Change In Weight Z-score Research Articles

Improving extrauterine growth: evaluation of an optimized, standardized neonatal parenteral nutrition protocol.

Poor extrauterine growth in very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates is common and associated with worsened long-term outcomes. We aimed to decrease growth restriction, measured by the change in weight z-score from birth to 36 weeks post menstrual age, from - 1.13 (baseline) to < -1 within 12 months. The Model for Improvement was used in the design and implementation of an optimized, standardized parenteral nutrition protocol. Three Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles were completed and a [Formula: see text] and S control chart was created for the primary outcome. Mean weight z-score change from birth to 36 weeks post menstrual age improved by 23% to - 0.87. Improvements in early weight gain and linear growth were seen as well. Use of the Model for Improvement to implement an optimized, standardized parenteral nutrition protocol can help improve extrauterine growth among VLBW infants.

Extrauterine growth restriction among neonates with a birthweight less than 1500 grams

Abstract Introduction Growth restriction in preterm infants has been related to a poor neurodevelopment outcome. Objectives To define the incidence of postnatal growth restriction in premature babies ≤1500 g and to detect related clinical or biochemical markers. Methods Retrospective longitudinal observational study. Multivariate linear regression models were used to determine variables that can predict the change in weight z-score during admission. Results The study included 130 patients with a mean birthweight of 1161 ± 251 g and a gestational age of 29.9 ± 2.5 weeks. At hospital discharge, 59.2% had a weight below P10. During admission, the z-scores of weight and length decreased by −0.85 ± 0.79 and −1.09 ± 0.65, respectively. The largest decrease in z-score occurred during NICU admission, with a weight gain rate of 6.6 ± 8.8 g/kg/day, after which growth acceleration took place (16.7 ± 3.8 g/kg/day), but was insufficient to catch-up. Higher levels of urea were negatively correlated with the change in the z-score of weight (P Conclusions More than half of newborns ≤1500 g have a weight at discharge of

Extrauterine growth restriction among neonates with a birthweight less than 1,500grams

Growth restriction in preterm infants has been related to a poor neurodevelopment outcome. To define the incidence of postnatal growth restriction in premature babies ≤1,500 grams and to detect related clinical or biochemical markers. Retrospective longitudinal observational study. Multivariate linear regression models were used to determine variables that can predict the change in weight z-score during admission. The study included 130 patients with a mean birthweight of 1,161±251grams and a gestational age of 29.9±2.5 weeks. At hospital discharge, 59.2% had a weight below P10.During admission, the z-scores of weight and length decreased by -0.85±0.79 and -1.09±0.65, respectively.The largest decrease in z-score occurred during NICU admission, with a weight gain rate of 6.6±8.8g/Kg/day, after which growth acceleration took place (16.7±3.8g/Kg/day), but was insufficient to catch-up.Higher levels of urea were negatively correlated with the change in the z-score of weight (P<.001), and a weight <P10 at birth positively correlated (P=.013). More than half of newborns ≤1,500 grams have a weight at discharge of <P10. This growth restriction occurs during NICU admission, and affects low birth weight infants less frequently.Urea levels correlate negatively with weight gain, which requires further study of the relationship between growth and the protein compartment.

Impact of breast milk intake on body composition at term in very preterm babies: secondary analysis of the Nutritional Evaluation and Optimisation in Neonates randomised controlled trial

ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of breast milk (BM) intake on body composition at term in very preterm infants.DesignPreplanned secondary analysis of the Nutritional Evaluation and Optimisation in Neonates Study, a...

Physiological Approach to Sodium Supplementation in Preterm Infants.

