Changes In Sedentary Behavior Research Articles

Research protocol for a before-after comparison of the Impact of COVID-19 on Physical Activity, sedentary and dietary behaviour of School-going Adolescents in Punjab, India (ICPASA study)

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the already existing pandemic of physical inactivity. In adolescents, the effect of COVID-19 related governmental measures may be even more pronounced, as they experience school closures, home confinement, social distancing and possible mental health issues as a result. The current study uses the COVID-19 pandemic and associated governmental measures as a natural experiment to understand the impact on the lifestyle of adolescents with relation to physical activity, sedentary and dietary behaviour. We also aim to describe the determinants of change in lifestyle behaviours. Methods/Design: A before-after experimental study design will be followed in which baseline measurements have been undertaken in 2018-19 before the COVID-19 pandemic, and the follow-up measurements will be repeated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Twenty schools of Punjab, India form the primary unit of participation from which 1086 adolescents participated in the study. Validated questionnaires are used to measure physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and dietary behaviour. Additionally, objective measures of physical activity will be performed using accelerometer over a 7-day period on a sub-sample. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference will be assessed objectively as a measure of central obesity. Qualitative interviews and focus group discussions will be conducted to have a better understanding for reasons of change in physical activity, sedentary and dietary behaviour or any possible differences between groups. Discussion: The study aims to reveal the impact of COVID-19 related governmental measures on physical activity, sedentary and dietary behaviour of adolescents. It is one of the first studies to show both subjective and objective measures of physical activity levels and sedentary time of school-going adolescents during COVID-19. Due to the mixed method approach we will be able to identify reasons for changes in lifestyle behaviours and possibly find innovative ways of staying physically active during the era of physical distancing.

The COVID-19 Conundrum: Keeping safe while becoming inactive. A rapid review of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and exercise in adults by gender and age.

BackgroundCoronavirus (COVID-19) has severely impacted lifestyles worldwide. Responses to COVID-19 have intentionally restricted the factors that encourage regular and frequent PA; opportunity, capability and motivation. However, the effects of these restrictions are likely to have differed by gender and age and different intensities of PA. This rapid review builds on previous evidence by synthesising the global impact of COVID-19 on adult PA through specific intensities and types of PA and evaluating this by gender and age.MethodsA rapid systematic search of seven electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Academic Search Complete, APA PsycInfo, and APA PsycArticles) was performed from December 2019 to January 2021. Studies investigating adult change in PA, exercise or sedentary behaviour due to COVID-19 were included.ResultsFrom an initial database search identifying 3,863 articles, 66 remained for synthesis after applying eligibility criteria. Results demonstrate decreases among all intensities and types of PA—walking (6 out of 7 papers), moderate-only (5 out of 6 papers), vigorous-only (5 out of 6 papers) and MVPA (4 out of 5 papers); as well as overall PA (14–72% participants reported a decrease). Reflecting that COVID-19 responses were designed to have universal effects, they also achieved whole-society decreases in PA behaviour, accented in older age groups.ConclusionThere is a universal need to address the low levels of PA post-COVID-19. The consequences of decreased PA across all intensities has powerful, potentially recoverable, impacts. Universal declines have implications for public health officials and PA advocates for post-COVID-19 initiatives to promote PA.

Resting state functional connectivity provides mechanistic predictions of future changes in sedentary behavior

Sedentary behaviors are increasing at the cost of millions of dollars spent in health care and productivity losses due to physical inactivity-related deaths worldwide. Understanding the mechanistic predictors of sedentary behaviors will improve future intervention development and precision medicine approaches. It has been posited that humans have an innate attraction towards effort minimization and that inhibitory control is required to overcome this prepotent disposition. Consequently, we hypothesized that individual differences in the functional connectivity of brain regions implicated in inhibitory control and physical effort decision making at the beginning of an exercise intervention in older adults would predict the change in time spent sedentary over the course of that intervention. In 143 healthy, low-active older adults participating in a 6-month aerobic exercise intervention (with three conditions: walking, dance, stretching), we aimed to use baseline neuroimaging (resting state functional connectivity of two a priori defined seed regions), and baseline accelerometer measures of time spent sedentary to predict future pre-post changes in objectively measured time spent sedentary in daily life over the 6-month intervention. Our results demonstrated that functional connectivity between (1) the anterior cingulate cortex and the supplementary motor area and (2) the right anterior insula and the left temporoparietal/temporooccipital junction, predicted changes in time spent sedentary in the walking group. Functional connectivity of these brain regions did not predict changes in time spent sedentary in the dance nor stretch and tone conditions, but baseline time spent sedentary was predictive in these conditions. Our results add important knowledge toward understanding mechanistic associations underlying complex out-of-session sedentary behaviors within a walking intervention setting in older adults.

