Changes In Body Composition Research Articles

Effects of long-term periodized carbohydrate intake on body composition, substrate metabolism and running performance in recreational active men: A pilot trial

Introduction & Purpose It is important to consider the impact of nutrition on training adaptations and performance outcomes (Jeukendrup, 2017). The present study was therefore conducted with the objective of determining whether long-term periodizing carbohydrate (CHO) intake during an eight-week endurance training plan has any benefit in comparison to a traditional high-CHO or low-CHO diet in terms of running performance, substrate metabolism and body composition in recreational active males. Methods In a controlled, randomised, parallel-group and free-living design, recreationally active runners (n = 24, VO2 peak: 51 ± 8 mL·min-1·kg-1) completed 8 weeks of an ad-libitum dietary intervention (LCHF[low CHO, high fat]/CHO: 4-week regimen with ≤ 50 g CHO per day directly followed by a 4-week regimen comprising 50-60% of daily energy intake from CHO, n = 8; CHO/CHO: 8-week regimen comprising 50-60% of daily energy intake from CHO, n = 9; LCHF/LCHF: 8-week regimen with ≤ 50 g CHO per day, n = 7) together with 5 prescribed sessions of an endurance training program. Dietary recalls were conducted 3 times a week. Body composition, performance and substrate metabolism were assessed 3 times during the study (T -0, T -1 and T -2) using bioelectric impedance and a graded exercise test on a treadmill starting at 6 km·h−1 with increasing speed by 1.5 km·h−1 every 3 minutes until exhaustion. Data were analysed using a 2-way mixed ANOVA and are presented as mean ± STD. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Peak running speed (PRS) and time to exhaustion (TTE) demonstrated an increase over time, with no additional benefit observed in relation to any group. Total fat oxidation and maximum fat oxidation (MFO) increased in the first half of the LCHF/CHO diet and decreased during the CHO rich diet (p < 0.001). In LCHF/LCHF fat oxidation and MFO increased from T -0 to T -1 (p < 0.001) and remained unchanged at T -2. In CHO/CHO no changes in fat oxidation or MFO were observed (p > 0.05). Total fat oxidation and MFO were significantly higher at T -1 in LCHF/CHO and LCHF/LCHF compared to CHO/CHO (p < 0.05). However, at T -2 fat oxidation and MFO were significantly higher in LCHF/LCHF compared to LCHF/CHO and CHO/CHO (p < 0.05). Significant reductions in weight, BMI, and absolute fat mass were observed in LCHF/CHO from T -0 to T -1 (p < 0.05) without any further changes until T -2. For LCHF/LCHF weight and BMI were significantly reduced in the first four weeks (p < 0.001) and even further reduced in the second half (p < 0.05). For CHO/CHO no significant changes in body composition were observed (p > 0.05). Discussion & Conclusion As previously noted, a high-fat diet resulted in a greater reliance on fat oxidation during exercise (Cao et al., 2021). Here, long-term periodisation of CHO according to the preferred training adaptation leads to changes in substrate metabolism during exercise in terms of improved fat oxidation during a LCHF diet and restoration of CHO oxidation during a CHO-rich diet. Despite the observed improvements in PRS and TTE over the course of the study, no significant advantage was demonstrated by any of the groups in comparison to the other trial groups. References Cao, J., Lei, S., Wang, X., & Cheng, S. (2021). The effect of a ketogenic low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet on aerobic capacity and exercise performance in endurance athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 13(8), Article 2896. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082896 Jeukendrup, A. E. (2017). Periodized nutrition for athletes. Sports Medicine, 47(S1), 51-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0694-2

The Effect of Resistance Training on Markers of Cachexia in Patients with Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

