Font Changes Research Articles

Cardiovascular change during encoding predicts the nonconscious mere exposure effect.

These studies examined memory encoding to determine whether the mere exposure effect could be categorized as a form of conceptual or perceptual implicit priming and, if it was not conceptual or perceptual, whether cardiovascular psychophysiology could reveal its nature. Experiment 1 examined the effects of study phase level of processing on recognition, the mere exposure effect, and word identification implicit priming. Deep relative to shallow processing improved recognition but did not influence the mere exposure effect for nonwords or word identification implicit priming for words. Experiments 2 and 3 examined the effect of study-test changes in font and orientation, respectively, on the mere exposure effect and word identification implicit priming. Different study-test font and orientation reduced word identification implicit priming but had no influence on the mere exposure effect. Experiments 4 and 5 developed and used, respectively, a cardiovascular psychophysiological implicit priming paradigm to examine whether stimulus-specific cardiovascular reactivity at study predicted the mere exposure effect at test. Blood volume pulse change at study was significantly greater for nonwords that were later preferred than for nonwords that were not preferred at test. There was no difference in blood volume pulse change for words at study that were later either identified or not identified at test. Fluency effects, at encoding or retrieval, are an unlikely explanation for these behavioral and cardiovascular findings. The relation of blood volume pulse to affect suggests that an affective process that is not conceptual or perceptual contributes to the mere exposure effect.

Pocket Guide to Ocular Oncology and Pathology, Grossniklaus H E, Bergstrom C, Baker Hubbard G, Wells J R, Singh A. ISBN: 978-3-642-28911-8 Springer

All would agree how vitally important it is for pathologists and other specialists to speak a common language when describing and discussing tumours, and when discussing specimen transport and interpretation. This is why this new “Pocket Guide to Ocular Oncology and Pathology” from Hans Grossniklaus is so welcoming and a timely addition to the ophthalmic pathology literature: it furthers this bridging between ocular oncologists and the pathology laboratory. The Sections in the Guide are organised systematically as follows: Part 1 Basic Principles and Techniques; Part II Conjunctival and Corneal Tumors; Part III Retinal, RPE and Ciliary Epithelial Tumors; Part IV Retinal Tumors; Part V Uveal Tumors: Non-Melanocytic; Part VI Uveal Tumors: Nevus and Melanoma; Part VII Optic Nerve Tumors and Phakomatoses. Each chapter is well-structured and all information is concisely stated under the following subheadings Synonyms, Definition, Etiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, Pathology, Differential Diagnosis, Prophylaxis, Therapy, Epidemiology, Cross References, and Further Reading. Such a structure enables the student to revise intensely prior to theoretical and practical exams. Most chapters contain colour illustrations, schematic figures, and/or pastel-colored tables that highlight the main points made within the text. Each chapter is accompanied by a reasonably updated list of references, which are listed alphabetically. The book would be especially useful to surgeons, pathologists, and radiologists practicing in less subspecialised institutions, particularly to those still in training. We have a few quibbles and suggestions to the authors when they consider the next iterations of this book. These are the following: 1. For the book truly to be a pocket guide we suggest that its formatting is smaller, so that it does fit into the typical coat or jacket pocket. Perhaps a soft or water-resistant cover should also be considered. 2. Changes in font or font color and dividing lines between parts would make the “

The Secret Box by Whitaker Ringwald (review)

Reviewed by: The Secret Box by Whitaker Ringwald Jeannette Hulick Ringwald, Whitaker. The Secret Box. Tegen/HarperCollins, 2014. [304p]. Trade ed. ISBN 978-0-06-221614-4 $16.99 E-book ed. ISBN 978-0-06-221616-8 $9.99 Reviewed from galleys Ad Gr. 5–7. Inquisitive twelve-year-old Jax gets a mysterious birthday package in the mail from a previously unknown relative, and inside is a closed metal box that Jax will only get ten tries to open. After Jax wastes several attempts, she and her cousins Ethan and Tyler make their way to Washington, D.C., where they have calculated the box will be able to be opened. Meanwhile, it becomes clear that others are also looking for the box, and that whatever is inside the box has a powerful connection to the mythological Pandora and her daughter, Pyrrha. The kids race to open the box before the evil Mr. and Mrs. Camel get their hands on it, learning to work together and overcome personal obstacles to succeed. Impulsive Jax and cautious, crowd-phobic [End Page 421] Ethan alternate narration, with a change in font helpfully signaling the change in perspective. Aside from Jax and Ethan, however, the characters are fairly one-note, and the foray into Greek mythology, while engrossing, is abrupt. The intriguing mystery and quick pacing may keep kids reading despite any shortcomings, though. A happy ending is in store, but the door is left open for further exploits in this proposed trilogy, so readers who like Dan Gutman’s The Genius Files series may enjoy the first installment of these cousin capers as well. Copyright © 2014 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