From Secondary School to University: Associations Between Domain-Specific Sedentary Behaviors and Lifestyle Risk Behaviors.

This study examined associations between changes in domain-specific sedentary behaviors and changes in health-related lifestyles of Spanish secondary school students (n = 113) to their first year of university. During the transitions from the end of high school to the beginning of university, engagement in sedentary behaviors have emerged as potential additional behavioral risk factors. Understanding how sedentary behaviors interconnect with other (un)healthy behaviors will inform interventions on multiple risk behaviors across this critical life period. A 3-year longitudinal survey assessed associations between domain-specific sedentary behaviors and leisure time physical activity (IPAQ), alcohol and tobacco consumption, and fruit and vegetable intake (24-h dietary recall), using Generalized Estimating Equations. Spending time on sedentary transportation was associated with a greater likelihood of smoking, whereas sedentary weekend homework was associated with a reduced likelihood of consuming alcohol. The lowest and highest tertiles for sedentary screen use and leisure-time PA were also less likely not to meet the recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption. For specific sedentary behaviors, associations were gender-based or affected by leisure time physical activity. From secondary school to university, specific sedentary behaviors are linked to lifestyle risk factors. Over this transitional period, public health interventions targeting reduced sedentary behaviors may bring multiple benefits by also preventing other harmful behaviors.

On the Move or Barely Moving? Age-Related Changes in Physical Activity, Sedentary, and Sleep Behaviors by Weekday/Weekend Following Pandemic Control Policies.

This study examined pre-pandemic (2017-early March 2020) to early-pandemic (Spring 2020) changes in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), light PA (LPA), and sedentary behavior/sleep (SS), by weekday/weekend, and age (preschool, elementary, middle school). We re-enrolled children from two pre-pandemic obesity prevention trials and examined differences in accelerometer-measured PA from pre-pandemic to early-pandemic across age groups using linear mixed models. Children (n = 75) were 51% multiple race/ethnicities, 29% preschool, 28% elementary, 43% middle school, 65% suburban, 21% rural, and 13% urban. Pre-pandemic to early-pandemic changes in weekday MVPA (p = 0.006), LPA (p = 0.018), and SS (p = 0.003) differed by age. On weekdays, middle schoolers’ MVPA decreased 15.36 min/day (p = 0.002) and SS increased 94.36 min/day (p < 0.001) with non-significant changes among preschoolers and elementary schoolers. Compared to elementary schoolers, middle schoolers’ changes in weekday MVPA (b = −16.34, p = 0.036) and SS (b = 63.28, p = 0.039) significantly differed. Declines in weekday MVPA and increases in SS among middle schoolers suggest that, compared with younger children, middle schoolers are dependent on school and recreational facilities for PA, and in their absence engage in more sedentary activities and sleep.

A Randomized Clinical Trial Demonstrating Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of a Videoconference-Delivered Physical Activity Lifestyle Intervention Among Adolescents With a Congenital Heart Defect.

Individuals with congenital heart defects are at increased risk for developing further cardiovascular complications, which can be mitigated by increasing physical activity. Given that positive health behaviors begin declining during older adolescence, it is vital to promote lifestyle changes in this population. The current study aims to (a) determine the feasibility/acceptability of the Congenital Heart Disease Physical Activity Lifestyle (CHD-PAL) intervention among adolescents (ages 15-18) with moderate and complex congenital heart defects, and (b) estimate the preliminary efficacy of CHD-PAL for increasing time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and cardiorespiratory fitness and decreasing sedentary behavior. Eligible participants were randomized into either CHD-PAL (eight 30-min videoconferencing sessions over 20 weeks with an interventionist + Fitbit + exercise prescription) or a comparator (Fitbit + exercise prescription). Sixty adolescents were randomized (76% recruitment rate; 94% of participants were retained from baseline to follow-up). Most adolescents (73%) and their parents/guardians (76%) reported that the trial was enjoyable. While there was no effect of arm on change in MVPA, sedentary behavior, or cardiorespiratory fitness for the entire sample, among those who engaged in <21 min of MVPA on average at baseline, adolescents in the CHD-PAL intervention had an increase of 16 min/day of MVPA more than comparators (d = 0.90). The CHD-PAL intervention warrants examination in a larger trial to establish efficacy among those adolescents with a congenital heart defect who engage in <21 min of MVPA/day and should include follow-up assessments to examine effect durability. NCT03335475.