ABSTRACTBackgroundCachexia is a metabolic syndrome characterised by muscle wasting that is highly prevalent in subjects with heart failure (HF) and negatively affects physical function, quality of life, morbidity and mortality. Resistance training has been recently incorporated into cardiac rehabilitation exercise programmes to increase muscle strength in patients with HF. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aim to assess the effects of resistance training on markers of cachexia in patients with HF.MethodsFour electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL and CINAHL) were searched to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of resistance training‐only programmes on published criteria for cachexia assessment including muscle strength, body composition (e.g. lean mass/muscle mass) or biochemical markers of cachexia (e.g. inflammatory markers) in patients with HF. Studies were selected based on pre‐specified inclusion and exclusion criteria, with a risk of bias assessment carried out. Meta‐analyses of muscle strength outcomes were completed using RevMan 5.4.1.ResultsNine studies were included in this review. Pooled analysis of one repetition‐maximum strength test of the lower [SMD 0.67 (95% Cl – 0.12, 1.22) p‐value = 0.02] and upper extremities [SMD 1.20 (95% Cl – 0.62, 1.79) p‐value <0.0001] showed a significant increase in muscle strength associated with resistance training, which are both important indicators of physical function. Resistance training did not increase muscle strength during rapid movements measured via peak torque at 60, 90 or 180°/s. There were no significant results recorded for changes in body composition and biochemical markers of cachexia. There were inconsistent findings for the effect of resistance training on quality of life. No studies reported findings on measures of anorexia or fatigue.ConclusionsThe findings of this review reveal the potential benefits of resistance training in preserving and enhancing muscle strength in patients with HF who are at risk of cardiac cachexia. Despite inconclusive results on body composition and quality of life, the inclusion of resistance training in cardiac rehabilitation guidelines has the potential to address issues of muscle weakness and frailty. Specific resistance training protocol recommendations to prevent or treat the development of cachexia cannot be made without the publication of more robust RCTs, specifically examining cachectic patients with heart failure with careful assessment of clinical outcomes of markers of cachexia.

Creatine supplementation: facts and myths

Introduction: Creatine (N-methylguanidinoacetic acid) is a peptide built of three amino acids: glycine, arginine and methionine. Its function is to store energy. It is common practice to intake creatine as a dietary supplement. Because of that, we decided to try to answer the question if there are scientifically documented advantages of creatine supplementation. Review method: We analyzed the newest research conducted from 2017 to 2024. The studies were searched in online databases like PubMed and Google Scholar. We focused on the impact of creatine supplementation on the ageing population, professional athletes, the course of some diseases, cognitive functions and body composition Results: Creatine supplementation is beneficial in professional sports. There are some signals that creatine may worsen lung conditions in sportsmen. In the ageing population, creatine supplementation boosts the results of resistance training on ageing muscle performance. There are suggestions that in this population bone geometry changes due to a combination of training and creatine supplementation may be protective against hip fracture. Creatine can also enhance cognitive functions as well as lead to positive changes in body composition. Supplementation of creatine seems to reduce symptoms of long COVID-19. It may be also beneficial among children with dermatomyositis and patients with ischemic heart disease. Conclusions: Creatine supplementation may be beneficial in some populations. It can also enhance cognitive functions as well as lead to changes in body composition. Some effects of creatine supplementation are still controversial and further investigation is needed to determine its usefulness. Keywords: creatine, body composition, long COVID-19, ageing population, professional sport, cognitive functions, dermatomyositis, ischemic heart disease

ASO Visual Abstract: Dynamic Anthropometrics in Pancreatic Cancer-Associations Between Body Composition Changes During Neoadjuvant Therapy and Survival Outcomes After Resection.

ASO Visual Abstract: Dynamic Anthropometrics in Pancreatic Cancer-Associations Between Body Composition Changes During Neoadjuvant Therapy and Survival Outcomes After Resection.

Blunted inflammatory response is associated with a lower response to a weight loss dietary intervention in liver recipients

Background & AimsObesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, and adipose tissue inflammation is required for fatty tissue remodeling. Interestingly, immunosuppressed patients, as liver transplant recipients, often experience excessive weight gain. We investigated how liver recipients' inflammatory response affects body weight loss induced by dietary treatment. MethodsOverweight liver recipients were paired with non-transplanted subjects to compare their peripheral immune profiles. ResultsTransplanted patients had similar profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells compared to controls but lower CD8lowCD56+CD16+NK cells and higher B lymphocytes. Patients showed lower serum concentrations of IFN-γ, TNF, IL-4, IL-2, and IL-10 and lower inflammatory responsiveness of peripheral blood mononuclear cells under inflammatory stimuli. Liver recipients paired with non-transplanted subjects followed a weight loss dietary plan for 6 months to verify body composition changes. After 3 and 6 months of nutritional follow-up, the control group lost more body weight than the liver recipient group. The control group decreased fat mass and waist circumference, which was not observed in transplanted patients. ConclusionTherefore, liver recipients under immunosuppressant treatment responded less to different inflammatory stimuli. This impaired inflammatory milieu might be implicated in the lack of response to weight loss dietary intervention. Inflammation may be essential to trigger the weight loss induced by dietary prescription. Clinical trial registryClinicalTrials.gov identification number: NCT03103984

Zinc and selenium supplementation on treated HIV-infected individuals induces changes in body composition and on the expression of genes responsible of naïve CD8+ T cells function.