A Simple Printing Solution to Aid Deficit Reduction

The printing-related expenditure that is budgeted in 2014 for U.S. Federal agencies is $1.8 billion. Even though printing expenditure has been decreasing in recent years, it continues to be high and a small percentage decrease in printing expenditure due to a font change could result in substantial monetary savings. A sample of five publically available documents produced by various federal agencies is analyzed and the cost savings arising from a change in font type are estimated. To make the comparison, fonts that were found to be efficient in a previous study and those recommended by the government are used. The results are then extrapolated to state and local governments. Assumptions are made based on public data to make these assessments. A sensitivity analysis is completed with respect to assumptions that have the most uncertainty. The analysis predicts that the Government’s annual savings by switching to Garamond are likely to be about $234 million with worst-case savings of $62 million and best-case savings of $394 million. Indirect benefits arising from a less detrimental impact on the environment due to lower ink production and disposal volumes are not included in these estimates. Times New Roman is not as efficient as Garamond, and the third federally-recommended font, Century Gothic, is actually worse on average than the fonts used in the sample documents.

Task effects on BOLD signal correlates of implicit syntactic processing

BOLD signal was measured in 16 participants who made timed font change detection judgments in visually presented sentences that varied in syntactic structure and the order of animate and inanimate nouns. Behavioural data indicated that sentences were processed to the level of syntactic structure. BOLD signal increased in visual association areas bilaterally and left supramarginal gyrus in the contrast of sentences with object- and subject-extracted relative clauses without font changes in which the animacy order of the nouns biased against the syntactically determined meaning of the sentence. This result differs from the findings in a nonword detection task (Caplan, Chen, & Waters, 2008a), in which the same contrast led to increased BOLD signal in the left inferior frontal gyrus. The difference in areas of activation indicates that the sentences were processed differently in the two tasks. These differences were further explored in an eye tracking study using the materials in the two tasks. Issues pertaining to how parsing and interpretive operations are affected by a task that is being performed, and how this might affect BOLD signal correlates of syntactic contrasts, are discussed.

A Novel Approach for Web Page Change Detection System

Users are often not only interested in the current web page contents but also in changes in it. In this paper we describes web page change detection system based on Signature of Node corresponds to HTML pages. In this proposal first HTML document is filtered into XML structure document and then transforms XML pages to trees using DOM. The node signature comparison algorithm is developed to compare the trees of old web page and modified web page to find the changes in the web page. This system highlights changes of content i.e. deletion and addition of text and attribute changes i.e. font change, caption change, color change etc. and highlight the changed part in red color and displays to the user. This algorithm gets result faster as it does not search the sub tree if that sub tree does not have any changes.