To implement and evaluate a clinical practice algorithm to identify preterm infants with sodium deficiency and guide sodium supplementation based on urine sodium concentrations. Urine sodium concentration was measured in infants born at 260/7 to 296/7 weeks' gestation at 2-week intervals. Sodium supplementation was based on the urine sodium algorithm. Growth and respiratory outcomes in this cohort were compared with a matched cohort cared for in our neonatal intensive care unit prior to algorithm implementation (2014-2015 cohort). Data were compared for 50 infants in the 2014-2015 cohort and 40 infants in the 2016 cohort. Urine sodium concentration met criteria for supplementation in 75% of the 2016 cohort infants within the first 4 weeks after birth. Average daily sodium intake was greater in the 2016 cohort compared with the 2014-2015 cohort (p < 0.05). Caloric, protein, and total fluid intakes were similar between cohorts. The change in weight Z-score between 2 and 8 weeks of age was significantly greater in the 2016 versus 2014-2015 cohort (0.32 ± 0.05 vs. -0.01 ± 0.08; p < 0.01). No impact on respiratory status at 28 days of age or 36 weeks of postmenstrual age was identified. Institution of a clinical practice algorithm to instruct clinicians on sodium supplementation in preterm infants may improve growth outcomes.

Breast Milk Lipidome Is Associated with Early Growth Trajectory in Preterm Infants.

Human milk is recommended for feeding preterm infants. The current pilot study aims to determine whether breast-milk lipidome had any impact on the early growth-pattern of preterm infants fed their own mother’s milk. A prospective-monocentric-observational birth-cohort was established, enrolling 138 preterm infants, who received their own mother’s breast-milk throughout hospital stay. All infants were ranked according to the change in weight Z-score between birth and hospital discharge. Then, we selected infants who experienced “slower” (n = 15, −1.54 ± 0.42 Z-score) or “faster” (n = 11, −0.48 ± 0.19 Z-score) growth; as expected, although groups did not differ regarding gestational age, birth weight Z-score was lower in the “faster-growth” group (0.56 ± 0.72 vs. −1.59 ± 0.96). Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry lipidomic signatures combined with multivariate analyses made it possible to identify breast-milk lipid species that allowed clear-cut discrimination between groups. Validation of the selected biomarkers was performed using multidimensional statistical, false-discovery-rate and ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) tools. Breast-milk associated with faster growth contained more medium-chain saturated fatty acid and sphingomyelin, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA)-containing phosphethanolamine, and less oleic acid-containing triglyceride and DGLA-oxylipin. The ability of such biomarkers to predict early-growth was validated in presence of confounding clinical factors but remains to be ascertained in larger cohort studies.

Rapid weight gain during infancy and subsequent adiposity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence.

The contribution of rapid weight gain (RWG) during infancy to later adiposity has received considerable investigation. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to update the literature on association between RWG and subsequent adiposity outcomes. Electronic searches were undertaken in EMBASE, MEDLINE, psycINFO, PubMed and ScienceDirect. Studies that examined the associations between RWG (a change in weight z-scores>0.67) during infancy (from birth to age 2years) and subsequent adiposity outcomes were included. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted to obtain the weighted-pooled estimates of the odds of overweight/obesity for those with RWG. Seventeen studies were eligible for inclusion with the majority of studies (15/17) being of high/acceptable quality and reporting positive associations between RWG during infancy and later adiposity outcomes. RWG in infancy was associated with overweight/obesity from childhood to adulthood (pooled odds ratio=3.66, 95% confidence interval: 2.59-5.17, I2 >75%). Subgroup analyses revealed that RWG during infancy was associated with higher odds of overweight/obesity in childhood than in adulthood, and RWG from birth to 1year was associated with higher odds of overweight/obesity than RWG from birth to 2years. The present study supports that RWG during infancy is a significant predictor of adiposity in later life.

Infancy Weight Gain And Fat Mass In Youth- Does Physical Activity Modify The Association?

