Environmental Humidity Changes Research Articles

Plant-Like Tropisms in Artificial Muscles.

Helical plants have the ability of tropisms to respond to natural stimuli, and biomimicry of such helical shapes into artificial muscles has been vastly popular. However, the shape-mimicked actuators only respond to artificially provided stimulus, they are not adaptive to variable natural conditions, thus being unsuitable for real-life applications where on-demand, autonomous operations are required. Novel artificial muscles made of hierarchically patterned helically wound yarns that are self-adaptive to environmental humidity and temperature changes are demonstrated here. Unlike shape-mimicked artificial muscles, a unique microstructural biomimicking approach is adopted, where the muscle yarns can effectively replicate the hydrotropism and thermotropism of helical plants to their microfibril level using plant-like microstructural memories. Large strokes, with rapid movement, are obtained when the individual microfilament of yarn is inlaid with hydrogel and further twisted into a coil-shaped hierarchical structure. The developed artificial muscle provides an average actuation speed of ≈5.2% s-1 at expansion and ≈3.1% s-1 at contraction cycles, being the fastest amongst previously demonstrated actuators of similar type. It is demonstrated that these muscle yarns can autonomously close a window in wet climates. The building block yarns are washable without any material degradation, making them suitable for smart, reusable textile and soft robotic devices.

4D Printing of Humidity-Driven Seed Inspired Soft Robots.

Geraniaceae seeds represent a role model in soft robotics thanks to their ability to move autonomously across and into the soil driven by humidity changes. The secret behind their mobility and adaptivity is embodied in the hierarchical structures and anatomical features of the biological hygroscopic tissues, geometrically designed to be selectively responsive to environmental humidity. Following a bioinspired approach, the internal structure and biomechanics of Pelargonium appendiculatum (L.f.) Willd seeds are investigated to develop a model for the design of a soft robot. The authors exploit the re-shaping ability of 4D printed materials to fabricate a seed-like soft robot, according to the natural specifications and model, and using biodegradable and hygroscopic polymers. The robot mimics the movement and performances of the natural seed, reaching a torque value of ≈30µN m, an extensional force of ≈2.5 mN and it is capable to lift ≈100 times its own weight. Driven by environmental humidity changes, the artificial seed is able to explore a sample soil, adapting its morphology to interact with soil roughness and cracks.

Mechanically Robust and Transparent Organohydrogel‐Based E‐Skin Nanoengineered from Natural Skin

AbstractElectronic skins (e‐skins), which are mechanically compliant with human skin, are regarded as ideal electronic devices for noninvasive human–machine interaction and wearable devices. In order to fully mimic human skin, e‐skins should possess reliable mechanical properties and be able to resist external environmental factors like heat, cold, desiccation, and bacteria, while perceiving multiple external stimuli, such as temperature, humidity, and strain. Here, a transparent, mechanically robust, environmentally stable, versatile natural skin‐derived organohydrogel (NSD‐Gel) is nanoengineered through the integration of betaine, silver nanoparticles, and sodium chloride in a glycerol/water binary solvent. The transparent NSD‐Gel e‐skin exhibits outstanding tensile strength (7.33 MPa), puncture resistance, moisture retention, self‐regeneration, and antibacterial properties. Additionally, the NSD‐Gel e‐skin possesses enhanced cold/heat resistance and stimuli‐responsive characteristics that effectively sense environmental temperature and humidity changes, as well as physiological human body motion signals. In vitro and in vivo experiments show that the NSD‐Gel e‐skin confers desired biocompatibility and tissue protective properties even in extremely harsh environments (−196 °C to 100 °C). The NSD‐Gel e‐skin has great potential for applications in multidimensional wearable electronic devices, human‐machine interfaces, and artificial intelligence, generating a versatile platform for the development of high‐performance e‐skins with on‐demand properties.

