Changes In Relative Proportions Research Articles

Metamorphosis of the American eel, Anguilla rostrata Le Seur: II. Structural reorganisation of the locomotory musculature

AbstractSkeletal muscle types show a differential response in both organization and morphology on transition from non‐migratory (yellow eel) to migratory (silver eel) life‐history stages. Volume density, Vv, and surface density, Sv, of intracellular components and the capillary network reflect structural limits to aerobic metabolism, and parallel changes seen in metabolic potential using enzyme activity measurements. Increased capacity for aerobic ATP supply is apparently derived from an increase in mitochondrial Vv from 16% to 22% of slow fiber volume in silver eels. Cristae Sv appears not to vary with the level of aerobic metabolism: Sv (cst, mit) is 46.8 and 44.0 μ2 · μm−3 in slow muscle fibers of yellow and silver eel, respectively, and 38–43 μ2 · μm−3 in fast fibers. The large amount of intracellular lipid in slow fibers of silver eel, around 25% of fiber volume, contrasts with only 4% in fibers of yellow eel. This is consistent with the contention that mature, migratory fish rely heavily on lipid metabolism.Maturation appears to induce only minor changes in fast muscle morphology, reflecting a potentially constant work capacity and suggesting that the slow muscle system supports the increased energy demand for extensive locomotion. Change in relative proportion of slow muscle, from 8.6% to 14.4% of total muscle mass, is largely due to cellular hypertrophy. This amplifies the cellular reorganization, increasing total mitochondrial volume of slow muscle from 0.7% to 1.6 cm3 for 100g yellow and silver eels, respectively. Changes in skeletal muscle during transition from yellow to silver life‐history stages are therefore both qualitative and quantitative, and represent a true metamorphosis.

The development of Type I and Type II benzodiazepine receptors in the mouse cortex and cerebellum

The postnatal development of benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptors was monitored in Heterogeneous Stock (HS) mice, and the BDZ receptors were characterized and categorized into Type I and Type II receptors. When the number of 3H-Flu binding sites (B max) was assessed at weekly intervals after the birth of the animal, the number of sites in both the cortex and cerebellum increased significantly if the data was expressed as fmol/mg tissue. On the other hand, no significant change in 3H-Flu binding sites was evidenced in the cortex, and the number of 3H-Flu binding sites in the cerebellum decreased during postnatal development if B max values were expressed as fmole/mg protein. When receptor binding data was analyzed for the presence of Type I and Type II BDZ receptors, the changes in K D values for 3H-Flu binding during development could be accounted for by changes in relative proportions of Type I and Type II receptors present in the cortex and cerebellum during the maturation process. Type II receptors predominated in both cortex and cerebellum at birth, and Type I receptors proliferated primarily during the first two weeks of postnatal life. In the cortex of adult mice there were approximately equal numbers of Type I and Type II BDZ receptors. In the cerebellum of adult mice, computer assisted analysis of binding data could not distinguish the presence of two distinct BDZ binding sites. However, Hill coefficients and overall binding constants determined from data on CL-218,872 displacement of 3H-Flu binding to cerebellar membranes indicated that cerebellar tissue from adult mice did contain a heterogeneous array of BDZ receptors.

The relationship between differences in regional growth rates and changes in shape during human fetal craniofacial growth

Large differences in growth rates between various craniofacial regions have been reported but have not distinguished between absolute and relative rates. Measurements on 60 fetuses, 49–212 mm crown-rump length, showed that absolute growth rates correlated highly with size of the craniofacial region measured ( r = 0.9996, p < 0.001) but were unrelated to changes in shape and relative proportion. By standardizing for size, absolute growth rates were converted into relative growth rates which correlated with changes in relative proportion and thus shape ( r = 0.785, p < 0.001).

Abnormal distribution of fiber types in the slow-twitch soleus muscle of the C57BL/6J dy2J/dy2J dystrophic mouse during postnatal development.

