Changes In System Research Articles

Transition and adaptation: An analysis of how professional fishermen change their practices

The succession of crises in the French professional fishing sector raises the question of the sector's capacity to adapt to changes in its global environment, and of the possibilities for fishermen to change their practices. Through interviews with fishermen and representatives, 5 ideal types of individual transitions were described, as well as two examples of changes in the fisheries management system. Some changes can be characterised as adaptations following a shock, rather than real voluntary and planned transitions. Voluntary individual transitions do exist, however, initiated by a variable trigger factor, but they require a high degree of introspection about personal and professional expectations. These examples of transitions are made possible by the rare synchronisation of external events and various characteristics of the project owners and remain overall a niche phenomenon in the current situation. There is little scope for transition in the sector, mainly because of the difficulty of accessing production rights and the rigidity of management systems. To help the sector evolve and adapt to a changing macro-environment (organisational, environmental, societal, energy, etc.), transition levers can be mobilised at organisational, political, financial, technical, social and societal levels. The age structure of ships and people will probably be the mainstay of a major reconfiguration of the sector in the short term.

Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS)

The motivations are art, elegance, and ethics. Human error and negligence cause 90% of road accidents, making the human the important part in this process while also being the weakest link. Every year, numerous accidents are reported as a result of excessive speed and poor decision-making. According to a logical concept, every 1% increase in velocity increases the probability of a fatal collision by 4% and the risk of a serious collision by 3%. Modern automobiles are a symbiosis of several electrical subsystems that work together to provide a safe and enjoyable driving experience. One of the technologies used in automotive development is the Advanced Driver Assistant System (ADAS). It is a system that monitors different parameters related to the vehicle and its surroundings in order to detect potentially dangerous circumstances early on. Sensors with sophisticated electronics, known as Sensor Network (SN), are already installed in many cars today to accomplish (ADAS) technology. A well-known ADAS is the Adaptive Speed Control system (ASC), Automatic Brake System (ABS), Warning Collision System (WCS), and Legal Restriction System, which are used to avert high-speed accidents. In addition, there are Lane Keeping Systems (LKS) and Lane Change Systems (LCS).

Valproic Acid Treatment after Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice Alleviates Neuronal Death and Inflammation in Association with Increased Plasma Lysophosphatidylcholines.

The histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) valproic acid (VPA) has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI), which have been partially attributed to the epigenetic disinhibition of the transcription repressor RE1-Silencing Transcription Factor/Neuron-Restrictive Silencer Factor (REST/NRSF). Additionally, VPA changes post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) brain metabolism to create a neuroprotective environment. To address the interconnection of neuroprotection, metabolism, inflammation and REST/NRSF after TBI, we subjected C57BL/6N mice to experimental TBI and intraperitoneal VPA administration or vehicle solution at 15 min, 1, 2, and 3 days post-injury (dpi). At 7 dpi, TBI-induced an up-regulation of REST/NRSF gene expression and HDACi function of VPA on histone H3 acetylation were confirmed. Neurological deficits, brain lesion size, blood-brain barrier permeability, or astrogliosis were not affected, and REST/NRSF target genes were only marginally influenced by VPA. However, VPA attenuated structural damage in the hippocampus, microgliosis and expression of the pro-inflammatory marker genes. Analyses of plasma lipidomic and polar metabolomic patterns revealed that VPA treatment increased lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), which were inversely associated with interleukin 1 beta (Il1b) and tumor necrosis factor (Tnf) gene expression in the brain. The results show that VPA has mild neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects likely originating from favorable systemic metabolic changes resulting in increased plasma LPCs that are known to be actively taken up by the brain and function as carriers for neuroprotective polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Platinum-nickel nanoparticle-based oxidase-like nanozyme for colorimetric/photothermal dual-mode detection of organophosphorus pesticides

In this study, based on the oxidase-like (OXD) activity of platinum-nickel nanoparticles (Pt-Ni NPs) nanozyme and further in collaboration with 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), a colorimetric/photothermal dual-mode probe for organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) detection was developed. TMB undergone the catalytic oxidation of Pt-Ni NPs to change from colorless to blue oxidized substance (oxTMB) and exhibited higher temperature under near-infrared irradiation. The hydrolysis product of acid phosphatase (ACP) with L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate trisodium competed with the OXD-like activity of Pt-Ni NPs to prevent the oxidation of TMB. As the concentration of OPs grew, inhibiting the blocking effect by deactivating ACP, the generated oxTMB caused notable color and temperature changes in the reaction system. The dual-mode probe responded linearly to chlorpyrifos, with the detection limits for colorimetric and photothermal modes of 1.2 ng/mL and 1.66 ng/mL, respectively. This work proposes a simple and reliable colorimetric/photothermal platform for OPs identification, which overcomes the problem that single-mode detection probes are susceptible to external factors, and has broad application potential in the field of food safety.