Moisture-Responsive Actuators Based on Hyaluronic Acid with Biocompatibility and Fast Response as Smart Breather Valves

Moisture-responsive actuators with biocompatibility, fast response, and tough interfacial bonding are developed as smart breather valves for humidity management. The proposed actuators are featured with a bilayer structure consisting of a moisture-sensitive methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HAMA) layer and a moisture-inert porous poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) layer. The HAMA/PVDF bilayer films are fabricated by casting HAMA precursor solutions on the ethanol-treated porous PVDF films first and then converting the precursor solutions into crosslinked HAMA hydrogels via UV-initiated crosslinking. The fabricated HAMA/PVDF bilayer films exhibit rapid, reversible, and repeatable moisture-responsive bending performances upon the change of environmental relative humidity. The molecular weight and mass concentration of HAMA in a precursor solution affect the moisture-responsive actuating speed of the HAMA/PVDF bilayer films, and the fastest response time needed for completing 70% of the moisture-responsive deformation of a HAMA/PVDF bilayer film can be as short as 0.5 s. Due to the fast moisture-responsive bending property and biocompatibility, the HAMA/PVDF bilayer films are successfully developed into smart breather valves by designing and patterning them into fence-like structures and then equipped on the outdoor masks for efficient management of humidity inside the masks. The proposed moisture-responsive actuators show great potential in various applications, especially those related to environmental humidity management.

Impact of Rapid Environmental Changes on Stress Distribution in Tablet Coatings: Simulations

Immediate-release film coatings, also known as "non-functional" film coating, are applied to core tablets to improve product appearance and swallowability, impart taste-masking properties, improve handling and stability of the dosage form, and reduce exposure to active drug substance for caregivers. The coatings have no measurable impact on bio-performance of the drug product but they protect tablets from negative effects of environment such as humidity, oxidation, and light. The mechanical stability and integrity of tablet coatings are therefore important to maintain drug product quality attributes such as appearance and stability. Therefore, environmental conditions under which these coatings may crack are important to understand so as to prevent their occurrence. In this work, we present a novel computational framework to assess the mechanical integrity of tablet coatings exposed to rapid variations in environmental conditions. We perform detailed stress and strain analysis of tablet coatings on tablet surfaces with debossed regions and identify conditions for cracking. Coatings with both elastic and viscoelastic properties are considered. Rapid changes in environmental temperature and humidity can cause differential expansion/contraction of coating and tablet core resulting in stresses that are higher than those experienced during the drying process in a coater. Debossed regions on the tablet surface with sharp surface curvatures act as stress concentrators that nucleate cracks. Small changes in the design of the debossed regions lead to modest reductions in the peak stress. Stress calculations show that coatings that are well bonded to tablet surface can crack only under very extreme conditions.

The Effect of Face Mask, Air Temperature, and Humidity on COVID-19 Transmission: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Context: At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the effects of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as face masks, as well as environmental conditions, including temperature and humidity changes, were discussed due to the lack of effective medicine. Methods: The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) were implemented to conduct the present systematic review. The articles were selected from papers published by May 2020 in PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. This meta-analysis estimated relative risk (RR) and pooled mean depicted as effect size (ES) using the random or fixed effects methods. Results: Ten studies met inclusion criteria, four of which addressed the effect of face masks and six of which dealt with temperature and humidity changes. This eta-analysis study showed that wearing face masks against the COVID-19 virus had a remarkable safety impact with RR (%95 CI) 8.56 (2.10 - 34.90), (I2 = %0.0 P = 0.999), and the pooled mean changes in temperature and humidity were estimated to be with ES (%95 CI) 9.03 (4.32 - 13.74), (I2 = %99.7, P < 0.0001) and with ES (%95 CI) 56.82 (46.12 - 67.51), ( I2 = %99.3, P < 0.0001) during the outbreak of the COVID-19. Conclusions: The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis illustrate the effectiveness of face masks, in general, in preventing the transmission of the COVID-19 virus. According to the findings, temperature and humidity changes do not increase the outbreak of the COVID-19 virus.

Highly sensitive balloon-like fiber interferometer based on GO nanomaterial coated for humidity measurement