The postnatal development of extrafusal fibers in the slow-twitch soleus muscle of genetically dystrophic C57BL/6J dy2J/dy2J mice and their normal age-matched controls was investigated by histochemical and quantitative methods at selected ages of 4, 8, 12, and 32 weeks. The majority of fibers in the soleus consisted of two kinds, fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) and slow-twitch oxidative (SO), according to reactions for alkaline-stable and acid-stable myosin ATPase and the oxidative enzyme, NADH-tetrazolium reductase. A minor population of fibers, stable for both alkaline- and acid-preincubated ATPase, but variable in staining intensity for NADH-TR, were designated "atypical" fibers. With age, the normal soleus exhibited a gradual increase in the number and proportion of SO fibers and a reciprocal, steady decline in the percentage of FOG fibers. Atypical fibers were numerous at 4 weeks, but were substantially diminished at later ages. Since total extrafusal fiber number remained relatively constant between the periods examined, this change in relative proportions reflects an adaptive transformation of fiber types characteristic of normal postnatal growth. A striking alteration in the number and distribution of fiber types was associated with the dystrophic soleus. At 4 weeks an 18% reduction in total fiber number was already noted. Subsequently, by 32 weeks a further 22% diminution in overall fiber number had occurred. With age, the absolute number and proportion of dystrophic SO fibers were drastically reduced. In contrast, the percentage of dystrophic FOG fibers increased significantly while their absolute numbers between 4 and 32 weeks remained relatively constant. Atypical fibers in the dystrophic solei were found in elevated numbers at all age groups, particularly at 12 weeks. They may, in part, represent attempts at regeneration or an intermediate stage in fiber-type transformation. Microscopically, both of the major fiber types appeared affected, albeit differently, by the dystrophic process. We suggest that a failure or retardation in the normal postnatal conversion of fiber types within the soleus muscle occurs in this murine model for muscular dystrophy.

DISTRIBUTION OF SEXUAL AND APOMICTIC POPULATIONS OF ANTENNARIA PARLINII.

The evolution and adaptive value of sexual reproduction have been the subject of extensive theoretical exploration (Williams, 1975; Maynard Smith, 1978). The major problem centers about the cost of as Williams expresses it. If both sexual and asexual means of reproduction are available to an individual well adapted to its environment, why should it break up its complex adaptive system of genes by segregation at meiosis, on the chance that equally adaptive complexes will be reconstituted by fertilization? Any empirical answer to this question will require comparisons of related populations that reproduce sexually and/or asexually. The presence over a long period of time of both sexuality and asexuality in closely related populations would indicate that both modes of reproduction are equally adaptive. If reproductive mode varies with geography or ecological coiiditions, sexuality can be assumed to confer an adaptive advantage under some conditions and asexuality under others, or else the change in relative proportions of the two systems occurs over very long periods of time. Dioecious, agamospermous species of plants may be useful for testing hypotheses about sexuality because apomictic females will produce only female offspring. Consequently, the sex ratio within a population is a valuable though not an infallible clue to the incidence of asexuality. Both sexual dioecism and agamic seed production exist in Antennaria (Asteraceae, Inuleae), a genus of perennial herbs found in cool temperate to arctic regions of the northern hemisphere. Taxonomists investigating North American Antennaria during the 1880's and 1890's observed that many widespread species consist of populations containing only pistillate plants. The presence of apomixis via diplospory (Gustafsson, 1944; Stebbins, 1950) was determined for species of eastern North America by Stebbins (1932). We believe that three entities recognized by Fernald (1945), namely A. fallax Greene, A. parlinii Fern., and A. munda Fern., should be combined into a single variable species, A. parlinii s.l. (Bayer and Stebbins, in press). Antennaria parlinii is chiefly hexaploid (2n = 84), but includes a few tetraploid (2n = 56) and octoploid (2n = 112) populations (Bayer and Stebbins, 1981). Populations of A. parlinii may consist entirely of pistillate plants in addition to others in which staminate plants occur (Fernald, 1936). Herbarium specimens from Ohio at The Ohio State University show that staminate plants have been much more commonly collected in the southeastern (unglaciated) as opposed to the northwestern (glaciated) part of Ohio. Consequently, this state appeared to be particularly favorable for comparing sexual, apomictic and mixed populations of A. parlinii. We have determined that the great majority of both kinds of populations have the same chromosome number, 2n = 84. The objectives of the present study are to describe the distribution of apomictic and sexual populations in Ohio and their correlation with the glacial history, to document the nature of facultatively apomictic populations in the glacial

Cholesterol esters of the human brain during fetal and early postnatal development: content and fatty acid composition.