Supporting Physical Activity in Patients and Populations During Life Events and Transitions: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Achieving recommended levels of physical activity is important for optimal cardiovascular health and can help reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Emerging evidence suggests that physical activity fluctuates throughout the life course. Some life events and transitions are associated with reductions in physical activity and, potentially, increases in sedentary behavior. The aim of this scientific statement is to first provide an overview of the evidence suggesting changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior across life events and transitions. A second aim is to provide guidance for health care professionals or public health workers to identify changes and promote physical activity during life events and transitions. We offer a novel synthesis of existing data, including evidence suggesting that some subgroups are more likely to change physical activity behaviors in response to life events and transitions. We also review the evidence that sedentary behavior changes across life events and transitions. Tools for health care professionals to assess physical activity using simple questions or wearable devices are described. We provide strategies for health care professionals to express compassion as they ask about life transitions and initiate conversations about physical activity. Last, resources for life phase-specific, tailored physical activity support are included. Future research needs include a better characterization of physical activity and sedentary behavior across life events and transitions in higher-risk subgroups. Development and testing of interventions designed specifically to combat declines in physical activity or increases in sedentary behavior during life events and transitions is needed to establish or maintain healthy levels of these cardiovascular health-promoting behaviors.

Relationships among changes in walking and sedentary behaviors, individual attributes, changes in work situation, and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan

Studies from many countries, including Japan, have reported decreased physical activity during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, the individual attributes as related to changes in physical activity during the pandemic in Japan have been scarcely investigated. The present study explored the relationships among individual attributes including demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic characteristics, work situation changes, perception of anxiety, and changes in walking and sedentary behaviors, during the pandemic in Japan. To obtain data indicating individual circumstances during the first wave of the pandemic in Japan, we conducted a nationwide online survey from May 19 to May 23, 2020 (n = 1,200). To observe changes in walking behavior objectively and retrospectively, we collected data on the number of daily steps as measured by the iPhone’s Health application. Path analysis was employed to examine relationships between individual attributes and changes in walking and sedentary behaviors. Decreased physical activity, especially, decreased walking behavior among younger individuals and those living in highest-density neighborhoods were identified. There was increased sedentary behavior among females. Moreover, individuals with higher socioeconomic status (SES) tended to become inactive due to work-from-home/standby-at-home and individuals with lower SES tended to become inactive due to decreased amount of work. Decreased walking behavior and increased sedentary behavior were associated with a perception of strong anxiety related to the pandemic. Our findings would be helpful in considering measures to counteract health risks during the pandemic by taking into account individual backgrounds.

Changes in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour in Cardiovascular Disease Patients during the COVID-19 Lockdown.

The COVID-19 lockdown has been associated with physical inactivity. We prospectively evaluated changes in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time (ST) among 1565 cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients using validated questionnaires at 5 weeks after lockdown initiation (i.e., baseline, April 2020) and at every 4 subsequent weeks, until July 2020. Multivariate mixed model analyses were performed to identify whether age, sex, CVD-subtype, lockdown adherence and mental health factors impacted changes in physical (in)activity. Patients were 67 (interquartile range: 60–73) years and primarily diagnosed with coronary artery disease. Time spent in MVPA was 143 min/day (95% confidence interval (CI) 137; 148) at baseline. Female sex, heart-failure, fear of COVID-19 infection and limited possibilities for physical activity were independently associated with lower levels of MVPA across time. After adjusting for confounders, overall MVPA did not change. ST was 567 (95% CI 555; 578) min/day at baseline. Lack of social contact, limited possibilities for physical activity and younger age were independently associated with higher levels of ST. After adjusting for confounders, ST progressively increased following 8 (Δ+19.7 (95% CI 0.4; 39.0)) and 12 weeks (Δ+25.2 (95% CI 5.4; 47.1) min/day) of lockdown. Despite a phased relaxation of the lockdown, CVD patients progressively increased ST and reported no change in MVPA. This highlights the need to target physical inactivity during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.