A highly sensitive balloon-like fiber interferometer based on Graphene Oxide (GO) nanomaterial coated for humidity measurement is proposed in this paper. The Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is formed by bending single-mode optical fiber. Then GO nanomaterials, which are sensitive to environmental humidity, are coated in the sensing region of the balloon-like fiber interferometer by physical deposition method. When ambient environmental relative humidity (RH) changes, GO nanomaterials will interact with water molecules, thus changing the refractive index (RI) around the sensing region of the balloon-like fiber interferometer, resulting in the shift of resonant wavelength. The measurement of different RH in the environment can be realized by evaluating the spectral drift. By comparing the RH sensitivity of the balloon-like fiber structure with different sensitive lengths, it can be found that the RH sensitivity of the balloon-like fiber structure is enhanced with the increase of the sensitive length. The experimental results of thickness optimization show that when the thickness of GO nanomaterial coating is about 250 nm, the sensitivity of 0.449 nm/%RH with a linearity of 0.992 can be achieved in the range of low humidity (less than 50 %RH). The response time and recovery time are about 4.8 s and 7.8 s. Moreover, the temperature sensitivity of the sensing structure with 250 nm GO nanomaterial is 0.102 nm/°C. Compared with the sensing structure without GO nanomaterial, the cross-influence of temperature can be effectively reduced by GO nanomaterial coating, so as to be better applied to humidity measurement. The balloon-like fiber sensors coated with GO nanomaterial possess good repeatability and stability, and offer broad application prospects for RH monitoring such as in the fields of biochemistry and medicine in the future.

Thermodynamics of Hygroresponsive Soft Engines: Cycle Analysis and Work Ratio

Soft materials that respond to external stimuli, such as moisture, heat, and light, can convert the environmental energy into mechanical motions, and thus can be considered engines. The energy-conversion process within the soft-materials-based engines is fundamentally different from that of conventional heat engines utilizing gaseous media, but has been rarely studied to date. Here we construct a theoretical framework to analyze the thermodynamic performance of humidity-responsive soft actuators, as a canonical model of soft engines, which operate in a similar manner to such motile plants as wild wheat seeds and pine cones. Considering the free-energy change and the work generation through a four-process cycle, we define a work ratio as the work of actual engines relative to that of a so-called hygro-Carnot cycle going through reversible changes of volume and chemical energy. We propose an explanation why natural motile plants exhibit higher work ratios than common artificial hygroscopic actuators based on the time scales of soft actuation and the environmental humidity change. Our thermodynamic model can be extended to a range of soft engines driven by diffusion of stimulus, e.g., solvent, heat, and ions, into soft media.

Cutaneous Evaporative Water Loss in Lizards is Variable across Body Regions and Plastic in Response to Humidity

As the climate crisis continues to alter temperature regimes and water availability, studying how animals regulate water balance grows in importance. We studied variation in water loss across the skin among body regions and its plasticity in response to humidity acclimation in Western Fence Lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis). We examined the effects of climatic and physiological variables on cutaneous evaporative water loss (CEWL) and compared CEWL rates among body regions (dorsum, ventrum, head, dewlap, and mite patch). The best model to explain baseline variation in log-transformed CEWL included: body region; lizard mass; ambient temperature, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and solar radiation at the time of capture; body temperature, ambient temperature, and VPD at the time of CEWL measurement; and the interactions between body region and each of mass and VPD at the time of capture. These results demonstrate cutaneous osmoregulatory variability among lizards based on climate and body size and within individual lizards based on body region. We also tested CEWL plasticity in response to humidity acclimation. Lizards exposed to humid conditions for 8 d exhibited increased CEWL, and lizards exposed to dry conditions exhibited decreased CEWL compared to initial measurements. This is evidence for rapid and significant acclimatory responses of CEWL in response to changes in environmental humidity. Such variation and plasticity suggest that lizards possess a certain degree of ability for using osmoregulatory changes to respond to climate change.

Humidity-Responsive Actuators Based on Firm Heterojunction of Glycerol-Cross-linked Polyvinyl Alcohol and Porous Polyvinylidene Fluoride as Smart Gates for Anti-condensation

In this study, novel humidity-responsive actuators are developed based on firm heterojunction of glycerol-cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol (Gly@PVA) and porous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) via a facile strategy for achieving humidity control and anti-condensation functions. The firm heterojunction of Gly@PVA and PVDF with extremely high interfacial toughness is achieved by simply bonding the Gly@PVA layer and plasma-treated porous PVDF layer via a coating–freezing–drying process. The addition of glycerol in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) increases the moisture adsorption capacity, resulting in a significant mismatch between the humidity-responsive properties of the humidity-active Gly@PVA and inert PVDF layers. With the mass ratio of glycerol to PVA as 17.5%, the Gly@PVA/PVDF bilayer actuators exhibit humidity-responsive bending behaviors with a bending angle change as large as 216.4° when the environmental relative humidity (RH) changes from 25 to 95%. Based on the humidity-responsive bending property, Gly@PVA/PVDF bilayer films are designed and patterned as humidity-responsive smart gates. By equipping sealed chambers and food crispers with such smart gates, which can rapidly open and release excessive moisture out in time when the inside RH exceeds a critical value, excellent performances of humidity control, anti-condensation, and food preservation are effectively achieved. The proposed strategy is highly promising for developing efficient humidity-responsive actuators for various applications.

