar

This research is motivated by whether or not there is a relationship between the variables of Instagram content marketing, Instagram social media marketing, price, and restaurant atmosphere on repurchase intention. This study aims to analyze the effect of the variables of Instagram content marketing, social media marketing Instagram, price, and restaurant atmosphere on repurchase intention in restaurants and bars. The research method used is a causal research method. This research method is used to test whether a variable causes changes in other variables or not. This research was conducted on 384 consumers at restaurants and bars in South Jakarta. Respondents were selected from the sample of interest and data were collected using a Likert Scale questionnaire which was distributed online and offline. PLSSEM was used to analyze the data. The results show that Instagram content marketing, Instagram social media marketing, price, and restaurant atmosphere affect repurchase intention at Restaurants and Bars in South Jakarta positively and significantly, so there are no variables that have no effect. Further research can be carried out with qualitative analysis using the interview method to find out more about the reasons for consumers to repurchase.

Relationship between sense of coherence and knowledge on early childhood caries among pregnant women in Bangalore Rural and Urban District

Context: Sense of coherence (SOC), as stated, is a global orientation that views life as comprehensible, structural, manageable, and coherent. Pregnancy is considered as a crucial time period where an individual experiences increased stress and apprehension which could indirectly affect the child's Quality of Life. Hence, it is important to assess the SOC during this phase of life. Aims: This study aimed to assess the SOC and knowledge about early childhood caries (ECC) among pregnant women and to correlate SOC, level of education, and oral health status of the pregnant women. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted on pregnant women. The oral health status of the pregnant women was assessed using ICDAS II index and the education status of the participants was also obtained. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square test was used for intergroup comparison. Mann–Whitney U-test and Pearson's correlations were done to compare the variables between urban and rural population. Simple linear regression analysis and binary logistic regression were done to determine if SOC varied with change in other variables. Results: The mean SOC among rural and urban population were 33.64 and 41.01, respectively. It was seen that urban pregnant women had more knowledge regarding ECC and less Decayed Missing Filled Teeth (DMFT) as compared to rural pregnant women. There was an inverse relation of knowledge on ECC and SOC with DMFT among urban and rural pregnant women and a direct correlation between knowledge on ECC and SOC with education. Conclusions: This study concludes that SOC and knowledge on ECC are low among rural pregnant women. Furthermore, the SOC correlates with the level of education and oral health status of pregnant women in urban and rural districts of Bangalore, Karnataka.

Prehabilitation sessions can be provided more frequently in a shortened regimen with similar or better efficacy in people with non-small cell lung cancer: arandomised trial.

In people with non-small cell lung cancer, what is the effect of condensing 15 prehabilitation sessions into a 3-week regimen compared with a 5-week regimen? Randomised controlled trial with concealed allocation, intention-to-treat analysis and blinded assessment of the primary outcome. People with diagnosed or suspected non-small cell lung cancer and moderate-to-high risk of postoperative complications. Fifteen supervised prehabilitation sessions delivered with either a dense regimen of five sessions/week for 3 weeks (experimental group) or a non-dense regimen of three sessions/week for 5 weeks (control group). The primary outcome was the change in cardiorespiratory fitness measured by the V̇O2peak in ml/kg/min. The secondary outcomes were the change in other variables of interest measured during cardiopulmonary exercise testing, non-invasive nutritional markers, quadriceps maximal voluntary isometric contractions, maximal inspiratory pressure, quality of life, adherence and postoperative complications. Changes with the experimental regimen were similar to or better than changes with the control regimen for: V̇O2peak (MD 1.2 ml/kg/min, 95% CI-0.1 to 2.6); V̇E/V̇CO2 slope (MD-3.6 points, 95% CI-8.7 to 1.5); and work rate at ventilatory threshold (MD 3.7 W, 95% CI-5.6 to 13.0). The two regimens had similar effects on: peak work rate (MD 1.3 W, 95% CI-6.4 to 9.0), V̇O2 at ventilatory threshold (MD 0.0 ml/kg/min, 95% CI-1.4 to 1.4); body mass index (MD-0.2 kg/m2, 95% CI-0.5 to 0.1); and maximal inspiratory pressure (MD-0.7 cmH2O,95% CI -9.8 to 8.4). The relative effect was uncertain for quadriceps maximal voluntary isometric contractions, quality of life and complications. Condensing prehabilitation sessions led to similar or better improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness and did not decrease adherence or increase adverse events. This could increase the number of patients who can be referred for prehabilitation, despite short presurgical periods. NCT03936764.

Detection and attribution of climate change: A deep learning and variational approach

Abstract Twelve climate models and observations are used to attribute the global mean surface temperature (GMST) changes from 1900 to 2014 to external climate forcings. The external forcings are decomposed into the effects of the well-mixed greenhouse gas concentration variation, the effects of anthropogenic aerosol concentration changes, and the effects of natural forcings. First, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is trained to estimate the simulated historical GMST from single-forcing experiments using outputs from the multi-model ensemble. We then use this CNN to solve the attribution problem using an original variational inversion approach. The variational inversion is first validated using historical climate simulations as pseudo-observations. Then we perform an inversion from observations. This provides a distribution of the GMST resulting from the three forcings. For 2014, inversions estimate that the greenhouse gases changes are responsible for a GMST anomaly within [0.8 $ {}^{\circ } $ C,1.9 $ {}^{\circ } $ C], while anthropogenic aerosols and natural forcings anomalies are within [−0.7 $ {}^{\circ } $ C,−0.1 $ {}^{\circ } $ C] and [−0.1 $ {}^{\circ } $ C,0.3 $ {}^{\circ } $ C], respectively. The method designed here can be adapted and extended to attribute the changes of other variables or to focus on the regional scale.

PENGARUH KUALITAS PRODUK, HARGA DAN LOKASI TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN (STUDI KONSUMEN UMKM MIE AYAM DAN BAKSO BAROKAH INA KABUPATEN BUNGO)

This study aims to analyze the influence of product quality, price and location on purchasing decisions of the UMKM consumer study of Mie Ayam and Bakso Barokah Ina in Bungo. The research method used is quantitative, the data sources used are primary and secondary data. The population in this study were all consumers who had bought at Mie Ayam and Bakso Barokah Ina stalls in Bungo. The sample in this study as many as 96 respondents with sampling taken by using accidental sampling technique. Data collection methods used: interviews and questionnaires. The data analysis method used is multiple linear analysis and hypothesis testing using t test, F test and coefficient of determination. From the results of the t-test analysis shows that product quality, price and location partially affect purchasing decisions. The results of the F-test show that product quality, price and location simultaneously affect purchasing decisions. The results of the analysis of the coefficient of determination obtained adjusted R square (R2) of 0.670, this means that 67% of changes in purchasing decisions are caused by the changes in product quality, price and location variables. While the remaining 33% is due to changes in other variables included in the variables studied