Evaluating long‐term trends in annual precipitation: A temporal consistency analysis of ERA5 data in the Alps and Italy

AbstractReanalyses are utilized for calculating climatological trends due to their focus on temporal consistency. ERA5 reanalysis family has proven to be a valuable and widely used product for trend extraction. This study specifically examines long‐term trends in total annual precipitation across two climatic hotspots: the Alps and Italy. It is acknowledged by reanalysis producers that variations in the observational systems used for data assimilation impact water cycle components like precipitation. This understanding highlights the need of assessing to what extent temporal variations in ERA5 precipitation amounts are solely a result of climate variations and the influence of changes in the observational system impacting simulation accuracy. Our research examines the differences between ERA5 and similar reanalyses against homogenized, trend‐focused observational datasets. We find that discerning the climatological signal within ERA5 adjustments for observational system variations is challenging. The trend in ERA5 from 1940 to 1970 shows distinct patterns over the Alps and, to a lesser extent, Italy, diverging from later ERA5 trends and those in other reanalyses. Notably, ERA5 shows an increasing, although nonlinear, trend in the deviation between ERA5 and the observational datasets. Improving future reanalysis interpretability could involve adopting a model‐only integration for the same period, akin to the ERA‐20C and ERA‐20CM approach.

High Level of CD8+PD-1+ Cells in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Who Experienced Loss of MMR after Imatinib Discontinuation.

Treatment-free remission (TFR) is achieved in approximately half of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The mechanisms responsible for TFR maintenance remain elusive. This study aimed to identify immune markers responsible for the control of residual CML cells early in the TFR (at 3 months), which may be the key to achieving long-term TFR and relapse-free survival (RFS) after discontinuation of imatinib. Our study included 63 CML patients after imatinib discontinuation, in whom comprehensive analysis of changes in the immune system was performed by flow cytometry, and changes in the BCR::ABL1 transcript levels were assessed by RQ-PCR and ddPCR. We demonstrated a significant increase in the percentage of CD8+PD-1+ cells in patients losing TFR. The level of CD8+PD-1+ cells is inversely related to the duration of treatment and incidence of deep molecular response (DMR) before discontinuation. Analysis of the ROC curve showed that the percentage of CD8+PD-1+ cells may be a significant factor in early molecular recurrence. Interestingly, at 3 months of TFR, patients with the e13a2 transcript had a significantly higher proportion of the PD-1-expressing immune cells compared to patients with the e14a2. Our results suggest the important involvement of CD8+PD-1+ cells in the success of TFR and may help in identifying a group of patients who could successfully discontinue imatinib.

Hepatocellular carcinoma and musculoskeletal system: A narrative literature review.

Musculoskeletal alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are less common than liver-related complications. However, they can significantly impact the quality of life and overall prognosis of patients with HCC. The main obstacle in the clinical assessment of HCC-induced musculoskeletal alterations is related to effective and timely diagnosis because these complications are often asymptomatic and unapparent during routine clinical evaluations. This narrative literature review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the contemporary literature related to the changes in the musculoskeletal system in patients with HCC, focusing on its clinical implications and underlying etiopathogenetic mechanisms. Osteolytic bone metastases are the most common skeletal alterations associated with HCC, which could be associated with an increased risk of low-trauma bone fracture. Moreover, previous studies reported that osteopenia, sarcopenia, and myosteatosis are associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with HCC. Even though low bone mineral density and sarcopenia are consistently reported as reliable predictors of pretransplantation and post-transplantation mortality in HCC patients, these complications are frequently overlooked in the clinical management of patients with HCC. Taken together, contemporary literature suggests that a multidisciplinary approach is essential for early recognition and clinical management of HCC-associated musculoskeletal alterations to improve patient prognosis. Further research into the mechanisms and treatment options for musculoskeletal complications is warranted to enhance our understanding and clinical management of this aspect of HCC.