The Structural and Mechanical Basis for Passive‐Hydraulic Pine Cone Actuation

The opening and closing of pine cones is based on the hygroscopic behavior of the individual seed scales around the cone axis, which bend passively in response to changes in environmental humidity. Although prior studies suggest a bilayer architecture consisting of lower actuating (swellable) sclereid and upper restrictive (non‐ or lesser swellable) sclerenchymatous fiber tissue layers to be the structural basis of this behavior, the exact mechanism of how humidity changes are translated into global movement are still unclear. Here, the mechanical and hydraulic properties of each structural component of the scale are investigated to get a holistic picture of their functional interplay. Measurements of the wetting behavior, water uptake, and mechanical measurements are used to analyze the influence of hydration on the different tissues of the cone scales. Furthermore, their dimensional changes during actuation are measured by comparative micro‐computed tomography (µ‐CT) investigations of dry and wet scales, which are corroborated and extended by 3D‐digital image correlation‐based displacement and strain analyses, biomechanical testing of actuation force, and finite element simulations. Altogether, a model allowing a detailed mechanistic understanding of pine cone actuation is developed, which is a prime concept generator for the development of biomimetic hygromorphic systems.

Water-Saturated Ion Gel for Humidity-Independent High Precision Epidermal Ionic Temperature Sensor.

Although ion gels are attractive sensing materials for deformable epidermal sensors or implantable devices, their sensing performances are highly affected by environmental humidity change, so that their sensing reliability cannot be secured. This study proposes a new concept of maintaining the high‐precision temperature sensing performance of highly deformable ion gel sensors. In this approach, a hydrophobic ion gel sensing layer is kept water‐saturated by attaching a hydrogel layer, rather than attempting to completely block water penetration. This study performs experimental and theoretical investigation on water concentration in the ion gel, using the analysis of mass transportation at the interface of the ion gel and the hydrogel. By using the charge relaxation time of the ionic molecules, the temperature sensor is not affected by environmental humidity in the extreme range of humidity (30%–100%). This study demonstrates a highly deformable on‐skin temperature sensor which shows the same performance either in water or dry state and while exercising with large strains (ε = 50%).

Leaf Water Storage and Robustness to Intermittent Drought: A Spatially Explicit Capacitive Model for Leaf Hydraulics.

Leaf hydraulic networks play an important role not only in fluid transport but also in maintaining whole-plant water status through transient environmental changes in soil-based water supply or air humidity. Both water potential and hydraulic resistance vary spatially throughout the leaf transport network, consisting of xylem, stomata and water-storage cells, and portions of the leaf areas far from the leaf base can be disproportionately disadvantaged under water stress. Besides the suppression of transpiration and reduction of water loss caused by stomatal closure, the leaf capacitance of water storage, which can also vary locally, is thought to be crucial for the maintenance of leaf water status. In order to study the fluid dynamics in these networks, we develop a spatially explicit, capacitive model which is able to capture the local spatiotemporal changes of water potential and flow rate in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous leaves. In electrical-circuit analogs described by Ohm's law, we implement linear capacitors imitating water storage, and we present both analytical calculations of a uniform one-dimensional model and numerical simulation methods for general spatially explicit network models, and their relation to conventional lumped-element models. Calculation and simulation results are shown for the uniform model, which mimics key properties of a monocotyledonous grass leaf. We illustrate water status of a well-watered leaf, and the lowering of water potential and transpiration rate caused by excised water source or reduced air humidity. We show that the time scales of these changes under water stress are hugely affected by leaf capacitance and resistances to capacitors, in addition to stomatal resistance. Through this modeling of a grass leaf, we confirm the presence of uneven water distribution over leaf area, and also discuss the importance of considering the spatial variation of leaf hydraulic traits in plant biology.

