Shade Change Research Articles

Landsat Maps of Iraq: Tools for Non-Invasive Exploration: ABSTRACT

Optical analysis of Landsat imagery is a valuable preliminary step for exploration in areas where a detailed geologic base is lacking, logistics are difficult, or the political situation is insecure. Two maps of Iraq produced by such analysis elucidate structural and lithologic relations across a broad oil-producing region. The Landsat map of Iraq is divided into units based on drainage patterns, surface textures, relative resistance to erosion, and color. These units tentatively correlate to the broadly generalized geologic map of Iraq. The Landsat map clearly delineates Iraq's 3 major geotectonic zones: (1) desert and alluvial plains, (2) simply folded, and (3) overthrust. The lineament and anomaly map, derived from optically enhanced imagery, shows noncultural lineamen s and 5 types of anomalies: (1) linear, (2) circular, (3) structural, (4) textural, and (5) shade. Conjugate shear sets form lineaments oblique to the regional and local compression directions. Lineaments also reflect normal faults, tear faults, thrust fronts, structural control of wadis, and wind-direction features. The intersection of 3 or more lineaments defines a linear anomaly. Circular anomalies can be attributed to structural domes or basins, diapirs, calderas, or astroblemes. Appreciable deviations from local deformational style are considered structural anomalies. Textural anomalies are abrupt changes in texture unrelated to lithologic changes. Shade anomalies, mapped from band 5 enhancements, reflect a shade change from light to dark, usually across a lineament. Comparison of o l field locations to Landsat-mapped units, lineaments, and anomalies can indicate exploration targets for more detailed ground-based geologic and seismic investigation. End_of_Article - Last_Page 479------------

The genetics of colour-patterns in the grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus

Several alleles were found to determine the colour of the dorsal pronotum in Chorthippus brunneus; there was evidence for at least two loci (C and V). Brown (CB)was the universal recessive and green (CC) was dominant to all other colours. The white allele (CW)was codominant with green(CG)and purple (CP). Wing-patterns were determined by a separate, probably linked locus (W). A dominant plain wing-pattern (WP) was associated with colours other than brown. Striped(WS)and mottled(Wmo) were codominant and a plain recessive allele (WP) was also found. All three alleles were associated with the brown phenotype. A purple-sided allele (SPu) was sometimes obmd with Cpu.. SPu was dominant to brown sides (SB), A series of markings on the dorsal and lateral pronotum (linea intermedia, fascia postocularis, linea media, carina media and zona lateralis) were investigated and found to be controlled at separate loci which may be linked to W. These characters were expressed by dominant alleles. Epistatic effects by modifier loci were shown to have an important effect on the determination of wing phenotype. Allele Wo+, for example, suppressed the stripe-wing pattern, linea media, carina media and zona lateralis. It was concluded that colour patterns appear to be under genetic control and that dominant alleles were rare in the wild. Changes in shades of colours were shown to be age-dependent and minor.

Generalized shading from a Taylor shaded line array

Because of the introduction of random access memory (RAM) into digital beamformer design, it is now possible to shade arrays so that the shading changes as the desired beam direction changes. For the simple case of a one-dimensional array [x,f(x)] we demonstrate a method of shading and give computer-simulated results. This method of shading is immediately applicable to two-dimensional arrays of the form [x,y,f(x)]. With this capability for shading we can analyze a restricted class of conformal arrays. [This work was supported by NAVSEA 63XT under contract N00024-79-C-6358.]

Diurnal Variation in Situ of Photosynthetic Capacity in Ulva Is Caused by a Dark Reaction

Ulva lactuca (sea lettuce) undergoes large diurnal oscillations of light-saturated photosynthetic O(2) evolution in situ. Freshly collected samples from Great Harbor, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, had a maximum white light-saturated rate at noon that was 2.5-fold higher than the rate of matched samples collected at midnight. When kept under constant low level illumination, the cycle persisted for at least 36 hours, and after 2 weeks damped out to a constant level that was halfway between the minimum and maximum rates. The cyclic oscillations were apparent whether expressed on a weight or chlorophyll content basis, occurred in both lightly and heavily pigmented samples, and were not attributable to changes in chloroplast shading due to variations in chloroplast orientation within the frond cells. There were no cyclic variations in the initial slopes of the light saturation curves, in photosynthetic unit size, or in relative quantum efficiency. Measurement of the "fast" turnover time of photosynthesis by the delayed dual flash technique revealed no diurnal variations of this parameter. These results indicate that the cyclic variations in photosynthetic activity are modulated by a dark reaction at a step occurring after reduction of plastoquinone by electrons from photosystem II.