Rapid weight gain in infancy has been linked to increased risk of obesity in youth. Hence, an increased knowledge on possible strategies to prevent excessive total fat mass (total FM) and trunk fat mass (trunk FM) is important to avoid development of obesity. One possible strategy could be moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) or vigorous physical activity (VPA), since MVPA and VPA has been associated with lower levels of adiposity. However, it is unknown whether physical activity may modify the association between rapid infant weight gain and later adiposity. PURPOSE: To examine whether MVPA and VPA modifies the associations between weight gain the first year of life and total FM and trunk FM in youth. METHODS: We used data from a sub-cohort of the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), including assessment of total FM and trunk FM by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and MVPA (≥2296 cpm) and VPA (≥4012 cpm) assessed by Actigraph accelerometers. Weight gain was calculated as change in weight z-scores between birth and 1 year. We used multiple regression analyses to examine the association between infancy weight gain and total FM and trunk FM (with adjustments for sex, birth weight, gestational age, height and family income), and included the interaction term weight gain x MVPA and weight gain x VPA to examine the modifying effect of MVPA and VPA (adjustments for monitor wear time included). RESULTS: The mean age (sd) of the 147 participants (45.6% girls) were 11.0 (0.61) years. There was a positive association between infancy weight gain and total FM (B=1.1, 95%CI= 0.40, 1.8) and trunk FM (B=0.5 95%CI= 0.16, 0.89). MVPA did not modify the association between infancy weight gain and total FM (p=0.157) and trunk FM (p=0.116), whereas VPA modified both total FM (B (gain x VPA) = -0.061, p=0.026) and trunk FM (B(gain x VPA)= -0.034, p=0.014). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that VPA, but not MVPA, modifies the associations between weight gain during the first year of life and total FM and trunk FM in youth. Vigorous intensity PA may be considered as one of many public health strategies to curb childhood obesity, especially in those who are prone to obesity due to rapid infant weight gain.

Step Tracking with Goals Increases Children's Weight Loss in Behavioral Intervention

This study examined the influence of step goals with pedometers to improve children's weight loss, physical activity, and psychosocial health during obesity treatment. Overweight and obese children ages 8-17 years (n = 105) participated in a 10-week family-based weight management intervention, including physical activity, nutrition, and behavioral modification. A quasi-experimental design was used to group eight cohorts into three conditions: no pedometer (n = 24), pedometer only (n = 25), and pedometer with step goals (i.e., 500 steps/day weekly increase above baseline; n = 56). Height and weight were measured at baseline and week 10 and used to calculate BMI. Analysis of covariance was performed to examine difference by condition for change in weight, BMI, and BMI z-score, controlling for age and baseline value. Differences in steps per day and psychosocial health were compared between the two pedometer conditions. Participants were 12.4 ± 2.5 years of age, including 70% girls and 64% African Americans. The pedometer with goals condition significantly reduced BMI (p = 0.02) and BMI z-score (p = 0.01) compared with the no-pedometer group. The pedometer with goals condition significantly increased steps per day (+1185 ± 425 steps/day) compared with the pedometer-only condition (-162 ± 620 steps/day; p < 0.05). Both pedometer groups similarly increased in subjective health and quality of life. Providing children with pedometers and individualized step goals was an effective approach to produce weight loss. Further work is needed to increase the strength of interventions to achieve clinically meaningful weight reduction for children with obesity.

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and rapid weight gain from birth to early infancy.

BackgroundAlthough several studies have focused on the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and rapid weight gain (RWG) during infancy, the dose-response relationship has not yet been confirmed, and very few studies have included Asian populations. Using a record-linkage method, we examined the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and RWG in infants at around 4 months of age to clarify the dose-response relationship.MethodsTwo databases were used: maternal check-ups during pregnancy and early infancy check-ups (between April 1, 2013 and March 31, 2014 in Okinawa, Japan) were linked via IDs and provided to us after unlinkable anonymizing. For 10,433 subjects (5229 boys and 5204 girls), we calculated the change in infants' weight z-score by subtracting the z-score of their birth weight from their weight at early infancy check-ups. Smoking exposure was categorized into five groups. We used Poisson regression to examine the association of maternal smoking during pregnancy with RWG in early infancy.ResultsOverall, 1524 (14.6%) were ex-smoker and 511 (4.9%) were current smoker. Compared with the reference category of non-smokers, the adjusted risk ratio of RWG was 1.18 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06–1.32) for ex-smokers, 1.18 (95% CI, 0.93–1.50) for those who smoked 1–5 cigarettes per day, 1.57 (95% CI, 1.24–2.00) for those who smoked 6–10 cigarettes per day, and 2.13 (95% CI, 1.51–3.01) for those who smoked ≥11 cigarettes per day. There was a clear dose-response relationship.ConclusionOur study suggests that maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated in a dose-dependent manner with increased risk of RWG in early infancy.

Perceived appetite and clinical outcomes in children with chronic kidney disease.

Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) may have impaired caloric intake through a variety of mechanisms, with decreased appetite as a putative contributor. In adult CKD, decreased appetite has been associated with poor clinical outcomes. There is limited information about this relationship in pediatric CKD. A total of 879 participants of the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) study were studied. Self-reported appetite was assessed annually and categorized as very good, good, fair, or poor/very poor. The relationship between appetite and iohexol or estimated glomerular filtration rate (ieGFR), annual changes in anthropometrics z-scores, hospitalizations, emergency room visits, and quality of life were assessed. An ieGFR < 30ml/min per 1.73m(2) was associated with a 4.46 greater odds (95% confidence interval: 2.80, 7.09) of having a worse appetite than those with ieGFR >90. Appetite did not predict changes in height, weight, or BMI z-scores. Patients not reporting a very good appetite had more hospitalizations over the next year than those with a very good appetite. Worse appetite was significantly associated with lower parental and patient reported quality of life. Self-reported appetite in children with CKD worsens with lower ieGFR and is correlated with clinical outcomes, including hospitalizations and quality of life.

Exposure to Tobacco Metabolites via Breast Milk and Infant Weight Gain: A Population-Based Study.

Although the immutable benefits of breastfeeding are well documented, information on the potential consequences of exposure to tobacco metabolites specifically via breastfeeding is sparse. The aim was to conduct the first study of the association between exposure to tobacco metabolites specifically through breastfeeding and infant weight gain. We used historical data from the US Collaborative Perinatal Project. Mothers were classified as nonsmokers, light smokers (1-19 cigarettes/day), and heavy (20+ cigarettes/day) smokers. In-hospital feeding type was observed during a nursery stay after delivery. We conducted stratified analyses among average-for-gestational-age (AGA; N = 23 571) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA; N = 2552) infants. We isolated the effect of exposure to tobacco metabolites specifically through breastfeeding. Overall, maternal smoking was associated with change in weight-for-length z-score in a dose-response manner. Change in weight z-score was most pronounced among SGA infants of heavy smokers (breastfed: 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12-0.94; formula fed: 0.17; 95% CI, 0.03-0.30). Exposure to tobacco metabolites specifically through breastfeeding was not associated with additional weight gain among AGA infants. Among the much smaller sample of SGA infants, exposure specifically through breastfeeding was associated with marginally significant additional weight gain (0.46; 95% CI, 0.00-0.91) among infants of heavy smokers. Our findings are in accord with recommendations by health agencies for smokers to breastfeed. However, SGA infants exposed to tobacco metabolites via breastfeeding by heavy smokers appear to gain weight more rapidly than other infants. Practical implications of our findings are discussed.

Late prematurity and adiposity in adolescents: Evidence from "Children of 1997" birth cohort.

The association of late prematurity with later adiposity is unclear, and the mediating role of infant growth is seldom studied. We assessed the association of late prematurity with markers of adiposity in adolescence and tested whether accelerated infant weight gain mediated the association. In the Chinese birth cohort "Children of 1997," we used multivariable linear regression to assess the adjusted association of late premature (n = 295), compared to term (n = 6874), births with markers of adiposity at 14 years. We tested whether any association was mediated by accelerated weight gain from birth to 12 months, i.e., a change in weight z-score ≥0.67. Late premature births had greater body mass index (BMI) z-score (0.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.07, 0.35), waist-hip ratio z-score (0.16, 95% CI 0.03, 0.29), and waist-height ratio z-score (0.27, 95% CI 0.14, 0.40) than term births in adolescence. The association of late prematurity with higher adolescent BMI, but not waist ratios, was mediated by accelerated infant weight gain. Late prematurity was associated with higher BMI and waist ratios in adolescence, but only the association with BMI was mediated by infant weight gain, suggesting vulnerability to metabolic risk in late premature births may arise through multiple pathways.

Replacing sugary drinks with milk is inversely associated with weight gain among young obesity-predisposed children.