Deficiency of zinc and selenium is common in persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWHIV) and has been associated with the development of non-AIDS related comorbidities, impaired immune system function and mortality. Micronutrient supplementation on long-term-treated PLWHIV could bring potential clinical and immunological benefits improving their health status and quality of life. The aim of the present study is to analyze the effect of zinc and selenium supplementation on body composition, bone mineral density, CD4+ T-cell counts, metabolic profile and immune system status on clinical stable PLWHIV on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART). This is a randomized pilot clinical trial in which we recruited 60 PLWHIV on ART who were assigned to the intervention groups: zinc (30 mg of zinc gluconate), selenium (200 μg of selenium yeast), zinc + selenium (same doses and presentations) or to a control group (without nutritional supplementation) who received supplementation during 6 months. Primary outcome was defined as changes in body composition (weight, muscle and fat mass and bone mineral density) and secondary outcomes as changes in biochemical and immunological parameters (CD4+ T-cell count, cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides and seric zinc and selenium seric concentrations) before and after supplementation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of one individual of each intervention group were analyzed for single cell transcriptomics before and after supplementation. BMI (p = 0.03), fat mass (p = 0.03), and trunk fat (p = 0.01) decreased after 6 months of selenium supplementation. No changes were observed for cholesterol, glucose or triglycerides after supplementation (p > 0.05 in all cases). CD4+ T cells percentage increased after 6 months of selenium supplementation (p = 0.03). On the transcriptome analysis, zinc and selenium supplementation induced changes on de expression of genes associated with the function of naive and memory CD8+ T-cells (p < 0.05 in all cases). Zinc and selenium supplementation could represent a complementary intervention that may improve the health status and immune response of treated PLWHIV.

The role of intestinal microbiota in physiologic and body compositional changes that accompany CLA-mediated weight loss in obese mice

ObjectiveObesity continues to be a major problem, despite known treatment strategies such as lifestyle modifications, pharmaceuticals, and surgical options, necessitating the development of novel weight loss approaches. The naturally occurring fatty acid, 10,12 conjugated linoleic acid (10,12 CLA), promotes weight loss by increasing fat oxidation and browning of white adipose tissue, leading to increased energy expenditure in obese mice. Coincident with weight loss, 10,12 CLA also alters the murine gut microbiota by enriching for microbes that produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), with concurrent elevations in fecal butyrate and plasma acetate. MethodsTo determine if the observed microbiota changes are required for 10,12 CLA-mediated weight loss, adult male mice with diet-induced obesity were given broad-spectrum antibiotics (ABX) to perturb the microbiota prior to and during 10,12 CLA-mediated weight loss. Conversely, to determine whether gut microbes were sufficient to induce weight loss, conventionally-raised and germ-free mice were transplanted with cecal contents from mice that had undergone weight loss by 10,12 CLA supplementation. ResultsWhile body weight was minimally modulated by ABX-mediated perturbation of gut bacterial populations, adult male mice given ABX were more resistant to the increased energy expenditure and fat loss that are induced by 10,12 CLA supplementation. Transplanting cecal contents from donor mice losing weight due to oral 10,12 CLA consumption into conventional or germ-free mice led to improved glucose metabolism with increased butyrate production. ConclusionsThese data suggest a critical role for the microbiota in diet-modulated changes in energy balance and glucose metabolism, and distinguish the metabolic effects of orally delivered 10,12 CLA from cecal transplantation of the resulting microbiota.