OptimHome: A Shrinking Horizon Control Architecture for Bidirectional Smart Charging in Home Energy Management Systems

This study aims to develop an adaptable home energy management system capable of integrating the bidirectional smart charging of electric vehicles. The final goal is to achieve a user-defined objectives such as cost minimization or maximizing renewable self-consumption. Industrialwise, the present work yields valuable outcomes in identifying operational frameworks and boundary conditions. Optimal scheduling benefits both users and the electric network, thus enhancing grid utilization and increasing renewable energy integration. By coordinating power interactions with dynamic time-of-use tariffs, the energy management system minimizes user costs and aids the grid by cutting peak hour energy consumption. Charging and discharging operations in electric vehicles comply with energy level constraints outlined by bidirectional charging protocols. The proposed approach ensures the scheduling of cycles that minimize detrimental effects on battery health when evaluating an economically ageing mechanism. Compared to uncontrolled charging, optimal scheduling resulted in a significant reduction in the total operational cost of the dwelling. Trade-off conditions between renewable integration and potential savings are identified and numerically evaluated by means of multiobjective optimization. In contrast to scheduling-based models, the proposed architecture possesses the ability to iteratively adapt decision variables in response to system changes, thus responding effectively to external stochastic uncertainty.

Total CO2 budget estimate and degassing dynamics for an active stratovolcano: Turrialba Volcano, Costa Rica

Distributions and concentrations of carbon dioxide being emitted from active volcanoes elucidate the subsurface controls on gas ascent from the source and provide important information regarding the extent and state of the magmatic system. The main goal of this study was to determine if degassing followed open- or closed-system dynamics, and to define a baseline for eruption monitoring of degassing across the volcanic edifice through the CO2 budget estimate from the combined results of two CO2 gas emission surveys from 2021 and 2022 on Turrialba volcano, Costa Rica. This was accomplished by utilizing a new method for estimating total carbon flux on and around this persistently degassing and intermittently erupting volcano by integrating fine and coarse spatial scales of measurements; including an analysis of carbon isotopes to determine the source contributions to the gas emissions. Approximately 99% (2287 ± 1719 t CO2 day−1) of magma-derived degassing activity is advective and concentrated at the summit crater, with a smaller, continuous component of ∼1% (23.73 ± 6.65 tonnes CO2 day−1) flank diffuse soil degassing. As the majority of the gas emissions from Turrialba are concentrated in the summit plume, the system is likely experiencing open-system degassing dynamics through one dominant degassing pathway. Though at relatively low levels, the locations and distributions of diffuse degassing on the volcanic flanks allow us to delineate subsurface features that likely reveal the extent of the magmatic system of the volcano. Volcanic CO2 outputs at Turrialba primarily concentrate along faults and fractures near the summit and across the flanks where permeable zones allow gas ascent, and with limited emissions elsewhere. The results of this study provide a baseline for monitoring future changes in the Turrialba magmatic system and demonstrate the potential for applying this method to other volcanic complexes, particularly those that are poorly monitored or where there is a greater prevalence of diffuse and distal degassing.

Ten years of hand hygiene excellence: a summary of outcomes, and a comparison of indicators, from award-winning hospitals worldwide.

Hand hygiene is a crucial measure for the prevention of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). The Hand Hygiene Excellence Award (HHEA) is an international programme acknowledging healthcare facilities for their leadership in implementing hand hygiene improvement programmes, including the World Health Organisation's Multimodal Improvement Strategy. This study aimed at summarising the results of the HHEA campaign between 2010 and 2021 and investigating the relationship between different hand hygiene parameters based on data from participating healthcare facilities. A retrospective analysis was performed on datasets from HHEA forms, including data on hand hygiene compliance, alcohol-based handrub (ABHR) consumption, and Hand Hygiene Self-Assessment Framework (HHSAF) scores. Descriptive statistics were reported for each variable. The correlation between variables was inspected through Kendall's test, while possible non-linear relationships between hand hygiene compliance, ABHR consumption and HHSAF scores were sought through the Locally Estimated Scatterplot Smoothing or logistic regression models. A tree-structured partitioning model was developed to further confirm the obtained findings. Ninety-seven healthcare facilities from 28 countries in three world regions (Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America) were awarded the HHEA and thus included in the analysis. HHSAF scores indicated an advanced hand hygiene promotion level (median 445 points, IQR 395-480). System change (100 [95-100] points) and institutional safety climate (85 [70-95] points) showed the highest and lowest score, respectively. In most cases, hand hygiene compliance was above 70%, with heterogeneity between countries. ABHR consumption above 20 millilitres per patient-day (ml/PD) was widely reported, with overall increasing trends. HHSAF scores were positively correlated with hand hygiene compliance (τ = 0.211, p = 0.007). We observed a positive correlation between compliance rates and ABHR consumption (τ = 0.193, p < 0.001), although the average predicted consumption was stable around 55-60ml/PD for compliance rates above 80-85%. Logistic regression and partitioning tree analyses revealed that higher HHSAF scores were more likely in the high-ABHR consumption group at cut-offs around 57-59ml/PD. Ten years after its inception, the HHEA proves to be a valuable hand hygiene improvement programme in healthcare facilities worldwide. Consistent results were provided by the different hand hygiene indicators and the HHSAF score represents a valuable proxy measure of hand hygiene compliance.