Relationships of Changes in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior With Changes in Physical Fitness and Cardiometabolic Risk Profile in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: The Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study 2 (IDES_2).

In the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study_2 (IDES_2), behavioral counseling promoted a sustained increase in physical activity (PA) volume (+3.3 MET h ⋅ week-1), moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) (+6.4 min ⋅ day-1), and light-intensity PA (LPA) (+0.8 h ⋅ day-1) and decrease in sedentary time (SED-time) (-0.8 h ⋅ day-1). Here, we investigated the relationships of changes in PA/SED-time with changes in physical fitness and cardiometabolic risk profile in individuals with type 2 diabetes. In this 3-year randomized clinical trial, 300 physically inactive and sedentary patients were randomized 1:1 to receive 1-month theoretical and practical counseling once a year or standard care. Changes in physical fitness and cardiovascular risk factors/scores according to quartiles of accelerometer-measured changes in PA/SED-time were assessed, together with univariate and multivariable associations between these parameters, in the whole cohort and by study arm. Physical fitness increased and HbA1c and coronary heart disease 10-year risk scores decreased with quartiles of MVPA and SED-time change. In quartile IV of MVPA increase and SED-time decrease, cardiorespiratory fitness increased by 5.23 and 4.49 mL ⋅ min-1 ⋅ kg-1 and HbA1c decreased by 0.73 and 0.85%, respectively. Univariate correlations confirmed these relationships, and mean changes in both MPVA and SED-time predicted changes in physical fitness and cardiovascular risk factors/scores independently of one another and of other confounders. Similar findings were observed with LPA and PA volume and in each group separately. Even modest increments in MVPA may have a clinically meaningful impact, and reallocating SED-time to LPA may also contribute to improved outcomes, possibly by increasing total energy expenditure.

Changes in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors During COVID-19: Associations with Psychological Distress Among Mothers.

BackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic increased mothers’ caregiving demands, potentially placing them at increased risk for reduced engagement in healthful behaviors and high psychological distress.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to describe perceived changes in moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behaviors and the prevalence of different measures of psychological distress (depressive and anxiety symptoms, perceived stress, and positive and negative affect) among mothers. We also evaluated the associations of perceived change in MVPA and sedentary behaviors with measures of psychological distress.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey with 317 mothers living with children (0–20 years old) at home. Mothers self-reported perceived changes in MVPA and sedentary behaviors from before the pandemic to during COVID-19 stay-at-home orders and early reopening, and levels of depression and anxiety symptomatology, perceived stress, and positive and negative affect during the pandemic.ResultsCompared to pre-pandemic levels, 39% of mothers reported engaging less in MVPA, and 63% reported engaging in more sedentary activities. One-quarter and 31% of mothers reported moderate/severe depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively, and 78% medium/high levels of perceived stress. Adjusted linear regression analyses revealed that reduced MVPA and increased sedentary behaviors were associated with high average scores of depressive and anxiety symptoms, perceived stress, negative affect, and low scores of positive affect.ConclusionA large proportion of mothers reported being less physically active and more engaged in sedentary behaviors, which were associated with increases in psychological distress. Clinical and public health intervention efforts should consider how to improve mothers’ physical and mental health as the country emerges from this crisis.

Changes in Physical and Cognitive Function Predict Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment.

The current longitudinal study examined the influence of cognitive and lower extremity function on sedentary behavior continuously over 6 months in community-dwelling older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Multilevel models examined Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) change scores and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) on percent time in sedentary behavior among 17 older adults with MCI (50 to 74 observations for analysis). Sedentary behavior was measured daily and averaged monthly using wrist-worn actigraphy. Each 1-unit decrease in MoCA score was associated with an increase of 2 percentage points in sedentary behavior (p ≤ 0.01). In addition, each 1-unit decrease in chair stand score (lower extremity strength) was associated with an increase of 5 percentage points in sedentary behavior (p ≤ 0.01). Older adults experiencing cognitive decline and concurrent changes in lower extremity strength had the sharpest increase in sedentary behavior. Findings suggest lower body strengthening interventions may reduce sedentary behavior time and subsequently preserve physical functioning in this vulnerable population. [Research in Gerontological Nursing, 14(6), 285-291.].