Effects of Carbohydrazide on Volatiles Released During Finishing with THPOH-NH 3 and Attendant Decrease in Shade Changes of Reactive-Dyed Cotton Fabrics

Ammonia treatment of fabric impregnated with THPOH and a small amount of carbohydrazide produced a flame-retardant fabric that had higher weight gains and higher phosphorus, nitrogen, and formaldehyde contents than a treated fabric in which the carbohydrazide was absent. The carbohydrazide has ability to react with both the organophosphorus moieties as well as free formaldehyde, yielding products of relatively low volatility that are not lost during the drying and ammonia curing steps. The decreased formaldehyde released during drying lessens the change in shade of cotton fabrics dyed with reactive type dyes that is usually observed when they are treated for flame resistance with THPOH-NH3.

New organic yellow pigments with high fastness to light and weathering Part 1

Until recently only few organic yellow pigments with a sufficiently high standard of fastness —in particular fastness to light and weathering— were available for the manufacture of quality paints for outdoor use. In this article four new organic yellow pigments of high fastness are introduced. In a trial series these products were tested side by side with well‐established yellow pigments for their fastness to weathering in a stoving paint. For this purpose they were exposed to weathering in Florida for one year. The fastness to weathering was evaluated not only visually by the most widely used method, viz. comparison with the 5‐step Grey Scale, but also colorimetrically by determination of a ▵ AN value as a measure of any shade change which might have occurred. The values thus obtained are represented in various ways and compared with one another. Moreover, the fastness to weathering of the new and the old yellow pigments is compared with that of selected pigments of different shades which are also used for paints for outdoor use.

Effects of Cultural Practices on Acclimatization of Ficus benjamina L.1

Abstract Shade-grown Ficus benjamina produced under 40 and 80% shade were larger and had better grade and foliage color than sun-grown plants after 9 months growth, but trunk caliper was less. Increasing Osmocote (14.0 N – 6.2 P – 11.6 K) from 4 to 16 g per 20 cm diam pot – 3 months increased foliage color and grade but had no effect on height or trunk caliper. The best plants after 6 months indoors under 0.8 klx, 12 hours daily were those produced under 40 or 80% shade with 12 or 16 g Osmocote levels although they had higher leaf drop. Chlorophyll content (mg/cm2) of leaf tissue was highest under 40 and 80% shade. Fertilizer had no effect on this in the production area or after 3 or 6 months indoors. After 6 months indoors, chlorophyll content had decreased by nearly 50% in all treatments. Macronutrient tissue levels varied with changes in shade and fertilizer level.

Effect of tone on perception of figures in children (author's transl)

This experiment was designed to examine the effect of tone on the perception of figures in children, presenting a tone together with figures. On the basis of studies concerning sensory interaction, the factors producing perceptual changes of figures were also examined. It was found that the change of figure perception was caused by tones, not by suggestions nor by differences in pitch. Significant difference was obtained between the conditions with and without tones. The changes in color, shape, size, position and color shade were observed. As the extreme case of the inhibitional effect of color shades, the disappearance of figure perception was also observed. The results obtained in this experiment were discussed in relation to the sensory developmental study.

REPRESENTATION OF MINIMUM AMOUNT OF BICHROMATE IN WOOL DYEING WITH MORDANT DYESTUFFS

In commercial processing of wool dyeing using mordant dyestuffs, bichromate has been in use. After chromating it has been a common practice to use potasium bichromate equal to 1/2-1/3% of dyestuffs.Lately the pressure of chromium in water waste contained in heavy metals came to light as a cause of public nuisance, its amount being in excess beyond the allowance for public safety. As a result of it further investigations has been carried on.Among the processes directed toward alleviation are to change mordant dyestuffs to some others for instance, such as 1:2 type metal complex dyestuffs; use of reductive agents; application of ion exchange resins to mention the outstanding attempts.The present paper reports the findings consisted of the following three parts(1) Amount of chromium in dyebath at the end of dyeing was much influenced by next factors; amount of bichromate and sodium sulfite, chroming temperature and time.Chromium was hardly detected when potassium bichromate was used less than 0.7% owf under ordinary dyeing conditions.(2) Purity of dyestuffs in market was investigated and then calculated the stoichiometric chromium amount. Dyeing was practised under this chromium amount and chromium in dyebath was checked. Both change of shade and dyeing fastness properties was also checked.In the results, it was shown that the minimum amount of bichromate required to develop the dyestuff was nearly the stoichiometric chromium amount.(3) Application to actual dyeing the stoichiometric chromium amount i.e., to actual dyeing “Potassium bichromate Factor” was considered. Dyeing was practised on the basis of this factor. Actual yarn and piece dyeing tests over six months followed that chromium in waste water was hardly detected and that both fastness properties and reappearance of shade was very satisfied.