Potstro Fongers by Sietse de Vries

Potstro Fongers by Sietse de Vries

Middlebrow Medical Ethics

If you travel through airports, you can't help but notice it. Jodi Picoult's novels are everywhere. From Charlotte to Kansas City to Los Angeles, airport bookstores are consistently stocked with three or four or more of her most recent heavy volumes of fiction. Read one and you might mutter that it seems designed for a relatively mindless flight from one coast to the other. Read several and you might agree with National Public Radio's disparaging view that the books are lurid tales of family strife ... garnished heavily with medical jargon, legalese, and a punitive finger pointed at a mother. It's not hard to find negative comments about Picoult's novels. Janet Maslin, writing for the New York Times, refers to them as tear-jerker(s) on authorial autopilot, long-winded, perfunctory, and vapid. One blogger echoes others in declaring that reading a Picoult novel is like watching a train wreck: painful, but interesting to watch. Even so, her books are perennial bestsellers, right up there with those of Stephen King and Mary Higgins Clark. Published in more than forty languages, her last six books have sold more than five million copies in the United States alone. At age forty-two, she's written sixteen novels, continuing a steady pace of writing one a year. Many readers opine that Picoult couldn't have broken a sweat writing her most recent book, House Rules. Clearly, Picoult has found a formula that works. Tragedy sparks a family drama. The chapters are narrated through separate viewpoints, each with a font change to distinguish between the different voices of characters. The characters themselves are somewhat admirable, somewhat despicable. In the end, they always suffer an alarming plot twist. Contrived and emotionally manipulative, the stories nevertheless connect effectively with readers. Picoult's prickly topics have been plucked right from current headlines and talk shows: transplant ethics, stem cell research, teen suicide, genetic disease, incest, euthanasia, and abandonment. Subplots meant to reverberate with the main themes of identity, regret, hope, and moral choice weave into the main narrative through intrusive flashbacks and disconnected digressions. Her books could be substantially improved by cutting half their length. At her best, Picoult writes about the imperiled children of flawed middle-class parents. As if it is not enough that these children are saddled with parents who both care for them deeply and fail them miserably, the children are also inevitably afflicted with a chronic or genetic disease from which they cannot be rescued. Faced with tragic choices, the mothers, in particular, unerringly make the wrong choice and create a new, worse tragedy for the child and the entire family. No single horror is sufficient. Perhaps it is no coincidence that these books sell best in airports, to people who probably worry about whether they are spending enough time with their children. Although her stories are imbued with an almost frenzied worry about children, taking care of these vulnerable victims seems to be more than ordinary parents can handle. All that said, Picoult's plots manage to raise philosophic questions about serious bioethical issues and moral choices. In My Sister's Keeper, published in 2004, Anna Fitzgerald was conceived out of her parents' desperation to have a perfect genetic match to keep alive her leukemia-afflicted sister, Kate. From infancy, Anna has donated compatible fluids and body parts to her sibling. Now thirteen, Anna resists giving up a kidney when Kate needs one. When Anna sues for medical emancipation so that she--not her mother--can make decisions about her body, the family begins to unravel. Anger, hope, and despair alternate throughout the novel's pages. Is it right to use one child as the means to save another? What should be the limits to a parent's rights over decisions about a child's body? Handle with Care, published in 2009, delivers another family in turmoil over decisions about a child's illness. …

Gymnocalyciumin Cultivation—A Survey of Cultivars

Abstract: A conservative treatment of the genus Gymnocalycium leaves many botanical names in limbo. Where these represent plants in cultivation that are recognizable and worth preserving, a cultivar name is appropriate. Latinized epithets rejected as synonyms require only a change of font: from italics to normal (Roman) type, an initial capital, and single quotation marks. A checklist of about 300 such names is presented, along with relevant documentation.

Effects of stimulus font and size on masked repetition priming: An event-related potentials (ERP) investigation

The size and font of target words were manipulated in a masked repetition priming paradigm with ERP recordings. Repetition priming effects were found in four ERP components: the N/P150, N250, P325, and N400. Neither a change in font nor a change in size across prime and target were found to affect repetition priming in the N250, P325, and N400 components. Changing font was, however, found to affect repetition priming in the N/P150 component, while the interaction between repetition priming and size was not significant in this component. These results confirm our interpretation of the N/P150 as a component sensitive to feature-level processing, and suggest that the type of prelexical and lexical processing reflected in the N250, P325, and N400 components is performed on representations that are invariant to changes in both font and size.

The First Literary <i>Hamlet</i> and the Commonplacing of Professional Plays

Although Q1 Hamlet is usually seen as a performance text, we argue that it is in fact Shakespeare’s first literary drama. Not only is it the only professional play in the entire period that claims on its title page to have been performed at a university, but it is also the first play of Shakespeare’s to be printed with what was rapidly becoming a distinguishing feature of plays for the learned or scholarly reader: sententiae or commonplaces, signaled by commas or inverted commas at the beginning of each line or by a change in font. Q1 Hamlet participated in an emergent convention, beginning in 1600 with the publication of Ben Jonson’s Every Man Out of His Humour . In the first decade of the seventeenth century, fully forty percent of printed professional plays included these commonplace markers. But this practice was preceded and inspired by John Bodenham, who published five vernacular commonplace books from 1598 to 1600, the last two of which included a number of professional plays. Among Bodenham’s circle was stationer Nicholas Ling, who went on to publish Q1 and Q2 Hamlet . Bodenham was ridiculed for treating vernacular poetry on a par with the classics; Q1 Hamlet participates in this struggle over whether “Moderne and extant Poets,” writing in English, could produce literature. This initial attempt to treat Shakespeare as a literary dramatist, however, was something of a dead end. By the mid-seventeenth century, Shakespeare was beginning to be canonized, but for precisely the opposite reasons: not for his commonplaces but for his genius.