A coaching intervention improves physical activity and sedentary behaviour for non-admitted hospital patients: the Healthy4U-2 randomised controlled trial

Introduction: Non-admitted secondary care hospital clinics are important settings to target high-risk individuals to facilitate changes in physical activity (PA). Patients are likely to accept doctors’ advice and instigate behaviour change contemplation. Surgeons can identify physically inactive patients, and refer them into coaching interventions as a pathway to promote PA behaviour change. The aim of this study was to determine if a PA coaching intervention could result in changes in PA and sedentary behaviours (SB) in physically inactive non-admitted patients referred by consulting hospital surgeons.

Changes in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Chinese Young Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Repeated-Measure Study throughout One Year.

Though we know physical activity (PA) decreased while sedentary behavior (SB) increased compared to that before the COVID-19 pandemic, little is known about subsequent changes in PA and SB throughout one year in the post-pandemic era. This study aimed to examine the changes in PA and SB in a sample of Chinese young adults using a four-wave repeated-measure design during the pandemic. A total of 411 participants provided self-reported data of sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., sex, age), PA, and SB. Nonparametric tests and generalized estimating equations were conducted. Results revealed significant changes in moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA), light PA (LPA), and SB. The MVPA of Wave 1, 2, and 3 was significantly less than that of Wave 4 (p < 0.001); the LPA of Wave 1 and 2 was significantly less than that of Wave 4; the SB of Wave 1 was significantly more than that of Wave 4 (p < 0.05). Being female was the only predictor of changes in MVPA (Beta = −0.311, p < 0.001). Being female (Beta = 0.115, p = 0.003) and perceived family affluence (Beta = −0.059, p < 0.001) were predictors of changes in SB. As such, PA was less, while SB was more during the early stages of the pandemic. With the progress of the pandemic stages, health behaviors in young adults have been gradually improved. Sex and perceived family affluence were two important factors in predicting health behaviors. Our results can inform efficient policies or interventions in the COVID-19 era and future similar public health events.

Adolescents\u2019 physical activity and sedentary behaviour in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study of mothers\u2019 perspectives

BackgroundSocio-behavioural adaptations during the COVID-19 pandemic may have significantly affected adolescents’ lifestyle. This study aimed to explore possible reasons affecting changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviour in Indonesian adolescents during the pandemic based on mothers’ perspectives.MethodsWe recruited parents (n = 20) from the Yogyakarta region of Indonesia (July–August 2020) using purposive and snowball sampling. Individual interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and anonymised. Data were imported into NVivo software for a reflexive thematic analysis.ResultsThe interviews lasted between 38 and 113 min (M = 65 min). Participants’ age ranged between 36 and 54 years (M = 42.6 years). Participants’ children ranged in age from 12 to 15 years (M = 13.7 years, female: 9, male: 11). Themes related to changes in physical activity during the pandemic were 1) self-determination and enjoyment, 2) supports from others, and 3) physical activity facilities and equipment. Themes related to changes in sedentary behaviour during the pandemic included 1) educational demands, 2) psychological effects due to the pandemic, 3) devices and internet availability, 4) parental control, and 5) social facilitators.ConclusionsDuring the pandemic, mothers perceived their children to be less active and using more screen-based devices, either for educational or recreational purposes, compared to before. The present themes might be useful when developing interventions and policies promoting physical activity and reducing sedentary behaviour in adolescents. Interventions could, for example, consider increasing parents’ and adolescents’ awareness on current activity guidelines, providing education on healthier recreational screen time, and involving parents, peers, and teachers. Increasing the accessibility of physical activity facilities and equipment, making use of adolescents’ favourite program and social media for interventions, and providing activities that are fun and enjoyable may also important.