From a traditional folk dwelling to a provincial-level cultural relic protection site - changes in the names and social memories of supervisory censor sun’s former residence

This is a qualitative study that examines the changes in the name of the Supervisory Censor Sun’s Former Residence in the context of its history from the Ming Dynasty to the present day, and the transformation and significance of the social memory of the Residence as it has changed under different social systems. The researcher used Maurice Halbwachs’ social memory theory to explain the social memories about the Residence from the Ming Dynasty to the present. Data were collected from the review on local literatures in Lianjiang County, a field study of the Residence, and interviews with key informants who used to live in the Residence. It is shown that the Supervisory Censor Sun’s Former Residence signifies power. The changes in the Residence name are closely related to changes in the social system. The Residence shapes different social memories under different social systems, and the social memories about the Residence have been constantly transformed with the development and change of social systems.

A nationwide study on immunosenescence biomarkers profile in older adults: ELSI-Brazil

Immunosenescence is a phenomenon caused by changes in the immune system, and part of these changes involves an increase in circulating immunological biomarkers, a process known as “Inflammaging.” Inflammaging can be associated with many diseases related to older people. As the older population continues to grow, understanding changes in the immune system becomes essential. While prior studies assessing these alterations have been conducted in countries with Caucasian populations, this investigation marks a pioneering effort. The object of the study is to describe for the first time that the distribution of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors serum levels, assessed by Luminex platform, has been examined in a Brazilian population-based study of older adult females and males by age. Blood samples from 2111 participants (≥50 years old) were analyzed at the baseline (2015/2016) of the ELSI-Brazil study. The exploratory variables considered in the study were age, sex, educational level, residence area, geographic region, alcohol and smoking consumption, physical activity, and self-reported medical diagnoses of hypertension, diabetes, asthma, arthritis, and cancer. The association between serum biomarker levels and age was assessed by a quantile regression model adjusted in the total population and stratified by sex. The significance level considered in the analysis was 0.05. The mean age of the participants was 62.9 years, with a slight majority of female (52.7 %). Differences were found between the sexes in the median circulating levels of the CCL11, CXCL10, and FGF biomarkers. Eight biomarkers showed significant associations with age, including the pro-inflammatory CXCL10, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-2; and type 2/regulatory CCL11 and IL-4, showing positive associations, and anti-inflammatory IL-1Ra showing a negative association. The results suggest similar associations between the sexes, revealing an inflammatory profile characterized by types 1 and 2. Remarkably, these findings reinforce the concept of the Inflammaging process in Brazilian population. These findings add novel insights to about the immunosenescence aspects in middle-income countries and help define biomarkers capable of monitoring inflammation in older adults.

The Influence of Psychosocial Factors on the Successful Formal Education Trajectories of Young Spanish People in Vulnerable Situations.