Clinical Efficacy and Body Composition Changes with Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor/Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Antagonist Combination Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-associated Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Objective Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH) treatment guidelines recommend sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2I) and glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist (GLP-1A) therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). SGLT2I improves the pathological condition of NAFLD/NASH in T2DM patients. However, cases of rebound during long-term SGLT2I treatment have been reported. This study investigated the efficacy of SGLT2I and GLP-1A combination therapy in diabetic patients with NAFLD by examining changes in computed tomography (CT)-based body composition and clinical outcomes. Methods Fifteen patients (5 men/10 women) with T2DM-associated NAFLD who had not responded to SGLT2I treatment and were being treated with GLP-1A combination therapy were included. Changes in the liver function, visceral adipose tissue index (VATI), and subcutaneous adipose tissue index (SATI) were compared using CT to evaluate the body composition. Results SGLT2I significantly improved alanine aminotransferase (28.0 to 13.0 IU/L), alkaline phosphatase (250.0 to 77.0 IU/L), and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (23.0 to 12.0 IU/L) levels. The body mass index (BMI) decreased from 25.7 to 25.2 kg/m2. A CT-based analysis showed a significant improvement in SATI (80.9 to 66.1, p=0.002), with no significant change in VATI (53.2 to 51.5). GLP-1A addition improved the BMI (25.2 to 23.5 kg/m2) and hemoglobin A1c (6.5% to 6.2%, p=0.001). A further analysis revealed additional improvement in SATI (66.1 to 56.6, p=0.007) and a significant decrease in VATI (51.5 to 48.3, p=0.001). Conclusion SGLT2I and GLP-1A combination therapy improved the liver function, body composition, and glycemic control in diabetic patients with NAFLD/NASH, as well as SATI and VATI. The optimal timing of combination therapy remains to be determined.

PSX-18 Long term implanting of finished Angus Hereford steers: examining the relationship between feed and water efficiency

Abstract Herein, we investigate the effects of a long-term release trenbolone acetate and estradiol implant (200 mg and 40 mg respectively, Revalor-XS; Merck Animal Health; Summit, NJ) on implanted [IMP; n = 9, body weight (BW) = 473.13 kg ± 25.22] and non-implanted (NIMP; n = 9, BW = 481.13 kg ± 21.78) finished Angus Hereford steers fed a single diet three times daily (0600, 1100, 1600 h). The objectives were to identify water and feed efficiency parameters and mechanisms of IMP and NIMP steers. Parameters evaluated included daily dry matter intake (DMI), freshwater intake (FWI), average daily gain (ADG), animal water units (AWU), drinking behavior, feed conversion (FC), feed conversion ratio (FCR), water conversion (WC), water conversion ratio (WCR), residual growth rate (RGR), and Kleiber index (KI). Linear mixed models were fitted to analyze the data under assumption of a completely randomized design, and variable relationships examined through partial correlation networks and principal component analysis. Implanted animals were more feed efficient than NIMP for FC (P &amp;lt; 0.001; SEM = 0.00), FCR (P &amp;lt; 0.001; SEM = 0.29), RGR (P &amp;lt; 0.001; SEM = 0.0.02), and KI (P &amp;lt; 0.001; SEM = 0.00). When evaluating water efficiency, IMP animals had less WCR (P &amp;lt; 0.001; SEM = 1.54) and greater WC (P &amp;lt; 0.001; SEM = 0.001). No differences were observed on marbling and carcass grades, but carcass weight, final BW, and rib eye area were greater for IMP groups (P &amp;lt; 0.001, P &amp;lt; 0.001, P = 0.004, respectively). For IMP, multivariate variable contribution (values &amp;gt; 10) appeared to associate FWI on the first and second eigenvectors with DMI, FC, and FCR. For NIMP, FWI was associated with WC, WCR, and AWU. The FWI of Implanted animals was associated with AWU, WCR, while NIMP was associated with AWU. Feed conversion ratio and DMI had the greatest node strength for the IMP animals, whereas for NIMP, KI was the only node with strength greater than 2. Our results indicate that feed and water efficiencies may share mechanistic pathways. We present a simple metric that accurately remains relevant in evaluating water requirements for both IMP and NIMP steers as AWU. We show how relationship strength is related to gain and efficiency for IMP animals, whereas metabolic activity, potentially in relation to body composition changes, drives the variation and relationships for NIMP animals.