Smartphone applications for physical activity and sedentary behaviour change in people with cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BackgroundSmartphone applications provide new opportunities for secondary prevention healthcare. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine if smartphone applications are effective at changing physical activity and sedentary behaviour in people with cardiovascular disease.MethodsSix electronic databases (Medline, CINAHL Plus, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, Sports Discus and EMBASE) were searched from 2007 to October 2020. Cardiovascular disease secondary prevention physical activity or sedentary behaviour interventions were included where the primary element was a smartphone or tablet computer application (excluding SMS-only text-messaging). Study quality was assessed using validated tools appropriate for each study design. Random effects model was used and the pooled mean difference between post scores were calculated. Subgroup analyses were conducted to examine differences based on diagnosis, sample size, age, intervention duration, activity tracker use, target behaviour, and self-report versus device-measured outcome.ResultsNineteen studies with a total of 1,543 participants were included (coronary heart disease, n = 10; hypertension, n = 4; stroke, n = 3; heart failure, n = 1; peripheral artery disease, n = 1). Risk of bias was rated as high. Thirteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Only two controlled studies reported on sedentary behaviour. Smartphone applications produced a significant increase of 40.35 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity per week (7 studies; p = 0.04; 95% CI 1.03 to 79.67) and 2,390 steps per day (3 studies; p = 0.0007; 95% CI 1,006.9 to 3,791.2). Subgroup analyses found no difference when comparing diagnoses, sample size, activity tracker use, target behaviour and self-report versus device-measured outcome. Larger improvements in physical activity were noted in intervention durations of ≤3-months and participants ≥60yrs (95.35 mins.week-1; p = 0.05).ConclusionsSmartphone applications were effective in increasing physical activity in people with cardiovascular disease. Caution is warranted for the low-quality evidence, small sample and larger coronary heart disease representation. More rigorous research is needed to investigate the effect of smartphone applications across diagnoses and in sedentary behaviour.

Factors associated with changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviour during one year among university-based young adults

The purpose of this study was to identify correlates of changes in physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) among university-based young adults in Bangladesh. Data were from a 1-year prospective study with 2 assessment points (baseline n ​= ​573, 20.7 ​± ​1.35 years, 45% female; retention rate 69%, analytical sample ​= ​395). Participants completed a self-administered written survey on PA, SB, health and lifestyle behaviours, and sociodemographics. Changes in PA were categorised as: negligible (± < 60 ​min/week), > 60 ​min/week decrease, or > 60 ​min/week increase. Changes in SB were categorised as negligible (± < 120 ​min/week), > 120 ​min/week decrease, and > 120 ​min/week increase. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to identify the correlates. About quarters (72%) of participants had insufficient PA at both assessment points. Of those who were sufficiently active at Wave 1, 5% became insufficiently active at Wave 2. One quarter of participants (23%) had high SB at Wave 1 and Wave 2. Of those who had low SB at Wave 1, 16% had high SB at Wave 2. Being male [OR ​= ​2.04 (95% CI: 1.06–3.93)], baseline phone time of > 2 h/day [OR ​= ​3.14 (95% CI: 1.04–7.04)] and not participating in organised sports at baseline [OR ​= ​2.56 (95% CI: 1.24–5.29) were associated with a decrease in PA by ​> ​60 ​min/week. Participants who frequently experienced stress at baseline had higher odds of increasing SB by ​> ​120 min/day [OR ​= ​1.83 (95% CI: 1.04–3.23)]. SB is more variable than PA over 1 year in university-based young adults in Bangladesh. Males, those with high phone time, those not engaging with organised sports, and those with frequent stress may change to a more inactive lifestyle.

Effect of a Behavioural Intervention for Adoption and Maintenance of a Physically Active Lifestyle on Psychological Well-Being and Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: The IDES_2 Randomized Clinical Trial

BackgroundPsychological well-being and quality of life (QoL) are important outcomes of lifestyle interventions, as a positive impact may favour long-term maintenance of behaviour change.ObjectiveThis study investigated the effect of a behavioural intervention for adopting and maintaining an active lifestyle on psychological well-being and health-related QoL in individuals with type 2 diabetes.MethodsThree hundred physically inactive and sedentary patients were randomized 1:1 to receive 1 month’s theoretical and practical counselling once a year (intervention group, INT) or standard care (control group, CON) for 3 years. Psychological well-being and QoL, assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO)-5 and the 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) questionnaire, respectively, were pre-specified secondary endpoints. The primary endpoint was sustained behaviour change, as assessed by accelerometer-based measurement of physical activity (PA) and sedentary time.ResultsWHO-5 and SF-36 physical and mental component summary (PCS and MCS) scores increased progressively in the INT group and decreased in the CON group, resulting in significant between-group differences (WHO-5: mean difference 7.35 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.15–11.55), P = 0.0007; PCS 4.20 (95% CI 2.25–6.15), P < 0.0001; MCS 3.04 (95% CI 1.09–4.99), P = 0.0025). Percentage of participants with likely depression decreased in the INT group and increased in the CON group. PA volume changes were independently associated with WHO-5 changes, which were significantly higher in participants who accumulated > 150 min·wk−1 of moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA versus those who did not (13.06 (95% CI 7.51–18.61), P < 0.0001), whereas no relationship was detected for QoL.ConclusionA counselling intervention that was effective in promoting a sustained change in PA and sedentary behaviour significantly improved psychological well-being and QoL.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov; NCT01600937; 10 October 2012.