Young people in vulnerable situations tend to have more difficulties realizing successful formal education trajectories. It is extremely important to conduct studies that explore the key dimensions that can help young people overcome the conditioning of vulnerable situations, assisting in the achievement of academic success. According to the existing literature, one of these key dimensions is psychosocial well-being. Thus, this qualitative research aims to identify and analyze psychosocial factors that favor successful school pathways among young people in vulnerable situations. Through a case study approach, 12 in-depth interviews were carried out with 12 young Spanish people who not only have a vulnerable background but also successful formal education trajectories. The data were explored through qualitative content analysis-NVivo11. The results revealed that young people generally associate their successful educational trajectory with the positive impact of psychosocial factors, such as the following: positive caregivers' valuation of formal education and positive school experiences and support networks. Young people also point to many negative school experiences that have been overcome via positive attitudes and individual protective factors. The youngsters suggest changes in the educational system and teachers' skills in order to improve the levels of psychosocial support in formal education contexts. The study's implications and limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Spatio-temporal changes of rice cropping system in Anhui Province from 2010 to 2020

Monitoring changes in rice production is of significant importance for addressing food security concerns in China. However, obtaining long-term, high-resolution rice planting maps is challenging due to the influence of cloud cover and temporal resolution limitations. This study, conducted on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, utilizes Landsat and Sentinel data and employs the difference in normalized difference vegetation index method (dNDVI) to extract the distribution in rice cultivation systems in Anhui Province over the past decade. The results indicate that, between 2010 and 2020, the area of single cropping rice cultivation in Anhui Province increased by 12513.612 km², while the area of double cropping rice cultivation decreased by 13527.892 km². The rice replanting index declined by 31%. With a notable shift observed in 2015, where a substantial area of double cropping rice was replaced by single cropping rice cultivation. Consequently, over the past decade, there has been a gradual decrease in the rice cultivation area in Anhui Province, accompanied by a significant shift from double to single cropping cultivation, and a continuous decline in the replanting index. This research provides vital clues for a deeper understanding of the rice planting pattern, offering scientific support for the sustainability of food production.

Aquifer-CO2 leak project. Effect of CO2-rich water percolation in porous limestone cores: Simulation of a leakage in a shallow carbonate freshwater aquifer

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a promising technology for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, however, leakage of CO2 constitutes a major concern for aquifers. Despite abundant literature on petrophysical and geochemical changes at storage conditions, few studies address the impact of CO2 leakage on petrophysical and at aquifer-like pressures, flow rates and temperatures. The aim of the paper is to study and quantify at the core scale, the effects of various factors, including flow rates, fluid salinities, CO2 concentrations and limestone carbonate facies, on the petrophysical and geochemical parameters of a carbonate freshwater aquifer during an experimental CO2 leakage. To achieve this, successive CO2-rich water percolation experiments were performed at the core scale, while monitoring changes in petrophysical parameters and water chemistry.During our experiments, initial permeability increments were observed for both rock samples, followed by decreases in later experiments. Evidence of pore clogging and wormholes was also observed. It was found that the transport of particles led to significant porosity creation. The water monitoring sensors were sensible to the experimental leakage conditions, particularly electrical conductivity. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of petrophysical changes in carbonate aquifer systems by anticipating which type of aquifers are more vulnerable to dissolution and to what extent the CO2 leakage conditions modify the petrophysical parameters.

Neonatal brain inflammation enhances methamphetamine-induced reinstated behavioral sensitization in adult rats analyzed with explainable machine learning

Neonatal brain inflammation produced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in long-lasting brain dopaminergic injury and motor disturbances in adult rats. The goal of the present work is to investigate the effect of neonatal systemic LPS exposure (1 or 2 mg/kg, i.p. injection in postnatal day 5, P5, male rats)-induced dopaminergic injury to examine methamphetamine (METH)-induced behavioral sensitization as an indicator of drug addiction. On P70, subjects underwent a treatment schedule of 5 once daily subcutaneous (s.c.) administrations of METH (0.5 mg/kg) (P70–P74) to induce behavioral sensitization. Ninety-six hours following the 5th treatment of METH (P78), the rats received one dose of 0.5 mg/kg METH (s.c.) to reintroduce behavioral sensitization. Hyperlocomotion is a critical index caused by drug abuse, and METH administration has been shown to produce remarkable locomotor-enhancing effects. Therefore, a random forest model was used as the detector to extract the feature interaction patterns among the collected high-dimensional locomotor data. Our approaches identified neonatal systemic LPS exposure dose and METH-treated dates as features significantly associated with METH-induced behavioral sensitization, reinstated behavioral sensitization, and perinatal inflammation in this experimental model of drug addiction. Overall, the analysis suggests that the implementation of machine learning strategies is sensitive enough to detect interaction patterns in locomotor activity. Neonatal LPS exposure also enhanced METH-induced reduction of dopamine transporter expression and [3H]dopamine uptake, reduced mitochondrial complex I activity, and elevated interleukin-1β and cyclooxygenase-2 concentrations in the P78 rat striatum. These results indicate that neonatal systemic LPS exposure produces a persistent dopaminergic lesion leading to a long-lasting change in the brain reward system as indicated by the enhanced METH-induced behavioral sensitization and reinstated behavioral sensitization later in life. These findings indicate that early-life brain inflammation may enhance susceptibility to drug addiction development later in life, which provides new insights for developing potential therapeutic treatments for drug addiction.