The aim of the present study was to examine the associations of sugary drink consumption and its substitution with alternative beverages with body weight gain among young children predisposed to future weight gain. Secondary analysis of the Healthy Start Study, a 1·5-year randomised controlled trial designed to prevent overweight among Danish children aged 2-6 years (n 366), was carried out. Multivariate linear regression models were used to investigate the associations of beverage consumption with change in body weight (Δweight) or BMI(ΔBMI) z-score. Substitution models were used to extrapolate the influence of replacing sugary drinks with alternative beverages (water, milk and diet drinks) on Δweight or ΔBMI z-score. Sugary drink intake at baseline and substitution of sugary drinks with milk were associated with both Δweight and ΔBMI z-score. Every 100 g/d increase in sugary drink intake was associated with 0·10 kg and 0·06 unit increases in body weight (P=0·048) and BMI z-score (P=0·04), respectively. Substitution of 100 g/d sugary drinks with 100 g/d milk was inversely associated with Δweight (β=-0·16 kg; P=0·045) and ΔBMI z-score (β=-0·07 units; P=0·04). The results of this study suggest that sugary drink consumption was associated with body weight gain among young children with high predisposition for future overweight. In line with the current recommendations, sugary drinks, whether high in added or natural sugar, should be discouraged to help prevent childhood obesity. Milk may be a good alternative to sugary drinks with regard to weight management among young obesity-predisposed children.

Association of serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl compounds with poor growth and failure to weight gain in 2-year-old children

Results Among fifteen PFCs analyzed, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) were detected in >90% of the serum samples. The number of chemicals above median concentrations among these 5 PFCs were graded on a scale of 0 to 5, and classified into exposure (0) (n = 97), exposure (1-2) (n = 88), and exposure (≥3) groups. After adjusting for sex, birth weight, MPH, and BA, log-transformed PFHxS, PFOS, PFOA, and PFDA were associated with a 1.60, 1.35, 1.57, 1.29 cm decrease in height (all P < 0.005). Logtransformed PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, and PFDA were negatively related to weight gain (all P < 0.05). Change in weight Z-scores decreased progressively from exposure (0), to exposure (1-2), and to exposure (≥3) (mean +0.43 vs. +0.29 vs. +0.10, P = 0.012).

Factors associated with ultrasound-aided detection of suboptimal fetal growth in a malaria-endemic area in Papua New Guinea.

BackgroundFetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with increased infant mortality rates and ill-health in adulthood. Evaluation of fetal growth requires ultrasound. As a result, ultrasound-assisted evaluations of causes of FGR in malaria-endemic developing countries are rare. We aimed to determine factors associated with indicators of abnormal fetal growth in rural lowland Papua New Guinea (PNG).MethodsWeights and growth of 671 ultrasound-dated singleton pregnancies (<25 gestational weeks) were prospectively monitored using estimated fetal weights and birthweights. Maternal nutritional status and haemoglobin levels were assessed at enrolment, and participants were screened for malaria on several occasions. FGR was suspected upon detection of an estimated fetal weight or birthweight <10th centile (small-for-gestational age) and/or low fetal weight gain, defined as a change in weight z-score in the first quartile. Factors associated with fetal weight and fetal weight gain were additionally assessed by evaluating differences in weight z-scores and change in weight z-scores. Log-binomial and linear mixed effect models were used to determine factors associated with indicators of FGR.ResultsSGA and low weight gain were detected in 48.3% and 37.0% of pregnancies, respectively. Of participants, 13.8%, 21.2%, and 22.8% had a low mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC, <22 cms), short stature (<150 cms) and anaemia (haemoglobin <90 g/L) at first antenatal visit. 24.0% (161/671) of women had at least one malaria infection detected in peripheral blood. A low MUAC (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 1.51, 95% CI 1.29, 1.76, P < 0.001), short stature (aRR 1.27, 95% CI 1.04, 1.55, P = 0.009), and anaemia (aRR 1.27, 95% CI 1.06, 1.51, P = 0.009) were associated with SGA, and a low body mass index was associated with low fetal weight gain (aRR 2.10, 95% CI 1.62, 2.71, P < 0.001). Additionally, recent receipt of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy was associated with increased weight z-scores, and anaemia with reduced change in weight z-scores. Malaria infection was associated with SGA on crude but not adjusted analyses (aRR 1.13, 95% CI 0.95, 1.34, P = 0.172).ConclusionMacronutrient undernutrition and anaemia increased the risk of FGR. Antenatal nutritional interventions and malaria prevention could improve fetal growth in PNG.