Studies in Wool Yellowing

Changes in the yellowness of wool during exposure to sunlight or to an artificial source resembling sunlight (the Xenotest) depend not only on the relative proportions of blue light and uv radiation, which cause partial bleaching and yellowing, respectively, but also on the exposure period and on the initial natural yellowness of the sample. The bleaching reaction is rapid and short-lived and is most pronounced with deeply yellow wools, whereas uv yellowing is more apparent with paler specimens and is sustained throughout irradiation. Even with the deeply yellow samples, the uv yellow ing reaction eventually supervenes and proceeds at a similar rate for all wools, although the level of yellowness at any particular stage of irradiation varies from one wool to another. A linear relationship exists between the initial natural yellowness of scoured wool and the change in yellowness during Xenotest irradiation for any particular period. Action spectra for changes in shade of naturally yellow wool and of wool after yellow ing in the laboratory by either uv radiation, dry heat, or hot alkaline buffer are similar. yellowness increasing to a maximum with decrease in wavelength down to 300-320 mμ (the lowest waveband examined) and decreasing to a minimum at 440-460 mμ in the blue region. However, the absorption spectra determined by the o-dichlorobenzene immersion method differ and so, in general, do the changes in yellowness during irradiation in the Xenotest. Natural yellowness is more likely to be attributable to the deposition of a thin pigment layer at the surface of the wool fiber than to the effects of uv radiation, heat, or alkaline conditions while on the sheep. This important difference in the distribution of pigment between natural and artificially yellowed wools may suggest new methods of improving the color of wool.

Studies in Wool Yellowing Part XIX: Improved Stability of Fluorescent-Brightened Fabrics to Simulated Sunlight

The effects of modifications of thiourea-formaldehyde treatment of bleached and unbleached wool fabrics have been studied with regard to the protection against uv radiation damage. Pretreatment of bleached fabric with stannous chloride improves the shrink resistance of the wool but causes some yellowing. Pretreatment with aluminum sulfate does not affect the color of the wool and improves the setting and insectproofing properties. Aluminum sulfate also acts as a mordant for the fluorescent brightening agent. A comparison of reducing agents used during the application of brightening agent shows that sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate is slightly superior to zinc formalde hyde sulfoxylate when wet wool is exposed to uv radiation. The concentration of formaldehyde has an important influence on the protection conferred by thiourea- formaldehyde during short reaction times. Application of high concentrations of fluorescent brightener, followed by thiourea-formaldehyde, improves both the initial appearance and the light fastness of the fabric. The additional fluorescence masks small changes in shade of the underlying fabric, as revealed by yellowness index measurements.

THE THERMAL-STABILITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF DIRECT DYES AT HIGH TEMPERATURE AND HIGH PRESSURE