The Challenge of the US Dollar Standard System and the New Changes of the Global Monetary System

In the past century, the international monetary system has undergone obvious changes, from the domination of the British pound to the domination of the US dollar, and then to the emergence and strengthening of "de-dollarization", which is also in line with the trend of The Times of economic multi-polarization, and the multi-polarization of the monetary system has become the trend of history. However, whether in foreign exchange reserves, international trade pricing and settlement, or due to the strong comprehensive national strength of the United States, it can be said that the US dollar will remain stable for a long time, and the international monetary system will remain relatively stable. How to maintain the stability and development of the national economy in emerging economies under the transformation of the old and new monetary systems, and how to develop the international monetary system will be an important proposition of the times.

Traditional Banking Evolution in China Amidst the Fintech Revolution

This paper aims to investigate how the evolution of fintech could impact the traditional banking industry in China by reviewing the existing research. It provides a brief introduction to Chinese banks, outlining their structures, and functions against the background of the development in the Chinese financial market. The paper also discusses how fintech could potentially interact with Chinese banks and the possible changes in bank financing systems, clearing systems, and credit rating systems in light of the fintech revolution. The final section of the report provides a summary of the accomplishments of fintech in the banking industry. It also explains the reasons behind the fintech revolution in the banking sector and suggests practical solutions for traditional Chinese banks to integrate fintech into their regular operations. This integration can help improve the efficiency of financing, clearing, and credit rating systems by utilizing fintech techniques already in use such as P2P lending, blockchain, and artificial intelligence (AI).

A mixed‐methods approach to identify elements of culturally‐attuned teacher−student relationship interventions

AbstractWe employed a mixed‐methods design to identify intervention elements that may improve relational inclusion in classrooms through equity‐framed and culturally‐attuned teacher−student relationship interventions. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 29 (26 female) school mental health professionals and 19 parents (mostly mothers) of racially, ethnically, and culturally diverse students. Using a convergent mixed‐methods design, we first analyzed the individual data points and then integrated the quantitative and qualitative data in the interpretation and discussion of the results. Our findings showed that, for school mental health professionals, the quantitative data largely complemented the qualitative results, which represented four themes: School−family partnerships, critical consciousness, educator preparation, and transformational social‐emotional learning. Parents of minoritized students identified unique elements, including microaggressions, color evasion, recognition of bias, storytelling, and systemic change as important for the development of culturally‐attuned interventions. The two groups had parallel and contrasting recommendations about elements that may contribute to improved classroom relational inclusion for minoritized students. Results illustrate how merging professional and parent perspectives could contribute to the development of teacher−student relationship interventions that appropriately address issues of equity and culture in ways that are meaningful to end users and other stakeholders.

Lifetime Distribution for a Mixed Redundant System with Imperfect Switch and Components Having Phase–Type Time-to-Failure Distribution

Recently, a mixed redundancy was introduced among the redundant design strategies to achieve a more reliable system within the equivalent resources. This study deals with a lifetime distribution for a mixed redundant system with an imperfect fault detector/switch. The lifetime distribution model was formulated using a structured continuous Markov chain (CTMC) and considers the time-to-failure (TTF) distribution of a component as a phase-type distribution (PHD). The model’s versatility and practicality are enhanced because the PHD can represent diverse degradation patterns of the components exposed to varied operating environments. The model provides accurate reliability for a mixed redundant system by advancing the approximate reliability function suggested in previous studies. Furthermore, the model would be useful in system design and management because it provides information such as the nth moment of the system’s lifetime distribution. In numerical experiments on some examples, the mixed redundancy was confirmed to devise a more reliable system than the existing active and standby redundancies, and the improvement effect increased as the number of redundant components decreased. The optimal structure for maximizing the expected lifetime of the system changes depends on the reliability of the components and fault detector/switch.