The impact of environmental factors on the environmental bacterial diversity and composition in the Jiang-flavoured Baijiu production region

Moutai town is the birthplace and core producing region of Jiang-flavoured Baijiu (Moutai-flavour liquor). The unique climate conditions have made Moutai town a unique ecological environment for the production of Baijiu. We investigated the impacts of environmental factors (temperature, humidity, precipitation, sunlight and pressure) on the environmental bacterial diversity and composition across the four seasons in Moutai town. The sequenceing analysis revealed 21,424–85,577 high-quality 16S rRNA sequences were obtained from 28 environmental samples (a total of 476 samples were collected). These data indicated that the bacterial community was extremely diverse with Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria detected as the dominant environmental bacterial phyla, accounting for 99.51%. There were 8 dominant bacteria classes present amongst which Betaproteobacteria (1.83%–2.52%) and Flavobacterium (4.76%–5.74%) were for the first time identified as the dominant bacteria in Baijiu-making environments. There were 16 dominant bacterial genera (Sphingobacterium, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Weissella and Bacillus, etc) in the four seasons, that accounted for 54.26%. Our results also showed that the environmental bacterial community structure was relatively stable whilst bacterial diversity was related to the climate conditions. We showed that changes in environmental factors,including temperature, humidity and sunlight significantly affected bacterial diversity and composition particularly on the dominant bacterial community.

Predicting impacts of global climatic change on genetic and phylogeographical diversity of a Neotropical treefrog

AbstractAimFuture climate changes may affect species distribution and their genetic diversity, hampering species adaptation to a new climate or tracking the suitable conditions. Amphibians have high sensitivity to environmental degradation and changes in temperature and humidity. Thus, the expected climatic changes by the end‐of‐century (EOC 2100) may cause local or complete extinction of some species. Here, we address the effects of climate change on genetic and phylogeographical diversity, together with the geographical distribution of the South American treefrog Scinax squalirostris Lutz, 1925. Furthermore, we assess how protected areas will conserve its genetic variation.LocationSouth America.MethodsWe combined Ecological Niche Modelling and genetic simulations to predict the effects of climate change on the geographical distribution, genetic diversity, structure and phylogeographical diversity of Scinax squalirostris, using two scenarios of CO2 emission. We also performed a spatial analysis to investigate the effectiveness of the current Protected Areas (PAs) to preserve the species’ genetic and phylogeographical diversity.ResultsScinax squalirostris' geographical range will potentially increase in the future due to the expansion of suitable areas towards its southern distribution, despite the shrinking of suitable areas in the northern part of its current distribution. Besides the shifts in suitable areas, our findings point to a genetic homogenization across the geographical range of S. squalirostris due to the displacement and loss of genetic ancestry clusters. Although existing PAs are conserving the current genetic diversity, they conserve less phylogeographical diversity than expected by chance. Scinax squalirostris may shift its distribution into areas with lower number of PAs, compromising its future conservation.Main conclusionsClimate change will potentially increase S. squalirostris range size, however, not towards regions where most of the current established PAs are located, hence driving to homogenization and loss of genetic diversity, and leading to a gap of conservation within PAs.

4D Printing of Hygroscopic Liquid Crystal Elastomer Actuators.

Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are broadly recognized as programmable actuating materials that are responsive to external stimuli, typically heat or light. Yet, soft LCEs that respond to changes in environmental humidity are not reported, except a few examples based on rigid liquid crystal networks with limited processing. Herein, a new class of highly deformable hygroscopic LCE actuators that can be prepared by versatile processing methods, including surface alignment as well as 3D printing is presented. The dimethylamino-functionalized LCE is prepared by the aza-Michael addition reaction between a reactive LC monomer and N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine as a chain extender, followed by photopolymerization. The humidity-responsive properties are introduced by activating one of the LCE surfaces with an acidic solution, which generates cations on the surface and provides asymmetric hydrophilicity to the LCE. The resulting humidity-responsive LCE undergoes programmed and reversible hygroscopic actuation, and its shape transformation can be directed by the cut angle with respect to a nematic director or by localizing activation regions in the LCE. Most importantly, various hygroscopic LCE actuators, including (porous) bilayers, a flower, a concentric square array, and a soft gripper, are successfully fabricated by using LC inks in UV-assisted direct-ink-writing-based 3D printing.