Diálogos espirituales. Manuscritos Femeninos Hispanoamericanos, Siglos XVI-XIX (review)

Latin American Dialogos espirituales. Manuscritos Femeninos Hispanoamericanos, Siglos XVI-XIX. Edited by Asuncion Lavrin and Rosalva Loreto L. (Puebla, Mexico: Instituto de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades de la Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla and Universidad de las Americas, Puebla. 2006. Pp. 501. Mexican Pesos 125 paperback.) Asuncion Lavrin and Rosalva Loreto L. are two of the most respected scholars of colonial Spanish American nuns and beatas (lay religious women). In 2002 they co-edited a collection of largely unpublished texts (Monj'as y beatas. La escritura femenina en la espiritualidad barroca Novohispana, siglos XVII y XVIII) in which well-known scholars presented background essays and transcriptions of archival materials for five women religious, dividing the collection into autobiography, spiritual diaries, and letters. The present book is similar, but much more extensive. It covers four centuries, and the nuns and beatas principally featured come not only from Mexico, but also from Peru, Ecuador, Chile, Argentina, and the Dominican Republic.The editors have divided the texts into three parts: (1) Autobiography; (2) Biography and vidas espirituales (spiritual biographies); (3) Letters (Epistolarios), and Literature (poetry and two short dramatic pieces). I am not sure why these last two genres are grouped together, as the Letters section has a clearer identity and cohesion than the one in Literature (where it is also not evident who made the selections and wrote the introductions). In the transcriptions original spelling has been modernized, and punctuation inserted. As in the previous collection, contextualizing essays precede the transcribed primary sources, and I appreciated the change in font between them. The scholars who have contributed to this collection are recognized specialists whose international scope is impressive: Nancy van Deusen, Nora Jaffary, and Nela Rio from Canada; Asuncion Lavrin, Fernando Iturburu, and Elia Armacanqui-Tipacti from the United States; Rosalva Loreto L. from Mexico; Alicia Fraschina from Argentina; Ellen Gunnarsdottir from Iceland; Concepcion Zayas from Spain, and the research team of Alejandra Araya Espinoza, Ximena Azua Rios, Lucia Invernizzi Santa Cruz, and Raissa Kordic Riquelme from Chile. A list of the contributors with brief bio-bibliographical information would have been helpful, as some academic affiliations are listed, but others are not. The authors are scrupulous in documenting their sources, and several highlight the difficulty of transcribing archival materials which were either in disarray, undated, incomplete, or in lamentable condition. …

Mathematical equations in Braille

A single Braille character is a 2x3 cell of dots and spaces, e.g. , and each letter has a single cell representation. For example, the letter d is . At the simplest level, producing a Braille document from a standard text file simply requires a font change, so that each character is replaced by the equivalent Braille cell, and the file can be printed by a Braille embosser. This character substitution is called Grade 1 Braille. Since there are only 63 possible cells, it is necessary to combine cells into pairs or triples to represent other characters. For example, a capital letter D is . The number 4 is also , but can also be written as . If the meaning is ambiguous the letter prefix ( ) and the number prefix ( ) should be used, so 4d would be .

A new year and a new look

Career Focus and its fat elder sibling have been given an expensive makeover. Faithful readers might recall that our pervious facelift was only 20months ago. But this is much more than just a change of font. Yes, we look funky and …

Fly on the Wall: How One Girl Saw Everything (review)