The thermal-stability of aqueous solution of the direct dyes was studied to appreciate the suitability for the high temperature dyeing of hydrophobic fibers.First, the testing method of the thermal-stability was studied.A Pt-lined autoclave, and a stainless-steel autoclave with or without a glass tube or a quartz tube were used as the vessel for the thermal-stability test. The pH change of distilled water by 180°C-heating in the individual vessel was determined. The grade of pH-change by the heating was remerkably in the glass tube, but was not so much in the stainless-steel and the quartz tube, especially the change in the later tube was negligible.The aqueous solution of commercial Chlorantine Fast Blue 3 RLL was heated in the stainless-steel autoclave or the quartz tube for 40min. at various temperatures, and the change of absorption spectra and pH of the heat-treated aqueous dye solution was determined. In the stainless-steel autoclave these changes were relatively large and there is no reasonable relation between these variables and treated-temperatures. On the contrary, in the quartz tube the absorption spectra and pH of the heated dye-aqueous solution changed slightly, and their change became gradually larger with the increased of treated temperatures. These results indicate that the quartz tube is the most adequate material for the thermal-stability test of dye aqueous solution.Then, the thermal-stability of aqueous solution of 16 dyes that belong mainly to direct azo dyes of benzidine series were tested in the quartz tube at 160°C.Degradation degrees of these dye-aqueous solution were between 0.7% and 7.5y, for 30-minute heating. Therefore it may be said that these dyes have high thermal-stabilities and are more useful for high temperature dyeing.However, the treatments in the presence of metals causes various changes. The aqueous solutions of commercial Chlorantine Fast Blue 3 RLL and Direct Brown 3G almost completely faded by the heat-treatment (160°C, 30min.) in the presence of iron wire in the quartz tube. In the heattreatment of the aqueous solution of former dye in the presence of copper wire a considerable degradation (26.3%) was recognized, and for the later the change in the color shade was observed. Stainless-steel degrade remarkably either dye-aqueous solution (42% and 36%, each), but no shade change takes place.Finally, the degradation rate of the aqueous solution (0.5% conc.) of purified Direct Sky Blue 6 B was measured.In the heat-treatment at 140°C and 150°C the degradation proceeds according to the first order equation during the experimental period (2hours). But in the heat-treatment at above 160°C, the degrees of degradation deviated from calculated values by mean of first order equation based on the degraded value at initial stage, and the deviation becomes larger with the increasing of treating temperature and treating time respectively.The activation energy of the degradation of Direct Sky Blue 6 B aqueous solution, which is calculated by first order equation, is 23.1 kcal/mol.

Reduced-Time Facsimile Transmission by Digital Coding

The growing importance of digital communication links has resulted in a family of coding methods designed to achieve reduced-time digital facsimile transmission. This paper reports on a study of the effectiveness and feasibility of one of these methods, Run Length Coding (RLC). RLC is a well-known digital method in which the area and shade of the copy are quantized to form a mosaic pattern. Neighboring elements of the mosaic are successively scanned, and redundancy is removed by coding and transmitting only lengths between shade changes (run lengths) rather than individual area elements. Measurements of the statistical distribution of run lengths of various copy were made to determine the possible transmission time reduction. Digital equipment and a drum scanner were used to measure the statistics of weather maps, topographic maps, text, diagrams, and continuous-tone pictures (quantized to four shade levels). The maximum possible time reduction was calculated for each type of copy, and practical codes were then designed and evaluated. The average time reduction factor for black and white copy was four, compared to a theoretical optimum of 4.7. Since the maximum bit rate of the transmission line should be continuously utilized, and since time reduction factors for particular runs depend on the lengths of the runs, a practical RLC facsimile system must possess either a variable speed scan, a large and elastic buffer storage, or some combination of the two. A system is proposed whose encoding principle permits a feasible compromise between these two extremes, and whose implementation involves a flying-spot scanner that is converted into a digital device by means of optical reference gratings.