Bacterial Spore-Based Hygromorphs: A Novel Active Material with Potential for Architectural Applications

This paper introduces a new active material which responds to changes in environmental humidity. There has been growing interest in active materials which are able to respond to their environment, creating dynamic architectural systems without the need for energy input or complex systems of sensors and actuators. A subset of these materials are hygromorphs, which respond to changes in relative humidity (RH) and wetting through shape change. Here, we introduce a novel hygromorphic material in the context of architectural design, composed of multiple monolayers of microbial spores of Bacillus subtilis and latex sheets. Methods of fabrication and testing for this new material are described, showing that small actuators made from this material demonstrate rapid, reversible and repeatable deflection in response to changes in RH. It is demonstrated that the hygromorphic actuators are able to lift at least 150% of their own mass. Investigations are also extended to understanding this new biomaterial in terms of meaningful work.

Development and research of a label caseine adhesive for packaging the industrial and household products

A new composition of the environmentally friendly water-based casein adhesive glue with the increased adhesion to the substrate (glass, polyethylene terephthalate, etc.) and the improved water resistance has been developed and explored. The glue is easily washed away when labeling products that are packaged in reusable containers, but, at the same time, possesses high adhesion to different surfaces. The optimal formulation for the developed glue adhesive composition based on casein has been determined with the help of the investigated properties. The effect of the amount of a modifying additive on the dynamic viscosity at different deformation rates, the stickiness of the adhesive composition, and the hydrogen ions index (pH) has been studied. Such technological properties of the glue adhesive composition were investigated as viscosity – 170 Pa∙s; pH – 7.21; the mass share of dry residue – 38.2 %; stickiness – 58.17 a.u.; working temperature – +20…+25 °С. The optimal technological parameters for using the glue have been defined: optimal viscosity, from 130 Pa∙s to 170 Pa∙s; temperature, 25 °C, and 35 °C, respectively. The adhesive strength between a paper label and glass is 4 points, polyethylene terephthalate – 3 points. The operation properties were assessed based on the resistance of the glue adhesive composition against changes in temperature and environmental conditions, humidity, and mechanical impact. The requirements for the glue adhesive have been stated that are to be taken into consideration in its operation: resistance against the condensed and icy water and the ability of the label to be removed from the surface of the container in a washing machine at a temperature of 70–80 °C. The glue adhesive composition was examined by a SAB Miller method to assess its quality during an ice water resistance test. A copy paper method was used to assess the label gluing quality. The requirements for the glue adhesive have been defined, which should be taken into consideration in its operation (the resistance against the condensed and icy water and the removal of a label in a washing machine at a temperature of 70–80 °C with the addition of NaOH or surface-active substances)

Fabrication of environmental humidity-responsive iridescent films with cellulose nanocrystal/polyols

Herein, we fabricated flexible and humidity-sensitive composite films employing cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) and polyols, i.e., glycerol (G), xylitol (X) and sorbitol (S). The effects of polyols with different molecular weights on the structure, optical properties, mechanical strength and humidity response of the composite films were investigated. Notably, the CNC-S film exhibited obvious reversible colour changes from light green to red upon a relative humidity (RH) change from 30 % to 95 %. Moreover, it was found that the composite films had a large colour-change range, good reversibility (>10 cycles), and excellent stability (>10 weeks). Overall, the results demonstrated that the CNC-S composite film can be used as a functional material for the preparation of flexible humidity sensors for the detection of environmental humidity changes in agriculture, industry, and other fields.

Time-serial analysis of deep neural network models for prediction of climatic conditions inside a greenhouse

Greenhouses provide controlled environmental conditions for crop cultivation but require careful management to ensure ideal growing conditions. In this study, we tested three deep-learning-based neural network models (Artificial neural network, ANN; Nonlinear autoregressive exogenous model, NARX; and Recurrent neural networks – Long short-term memory, RNN-LSTM) to determine the best approach to predicting environmental changes in temperature, humidity, and CO2 within a greenhouse to improve management strategies. This study determined the prediction performance for time steps from 5 to 30 min and showed that the accuracy of the time-based algorithm gradually decreased as prediction time increased. The best model for all datasets was RNN-LSTM, even after 30 min, with an R2 of 0.96 for temperature, 0.80 for humidity, and 0.81 for CO2 concentration. The results of this study show that it is possible to apply deep-learning-based prediction models for more precisely managing greenhouse.