190 Implementation of an updated beef energetics and body composition model in the Crop Livestock Enterprise Model (CLEM)

Abstract The Crop Livestock Enterprise Model (CLEM) is a whole-farm bioeconomic model designed to simulate and explore ruminant performance across a wide range of production systems and management strategies. The model features a flexible, component-based structure that allows users to simulate multiple types of livestock production within the same system. Animals in the model are represented on an individual basis, allowing users to explore the effects of between-animal variation on a wide range of performance metrics at the animal and farm system levels. Recently, two new features were introduced to improve ability of CLEM to represent ruminant production systems: a user-defined timestep, and a new energetics model (based on the Australian ruminant feeding standards) that adds the ability to model changes in body composition in addition to existing predictions of body weight gain and feed intake. The change in timestep from monthly to daily was required to implement the new energetics model and allows for greater ability to compare CLEM results against field data, but other timesteps (e.g., weekly) can also be used depending on user preference. The Australian ruminant feeding standards were integrated with the existing CLEM modelling framework to create a revised energetics model for CLEM capable of predicting body composition, with additional updates to prediction of relative feed intake and the effect of diet type on feed quality. The energetics model was then evaluated for prediction of feed intake (DMI), final empty body weight (EBW), and fat and protein gain (Table 1) in feedlot cattle. The evaluation dataset consisted of treatment means (n = 29) from studies of Angus or British cross steers whose body composition (fat and protein) had been measured by serial slaughter. The updated model performed well for predicting final EBW, underpredicting by 2.35 kg on average (0.55% of the observed mean). Dry matter intake was underpredicted for 80% of treatments, with mean bias averaging 1.7 kg/d across all treatments and a root mean square prediction error (RMSPE, % of the observed mean) of 25%. Data on fat and protein gain was more variable than for EBW, and the model overpredicted protein gain and underpredicted fat gain in general, with mean bias of -51 g/d (RMSPE 42%) for protein and 270 g/d (RMSPE 58%) for fat. The addition of a daily timestep and a revised energetics model add to utility of CLEM by allowing for more in-depth exploration of the effects of feeding and management over time on intake, body weight gain, and body composition. The current version of CLEM can be downloaded from the APSIM Initiative website; and an upcoming update with additional options for prediction of intake and performance for both feedlot and grazing cattle will be made available.

Sex-Specific Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Obese Individuals.

Adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) has long been associated with several health benefits, including a reduced risk of heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. The MedDiet is characterized by a high consumption of foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, and olive oil, along with a moderate intake of red meat and red wine with meals. Some studies report significant differences between men and women in susceptibility to obesity, with women at a higher prevalence of obesity than men. One unexplored aspect, however, concerns the sex difference in MedDiet adherence, which could be influenced by various factors, such as health perceptions, food preferences, and cultural influences. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness and impact of MedDiet adherence in men and women, with a focus on its influence on health and well-being, as well as its ability to promote sex equity in healthcare outcomes. Moreover, we aim to measure the overall health improvements in men and women participating in a MedDiet program, including changes in body composition and overall quality of life. This study highlights that the MedDiet is associated with more significant body weight loss in women, although their increase in MedDiet adherence was lower than in men. Trial registration: NCT01890070. Registered 24 June 2013.

Serum metabolome signature response to different types of resistance training.

Pneumatic resistance training (PRT) facilitates a longer time under tension that might lead to greater changes in body composition when compared to traditional resistance training (TRT), possibly enhancing serum metabolite concentrations indicative of healthy metabolic function. To assess the impact of PRT and TRT on muscular strength, body composition and serum metabolome, sixty-nine men (age: 31.8±7.2 years, height: 179.7±5.4 cm, weight: 81.1±9.9 kg) were randomized into two 10-week intervention groups (PRT:n=24 and TRT:n=24) and one control group (CON:n=21). Serum metabolite concentrations were assessed before and after the training intervention by high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance. Fat mass and lean mass were obtained by bioimpedance analysis. The training intervention resulted in an increase in LM for both PRT (1.85 ± 2.69%; p=0.003) and TRT (2.72 ±4.53%; p=0.004), while only PRT reduced in body fat percentage (PRT: -5.08±10.76%; p=0.019) statistically significantly. Only in PRT and TRT significant increases in small high-density lipoproteins (S-HDL-L) and small HDL particles (S-HDL-P) were observed. When controlling for fat and lean mass, the effects on S-HDL-L/S-HDL-P diminished. Network analysis may suggest that PRT and TRT result in an increase in network connectivity and robustness. It appears that the observed improvements are associated with changes in body composition.