The preventive effect of breast-feeding for longer than 6 months on early pubertal development among children aged 7-9 years in Korea.

The present study was performed to investigate whether breast-feeding is associated with early pubertal development among children 7-9 years old in Korea. Children were divided into those who did and did not receive breast-feeding for 6 months or longer in accordance with the recommendations of the WHO. Pubertal status was determined by clinical examination using Tanner staging. Prospective observational study. We conducted a follow-up study of children aged 7-9 years in 2011 who had taken part in the Ewha Birth & Growth Cohort study. Fifty (22.8%) of the total of 219 children were in early puberty, with the proportion being slightly higher for girls (24.1%) than boys (21.4%). Children who had entered early puberty were taller, weighed more and had a higher concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1. Moreover, the change in weight Z-score from birth to follow-up was significantly lower in children who were breast-fed than in those who were not (weight Z-score change: 0.32 (sd 1.59) v. 0.77 (sd 1.61), respectively, P=0.04). Comparison of breast-feeding by puberty status indicated a preventive association with early puberty in children who were breast-fed for 6 months or longer (OR=0.37; 95% CI 0.18, 0.74). This association remained significant after adjustment for relevant covariates. These results demonstrate a beneficial association between breast-feeding and early pubertal development, especially in those breast-fed for 6 months or longer. The study suggests that interventions would need to start early in life to prevent early pubertal development.

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and growth in infancy: a covariance structure analysis.

BackgroundSmoking during pregnancy is related to fetal constraint and accelerated postnatal growth. However, the pathways between these factors have not been clarified. Pathway analyses that link these factors can help us better understand the mechanisms involved in this association. Therefore, this study aimed to examine pathways between maternal smoking during pregnancy and growth in infancy.MethodsParticipants were singletons born between 1993 and 2006 in rural Japan. The outcome was the change in weight z-score between birth and 3 years of age. Pathways from maternal smoking and other maternal factors (such as maternal body mass index and work status) to growth in infancy via birth factors (such as birth weight and gestational age) and breastfeeding were examined using structural equation modeling.ResultsComplete data were available for 1524 children (775 boys and 749 girls). The model fit appeared adequate. Lower birth weight and non-exclusive breastfeeding mediated the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and rapid growth in infancy. Maternal smoking was also directly linked to rapid growth in infancy (standardized direct effects 0.06, P = 0.002). Taking all pathways into account, the standardized total effect of maternal smoking on growth in infancy was 0.11.ConclusionsMaternal smoking during pregnancy may both indirectly, through birth weight and breastfeeding status, and directly influence growth during infancy; however, there may be other pathways that have not yet been identified.

Early growth and neurodevelopmental outcome in very preterm infants: impact of gender

Background and objectiveNutrition in the neonatal unit may impact the neurological outcome of very preterm infants, and male preterms are more likely to suffer neonatal morbidity and adverse neurological outcomes....

Birth weight, infant growth, and adolescent blood pressure using twin status as an instrumental variable in a Chinese birth cohort: “Children of 1997”

PurposeTo evaluate the credibility of twin status as an instrumental variable for birth weight and infant growth and to obtain less-confounded estimates of the associations of birth weight or infant growth with adolescent blood pressure (BP). MethodsProspective population-based “Children of 1997” birth cohort of all surviving infants born in Hong Kong, China, from April to May 1997 with sex-, age-, and height-specific BP z-score at approximately 11 years (n = 6276) and approximately 13 years (n = 5305). ResultsIn instrumental variable analyses, birth weight-for-gestational age z-score was not associated with z-score for systolic BP (0.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.22 to 0.25) or diastolic BP (0.04; 95% CI, −0.09 to 0.18) at approximately 11 years adjusted for maternal age and migrant status (F = 38.6). Change in weight z-score at 0 to 12 months was not associated with z-score for systolic BP (−0.003; 95% CI, −0.15 to 0.15) or diastolic BP (−0.02; 95% CI, −0.10 to 0.07) at approximately 11 years (F = 54.4). Estimates were similar for BP at approximately 13 years, although the F-statistic was lower. ConclusionsBirth weight and infant growth may make little contribution to adolescent BP. Extending consideration of the effects of early life to other growth periods, such as puberty, on BP might yield public health benefits.