Studies on the Neutral Beater Sizing in the Process of Paper Manufacturing

It has been a most common practice at the paper mills that the method called the acidic fixation in lower PH (PH 4-4.5) was applied to size the paper, however, due to the excess of aluminum sulphate would decompose alkaline earth filler such as calcium and magnesium carbonates and destroys its sizing effect.After a long carefull studies and experiments were carried out we have finally succeeded in produce the neutral sizing agent which produced excellent sizing effect even in the nearly neutrality (near to PH 7.0).For the example, we mixed with about 10-40% of precipitated calcium carbonate into the pulp in the beater adding with the neutral sizing of about 1-4% and the aluminum sulphate of 1-3%, then we are able to observe the perfect sizing effect on the tissues and printing papers. In other words, the test result of Stoickigt method was indicated about 30-50 seconds (60g/m2).Also, it is known to manufat cure the high grade none-filled paper (such as writing, bond, name-card paper etc.) made with the process called the acidic sizings, in this connection the required amount of aluminum sulphate is to be limited approximately between 1/4-1/5 as to compare with previous method. Assuming as to obtain size of 2 per cent it only required between 0.4-0.5 percent of aluminum sulphate are sufficient.Many tests carried by actual operation at the various paper mills, we are convinced more from those data and results, this is more effective medium for paper sizing than any other sizing agents. In this field and many Japanese paper mills are to start using and adopting the neutral sizing for the purpose, therefore we are prepared to state the merit and advantages of this material as follows.1) In the past a most important filler for the papers are those of various clays, however to obtain with the whiteness (above 95 %) and perfect filling effect many paper mills are able to use of those calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate as the filler from now on.We recommend to use it for high grade tissue paper such as air mail and india paper which are required more translucent. It also can be used for a suitable common writing paper making because resistance against the Perker's fountain ink which consist of high degree of PH2) In the manufacturing Japaness paper by the cylinder paper machine, this neutral sizing agent will give much satisfaction for the reason of it's nature which will not destroy the fibre dispersing ability of mucilages (abelmoschus manihot) which will be able to adjust the uniform suspension of long fibres to coagulation in the acidic reaction of rosin and aluminum sulphate sizing.3) On account of the neutral nature in sizing, the durability and preservation of paper could be maintained and gain many other benefits by using it.4) It is known fact that a close relationship exists between the rate of dryness of paper and or printing ink and in this connection the expert on this subject recently recommended of the neutral slightly alkaline fixation for the sizing. (Ref. A. Voet : Ink and Paper, Part II pp 193 5) 5) This neutral sizing agent is a quite effective and ideal method and proceed with the method of neutral size, it will not only save a larger amount of aluminum sulphate but also save a big amount of fluorescent dye which intended to improve the whiteness of papers thus by using it themanufacturing cost will be sufficiently reduced. (In the case of the size produced under the acid condition will have a tendency of change of the red shade) 6) Due to the neutral nature of itself, this will definitely help to reduce the erosive action on the machine wire thus prolong the life of the wire.The neutral size is a sort of high-free rosin soap which is produced under a special saponification, process and it was prevented the coagulation of rosin particles by using the protective colloids.

The Colour Changes of Vat and Azoic Dyes by Wet and Dry Heat*

SummaryIn an earlier paper1 the author showed that the change of shade of dyeings of vat and azoic dyes on soaping is due to a transition of the dye particles from the amorphous to the crystalline state. Additional evidence is now produced, and it is shown thattwo vat dyes deposited in the fibre simultaneously can combine on soaping to form a crystalline system different from that of the respective individual dyes.

ADAPTIVE CHANGES IN SHADES AND COLOR OF FUNDULUS

1. Adaptive changes in shade occur in Fundulus heteroclitus when placed on white, gray, and black backgrounds. This adaptation is brought about by the contraction or expansion of the melanophores.2. On colored backgrounds for short periods, adaptation in only shade occurs.3. Prolonged stimulation by colored backgrounds brings about adaptation in color. This occurred in yellow, red, green, and blue environments.4. The experiments with spectral lights of different wave-lengths but of the same radiant energy or intensity, show that the melanophores respond similarly at all wave-lengths, the contraction being due to light intensity.5. The response to the longer wave-lengths, red and especially yellow, in causing an expansion of the xanthophores, though intensity was the same as in the blue on short wave-length end of the spectrum, shows that the quality of light or wave-length has a specific influence on the coloration of Fundulus.6. The stimuli causing changes in shade and color are received through the eyes.7. The changes in color are brought about by the degree of expansion or contraction of the melanophores and xanthophores combined with the optical properties of the guanophores or iridocytes and the reflecting layer. The guanophores are frequently found associated with the melanophores.8. Adaptive change to a yellow background is brought about by a maximum expansion of xanthophores and a maximum contraction of the melanophores.9. In fishes adapted to a red background, the xanthophores are only partially expanded and the melanophores contracted. The pink color is due chiefly to a dilation of the blood capillaries.10. In fishes adapted to a green background, the green tints present in the normal light adapted fish, is increased and is especially noticeable above the eyes. The xanthophores and melanophores are partially expanded.11. In blue adapted fishes the xanthophores are maximally contracted and the melanophores in the deeper portions of the dermis and upon the proximal parts of the scales, are expanded.Postscript. Since the preparation of this paper I have had the opportunity of repeating the experiments on Fundulus at the St. Andrew's Biological Station. My results have been the same as those obtained in the Harvard Laboratory-except that I failed to get on a red background the pink coloration and vaso-dilation described in this paper. Whether this is a seasonal or a local difference in the fishes remains to be worked out.

Changes in Shade, Color and Pattern in Fishes and their Bearing on Certain Problems of Behavior and Adaptation

Changes in Shade, Color and Pattern in Fishes and their Bearing on Certain Problems of Behavior and Adaptation