FP1.1 - The relationship between tumour necrosis, the tumour microenvironment, systemic inflammation, body composition and survival in patients with operable colon cancer. Does tumour necrosis drive systemic inflammation and cachexia?

Abstract Introduction The prognostic value of the systemic inflammatory response and its incorporation into the definition of cancer cachexia (GLIM) is now established. However, the basis of the relationship between the tumour, its environment and the systemic inflammatory response is not clear. The aim of the present study is to examine this hypothesis in greater detail. Methods A total of 473 patients were included. Host and tumour characteristics were assessed including tumour cell signaling pathways, CT derived body composition and systemic inflammation (as assessed by SIG). Categorical variables were analysed using χ2 test for linear-by-linear association, or χ2 test for 2 by 2 tables. Survival analysis was carried out using univariate Cox regression. Results Tumour necrosis was associated with age (p&amp;lt;0.01), tumour location (p&amp;lt;0.01), T-stage (p&amp;lt;0.001), margin involvement (p&amp;lt;0.05), SIG (p&amp;lt;0.001), SMI (Martin, p&amp;lt;0.01), SMI (Dolan, p&amp;lt;0.01), SMD (Dolan, p&amp;lt;0.05) and 5-year survival (p&amp;lt;0.001). No association was found between tumour necrosis and signalling markers of the IL-6/JAK/ STAT and NF-KB pathways. On univariate survival analysis age (p&amp;lt;0.001), ASA (p&amp;lt;0.001), T-stage (p&amp;lt;0.001), N-stage (p&amp;lt;0.001), tumour budding (p&amp;lt;0.05), venous invasion (p&amp;lt;0.01), adjuvant therapy (p&amp;lt;0.01), margin involvement (p&amp;lt;0.001), necrosis (p&amp;lt;0.01), SIG (p&amp;lt;0.001), MUST (p&amp;lt;0.001), BMI (p&amp;lt;0.05), sub cutaneous obesity (p&amp;lt;0.001), visceral obesity (p&amp;lt;0.05), Sarcopenia (Martin, p&amp;lt;0.05), Sarcopenia (Dolan, p&amp;lt;0.01), Myosteatosis (Dolan, p&amp;lt;0.05) GMS (p&amp;lt;0.001), Ki67 (p&amp;lt;0.01) and TSP (p&amp;lt;0.01) were independently associated with overall survival. Conclusion There is a clear association between tumour necrosis, the SIR and body composition in patients with colon cancer. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that tumour necrosis and the subsequent inflammatory response results in profound changes in body composition.

Tailored exercise with telehealth monitoring improves adherence and global health in kidney transplant recipients.

Tailored exercise prescription is a crucial intervention for kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). This longitudinal study investigates the impact on long-term effectiveness of exercise prescriptions over one year follow-up, implementing telehealth tools for exercise administration and adherence monitoring. KTRs were evaluated with clinical assessments including body composition, blood and urinary parameters, physical performance and quality of life at baseline (T0), after six (T6) and twelve (T12) months. The adherence to prescribed exercise training was monitored via video call interviews until T6 when the sample was divided into a group monitored via wearables (WG) and a group continuing video calls (VG) until T12. Twenty-six KTRs completed the study. No changes in body composition and kidney function were reported. KTRs showed an improvement in lipid profile, systolic blood pressure, cardiorespiratory fitness and quality of life. WG showed no clinical differences compared to VG except for reported higher quality of life. A good adherence to the exercise prescription was obtained with both monitoring methods (232 vs 253 min/week). This study reinforces the inclusion exercise training for KTRs to enhance physical fitness and reduce cardiovascular risk factors. These results emphasize the role of telehealth monitoring methods as motivators for adherence to long-term exercise prescriptions.

Metabolic adaptation following gastric bypass surgery: results from a 2-year observational study.