Reviewed by: Fly on the Wall: How One Girl Saw Everything Loretta Gaffney Lockhart, E. Fly on the Wall: How One Girl Saw Everything. Delacorte, 2006 [192p] Library ed. ISBN 0-385-90299-9$17.99 Trade ed. ISBN 0-385-73281-3$15.95 Reviewed from galleys R Gr. 9-12 Gretchen Yee can't stop obsessing about Titus, one of a gang of "Art Rats" that dominates her artsy magnet school; in fact, Gretchen is obsessed with boys in general, wishing aloud that she could be a fly on the wall of their locker room to gain greater insight. Suddenly, her wish is granted quite literally, and while she's not crazy about her new look as a fly—a body covered in tiny hairs and a lower lip that is "nothing but a tube"—she revels in buzzing around because it makes her feel like one of the comic-book superheroes she loves to draw. Moreover, she soon discovers that the boys' locker room is surprisingly educational—bodies (good or mediocre) can be hidden by deceiving clothing; those who brag about the size of their "gherkins" may be exaggerating; homophobia is everywhere, running the gamut from teasing to outright violence; and Titus has a secret that he is afraid to reveal even to his closest friends. Though Gretchen's transformation into a fly requires a significant suspension of disbelief, the comic-book motif (combined with Kafka's "The Metamorphosis" as an assigned reading for English class) lays some of the groundwork. Once readers embrace the conceit, the stylish text (rendered nearly multivocal by the periodic font changes) combined with Gretchen's frank fascination with the oddity and then the humanity of the male body and psyche are [End Page 364] a rare treat. This demystification of bodies and sex, combined with some powerful knowledge—both about certain boys in her class, and about herself as an artist and a person—arm Gretchen well for her return to human form, where she learns to embrace her unique comic-book-hero style in a conclusion that will please budding artists and the boy-curious alike. Copyright © 2006 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Font Tuning Associated with Expertise in Letter Perception

Font tuning (FT) occurs when observers recognize a sequence of letters presented in the same font faster than in different fonts (Sanocki 1987, 1988 Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance 13 267-278; 14 472-480). Here, we test the hypothesis that FT is associated with expertise with a specific writing system. We developed a systematic search task allowing the measurement of FT over a large number of letters and generalized the finding of FT from English readers viewing Roman letters to Chinese readers viewing Chinese characters. Non-Chinese readers did not show evidence of FT for Chinese characters in this search task. We also used a simpler 3-letter identification task to directly compare novice and expert readers, and to explore FT for different aspects of font such as fill, slant, and aspect ratio. We found that experts tune to aspect ratio but not to the other font changes. These findings reveal that letters are not processed visually in the same manner as shapes, and suggest an explanation for the cortical specialization obtained in the visual system for letters.

Changes in font design?should surgeons align?

Changes in font design?should surgeons align?

Annotating the Web: An exploratory study of Web users' needs for personal annotation tools

AbstractThis exploratory study investigates the needs Web users have to make annotations for their personal use when they view Web pages. Three forms of annotations observed on printed documents ‐ text selection and emphasis, association building, and document re‐segmentation ‐ are examined in the Web environment. The study shows that text selection and association building through notes or symbols remain the dominant forms of annotation on the Web, while structural annotation (re‐segmentation) and layout annotation (change of font, color, etc.) are also prevalent. The study also investigates users' preferences for the tools designed to facilitate Web annotation practices. Findings suggest that usability is of utmost importance when developing Web annotation tools, and that under the current technical conditions, users welcome lightweight annotation functions, which are built into standard Web browsers.

Visual memory for shape-colour conjunctions utilizes structural descriptions of letter shape

Visual recognition memory for shape-colour associations is superior when the colours were originally perceived to belong to the shapes, rather than to the backgrounds against which the shapes appeared. Recognition is at chance in the latter case. In two experiments, the nature of the shape representations supporting visual memory for shape-colour conjunctions is examined. Letters are used as to-be-remembered shapes and the impact of two types of change in their appearance as recognition probes is assessed. When letters reappear in the same case, recognition performance is unaffected by a change in font (Experiment 1). However, when letters reappear in the same font, recognition performance drops to chance if letter case is changed (Experiment 2). The contrast between these two types of change was not confounded with differences in the visual similarity of the memory and probe letters. It seems that colour is linked to structural descriptions of letter shape in visual memory. The relationship between these descriptions and other forms of representation, including abstract representations of letter identity, is discussed.

Change in perceptual form attenuates the use of the fluency heuristic in recognition.

Four experiments (total N=295) were conducted to determine whether within-modality changes in perceptual form between the study and the test phases of an experiment would moderate the role of the fluency heuristic in recognition memory. Experiment 1 showed that a change from pictures to words reduced the role of fluency in recognition memory. In Experiment 2, the same result was found using counterfeit study lists that supposedly consisted of pictures or words. Experiments 3 and 4 showed that changes in the font used to present the study and test words also attenuated the contribution of fluency to the recognition decision when font change was manipulated between subjects, but not within subjects. Results suggest that the fluency heuristic is subject to metacognitive control, since participants' attributions of perceptual fluency depend on the perceived usefulness of fluency as a cue to recognition.