Associations of physical activity and sedentary behaviors with child mental well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic resulted in public health and policy measures to reduce in-person contact and the transmission of the virus. These measures impacted daily life and mental well-being (MWB). The aims of this study were to explore the MWB impacts of COVID-19 on children and assess the associations among perceived changes in physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors (SB), with perceived MWB changes, using a mixed-methods approach.MethodsA convergent parallel mixed-methods design consisting of an online survey with a convenience sample and interviews was conducted from May through July 2020 with parents/caregivers of kindergarten through 5th graders in the St. Louis region. Survey domains assessed included child MWB, PA, and SB. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and qualitatively analyzed using a code book developed to elicit themes. Survey data was analyzed with chi-squared tests and logistic regressions. The dependent variable was perceived change in child MWB due to the impact of COVID-19. Independent variables included perceived changes in PA, SB, and child concerns about COVID-19.ResultsSample size consisted of 144 surveys and 16 interviews. Most parents reported a perceived decrease in child MWB (74%), a decrease in child PA (61%), and an increase in child SB (91%). Discontentment with stay-at-home orders and concern about COVID-19 were associated with a perceived decrease in MWB. Children whose PA decreased were 53% less likely to have the same or better MWB (OR 0.47) and children whose outside PA decreased were 72% less likely to have the same or better MWB (OR 0.28). Common qualitative themes included difficulty in adjusting to COVID-19 restrictions due to school closures and lack of socializing, child concerns about family getting sick, and PA benefits for improving MWB.ConclusionsBased on parent perceptions, MWB decreased with COVID-19. Maintained or increased child PA improved the chances MWB would remain the same or improve. Parent interviews provide context to these findings by showing how COVID-19 impacted MWB and the associations between PA and MWB. Understanding protective factors for child MWB during COVID-19 is important to offset negative long-term health outcomes from this ongoing pandemic.

Associations between self-reported changes in physical activities and sedentary behaviors and changes in mental health during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: findings from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA)

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and containment strategies employed to limit its spread have profoundly impacted daily life. Emerging evidence shows that mental health worsened compared to pre-pandemic trends. In this study, we examine associations of self-reported changes in physical activities and sedentary behaviors with mental health changes during the COVID-19 pandemic among older Irish adults. Methods: This study used data from Wave 5 (2018) and the COVID-19 study (July–November 2020) of the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). Depressive symptoms were measured using the 8-item Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; Perceived stress, using the 4‐item Perceived Stress Scale. Participants reported perceived changes in participation in physical activities and sedentary behaviours before and after the outbreak of COVID-19. Linear regressions examined separate associations between changes in physical activities and sedentary behaviours and changes in perceived stress/depressive symptoms. Adjustment included demographics, body mass index, smoking, alcohol, chronic diseases and stress/depressive symptoms at Wave 5. Results: Among 2,645 participants (mean age, 68.2yrs; 56% female), 19.5% (95%CI: 18.2–20.9) reported clinically significant depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Compared to before the pandemic, reduced and no exercise at home and walking were associated with increased depressive symptoms and stress. A reduction in home DIY (do it yourself) was also associated with both depression and stress while doing no DIY at all was associated with increased stress but not depressive symptoms (all p&lt;.05). Reduced hobbies and reading were associated with higher depressive symptoms, and both reduced and increased screen time were associated with increased depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Greater decreases in mental health were seen among those who reported negative changes in their physical and sedentary activities. These findings have important implications for mental health care both as we transition back to normal life and for responses to future pandemics.