Metabolic adaptation is the lowering of basal metabolic rate (BMR) beyond what is predicted from changes in fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) and may hamper weight-loss progression. It is unclear whether metabolic adaptation occurs following gastric bypass surgery (GBP) and if it persists. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reduction in BMR that is not explained by changes in body composition in patients following GBP compared to a weight-stable comparator group. Thirty-one patients [77.4% female; mean BMI 45.5(SD 7.0) kg/m2; age 47.4(11.6)y] who underwent GBP, and 32 time-matched comparators [50% female; BMI 27.2(4.6) kg/m2; age 41.8(13.6)y) were evaluated at 1-month pre-surgery, 3-, 12- and 24-months post-surgery. BMR was measured under standardised residential conditions using indirect calorimetry and body composition using DXA. Linear regression analyses assessed metabolic adaptation post-surgery. After surgery, patients lost a quarter of their body weight [-25.6%(1.8%); p < 0.0001] consisting mainly of FM (4:1 FM to FFM loss ratio) at 24-months post-surgery. Absolute BMR (MJ/d) reduced by 25.7% at 24-months post-surgery with values becoming similar to the comparator group from 3-months post-surgery. Positive associations were observed between changes in BMR and changes in FFM and FM (P < 0.03). Metabolic adaptation was present in patients during the 1) rapid weight loss phase (6.9 kg/month at 3-months post-surgery) (p = 0.011), 2) slower weight loss phase (1.6 kg/month from 3 to 12-months post-surgery) (p < 0.0001), and, 3) weight maintenance phase (24-months post-surgery) (p = 0.00073). However, the degree of metabolic adaptation observed in GBP patients was similar to the weight-stable comparator group (no metabolic adaptation) from 12-months post-surgery onwards (3-months; p = 0.01, 12-months; p = 0.26, 24-months post-surgery; p = 0.70). These results suggest that there is a potential biological mechanism of surgery that attenuates the expected postoperative downregulation in BMR thus helping GBP patients maintain weight loss.

Changes in Physical Fitness Parameters with Increasing Age

It is inevitable to see changes in physical fitness parameters with age. This study compares the physical fitness parameters, body composition, laxity, balance, proprioception, and muscle strength between different age groups. The study comprised 44 individuals in good health, divided into two age groups: 20-39 and 40-65.Body composition was measured with Tanita BC 418; balance was measured with a Biodex Biosway stabilometer device, and laxity was measured with a GNRB knee arthrometer. The isokinetic system (Cybex NORM, Humac, CA, USA) was used for strength and proprioception measurements. Anteroposterior, mediolateral, and overall stability index among the balance parameters between the two groups was significant. Among the groups, a statistically significant difference was observed in terms of body mass index (BMI), total body fat ratio, trunk fat ratio, and dominant leg fat ratio (p 0.05).With increasing age, it is essential to be aware of the negatively changing body composition and deteriorating balance and encourage participation in physical activity and exercise to prevent physical fitness loss, especially from 40.

Alterations in Thyroid Hormones in Obese Patients are Associated with Body Composition Changes after Bariatric Surgery.

This study investigates how metabolic/bariatric surgery (MBS) affects thyroid hormone (TH) levels and TH resistance in obese euthyroid individuals, focusing on their correlation with changes in body composition. We included 470 obese individuals and 118 controls for baseline assessment, and 125 obese patients receiving MBS for longitudinal study. Data on body composition and thyroid function were collected. Correlations between baseline and changes in thyroid function and body composition were assessed. In the obese group, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels, and thyroid feedback quantile-based index (TFQI) were elevated and significantly decreased post-MBS, along with visceral fat area (VFA) and body fat percentages, while skeletal muscle mass (SMM) percentage increased. Preoperative partial correlation analysis adjusted for age and sex revealed that TSH positively correlated with VFA (r=0.109, P=0.019), body fat percentage (r=0.114, P=0.013), and negatively correlated with SMM percentage (r=-0.104, P=0.024). Similar correlations were observed between central TH resistance indices and body composition, but no significant correlations were found in the control group. Post-MBS, decreased TSH positively correlated with decreased VFA (r=0.251, P=0.006) and increased SMM percentage (r=0.233, P=0.011). While reductions in VFA and body fat percentage were linked to improved central thyroid hormone resistance, a decrease in peripheral TH conversion was noted. MBS significantly impacts thyroid function and TH resistance, with notable correlations to changes in body composition.

An Analysis of Age-Related Body Composition Changes and Metabolic Patterns in Korean Adults Using FDG-PET/CT Health Screening Data.

F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET)/computed tomography (CT) can be used to measure bone mineral density (BMD), cross-sectional muscle area (CSMA), Hounsfield units (HU) of liver and muscle, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and glucose metabolism. The present study aimed to identify age-related changes in body composition and glucose metabolism in Korean using opportunistic FDG-PET/CT imaging. We analyzed FDG-PET/CT, clinical history, and laboratory data abstracted from the medical records of patients who underwent health screening at a single institute between 2017 and 2022. In total, 278 patients were included in the analysis (male:female=140:138). Age and body mass index were positively correlated in female, but negatively correlated in male. BMD decreased with age more in female, and CSMA decreased with age more in male. Muscle HU decreased with age for both sexes. In female, SAT and VAT increased with age; and in male, SAT decreased slightly while VAT remained stable. Muscle glucose metabolism showed no association with age in male but increased with age in female. CSMA correlated positively with BMD overall; and positively correlated with VAT and SAT in male only. In female only, both SAT and VAT showed negative correlations with glucose metabolism and correlated positively with muscle glucose metabolism. Liver HU values were inversely correlated with VAT, especially in female; and positively correlated with muscle glucose metabolism in female only. FDG-PET/CT demonstrated distinct patterns of age-related changes in body composition and glucose metabolism, with significant differences between sexes.

Body composition in recurrent prostate cancer and the role of steroidogenic genotype.

Hormone therapy (HT) to treat prostate cancer is reported to cause adverse changes in body composition. Clinically, interpatient body composition changes are heterogeneous, but the biologic and clinical determinants of body composition toxicity are unknown. Herein, we test the hypothesis that inherited polymorphisms in steroidogenic genes are associated with differential change in body composition after HT. Men with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer (BCR) who received 8 months of LHRH analog (LHRHa) +/- abiraterone acetate (AAP) were eligible if they had: 1) CT imaging of L3 prior to and after treatment, and 2) nucleated cells collected. Cardiometabolic co-morbidities were retrospectively extracted. Body composition was measured using an AI-based segmentation tool. Germline DNA whole exome or genome sequencing was performed. In 162 men treated with 8 months of HT, median skeletal muscle mass (SMMi) loss was 6.6% and subcutaneous adipose gain was 12.3%. Men with type 2 diabetes had higher loss of SMMi after treatment (-11.1% vs. -6.3%, p = 0.003). For the 150 men with germline NGS, SRD5A2 rs523349 genotype was associated with differential loss in skeletal muscle density after HT, (-1.3% vs. -7.1%, p=0.04). In addition, HSD3B1 rs104703 genotype was associated with decreased baseline visceral adipose tissue (63.0 cm2/m2 vs. 77.9, p=0.05). In men with BCR, HT induced notable loss of skeletal muscle and increased subcutaneous adipose tissue. An inherited polymorphism in SRD5A2 and T2DM were associated with differential skeletal muscle toxicity. These findings suggest that inherited polymorphisms may contribute to the body composition toxicity observed with HT.

Unlocking the Potential: Amylin-Based Therapies as Novel Interventions for Addressing the Nexus of Obesity and Cardiovascular Health

The rising prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular diseases demands innovative therapeutic strategies. This paper explores the potential of amylin-based therapies in addressing the intricate interplay between obesity and cardiovascular health. Amylin, a hormone co-secreted with insulin, regulates glucose metabolism, appetite, and gastric emptying. Despite its established role in diabetes management, recent research highlights its promise in addressing obesity. Pramlintide, a synthetic amylin analog, emerges as a promising intervention for obesity, overcoming limitations of current treatments. Cardiovascular diseases, closely linked to obesity, prompt exploration of amylin's potential cardiovascular benefits. The study examines vasodilatory effects, anti-inflammatory properties, and anti-atherosclerotic effects associated with amylin. Amylin-based therapies, including pramlintide and the investigational drug AM833 (cagrilintide), are scrutinized for their impact on blood pressure, lipid profiles, and cardiovascular markers. Beyond weight loss, the study explores changes in body composition, insulin sensitivity, and lipid metabolism. The safety profile of amylin analogs, particularly pramlintide, is discussed, emphasizing their generally well-tolerated nature with manageable gastrointestinal side effects. In conclusion, amylin-based therapies present a novel approach to address the complex connections between obesity and cardiovascular diseases. The study highlights their potential in modifying body composition, improving metabolic parameters, and influencing cardiovascular outcomes. As research progresses, amylin-based strategies may offer innovative approaches to enhance metabolic and cardiovascular health, potentially reducing the global burden of cardiovascular diseases.