Abstract: The content and fatty acid composition of cholesterol esters of the human brain during development from 13 weeks' gestation up to 26 months of age was studied. The three major brain areas, the forebrain, cerebellum, and the brain stem, were studied separately. The concentration of the esters in each brain region was the highest at the earliest fetal age of 13 weeks and fell during growth. However, transient rises in the concentration were observed, at about birth in the forebrain and at 4–5 months after birth in the cerebellum The peak concentration during the transient period (125–150 μg/g fresh tissue of forebrain and 100–125 μg/g of cerebellum) was similar to the concentrations observed in the two parts respectively during early fetal ages. The brain stem also showed similar transient peak at about a few weeks before birth, but only when the esters were expressed as amount per cell. In absolute terms, a clear transient period was evident in the forebrain between birth and 9 months, while in the cerebellum or the brain stem, the total amount of the esters increased up to about 1 year of age and then remained almost unchanged. The major fatty acids of the esters were palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acid. Most of these fatty acids showed certain changes in relative proportions during development. Thus, in the forebrain, palmitic and oleic acid decreased from about 32% and 40% (weight percentages) at 13–15 weeks of gestation to about 20% and 25% respectively at 26 months of age. During this period, linoleic and arachidonic acid increased from about 3% and S% to about 10% and 24%, respectively. Most of these changes occurred after birth. The cerebellum and the brain stem differed only slightly from the forebrain in either the fatty acid composition or the pattern of the developmental changes in the composition.

Ontogeny of the mammalian insulin receptor: Studies of human and rat fetal liver plasma membranes

Insulin binding to human fetal plasma liver membranes was studied in preparations segregated into three pools according to length of gestation: 15–18 weeks (Pool A), 19–25 weeks (Pool B), and 26–31 weeks (Pool C). Receptor numbers, calculated by extrapolation of Scatchard plots to the X axis, increased from 25 × 10 10 sites per 100 μg protein in the youngest group (Pool A) to 46 × 10 10 sites per 100 μg protein in Pool B. No further increase in receptor number was seen in Pool C. The affinity constant for insulin at tracer concentrations, K e (“empty site”), was 1.53 × 10 8 M −1 in Pool A and was only slightly higher than K f (“filled site”). K e was higher in Pool B, 1.75 × 10 8 M −1, and in Pool C reached a value of 5.63 × 10 8 M −1. In Pool C K f was 2.3 × 10 8 M −1. Insulin binding of liver plasma membranes from rat fetuses aged 14, 16, 18, and 21 (term) days and adults was also studied. Maximum binding capacity tended to increase with gestational age and was 130 × 10 10 sites per 100 μg protein at term, which was in excess of that found in adult rats (89–90 × 10 10). In addition, K e increased from 0.75 × 10 8 M −1 at 14 days to 3.02 × 10 8 M −1 at term, a value higher than that found in pregnant and nonpregnant adults. Dissociation of insulin in the presence of high concentrations of insulin was significantly enhanced in tissues from 18-day and term fetuses and adults, but not in membranes from fetal rats aged 14 and 16 days. These data appear to indicate that site-site interactions are not present in early fetal existence. These changes in insulin binding with increased length of gestation are not ascribable to changes in relative proportions of hematopoietic and parenchymal tissue. Human fetal plasma liver membranes demonstrated elevated insulin binding with increased gestational age, but comparison of fetal and adult liver could not be done. However, newborn human infants have been shown to have a higher capacity for binding insulin to circulating monocytes than adults. Also, human fetuses apparently lack the capability to diminish monocyte receptors in the presence of hyperinsulinemia. These experiments show that an increase in insulin receptor binding capacity and affinity also occurs in the liver of the rat fetus at term as compared to the adult rat. The reasons and mechanisms underlying enhanced capacity for insulin binding by fetal and newborn members of human and rodent species are not known.

ANALYSIS OF THE ALBINO-LOCUS REGION OF THE MOUSE. I. ORIGIN AND VIABILITY

Numerous specific-locus experiments designed to test the mutagenic effect of external radiation have yielded, in over 3,600,000 animals observed, altogether 119 presumed mutations involving the c locus. Of these, 55 were viable and albino (cav), 13 were viable and of various intermediate pigment types (cxv), four were subvital (cas and cxs), seven were neonatally lethal albinos (cal), 28 prenatally lethal albinos (cal); 12 died untested. All of the prenatally lethal and at least one of the neonatally lethal c-locus mutations (cal classes) are probably deficiencies that we have analyzed extensively in other experiments. Since absence of the locus mimics albino in phenotype, the intermediates (cxv and cxs groups) probably resulted from intragenic changes. The class of viable albino mutants (cav) might include, in addition to intragenic changes, some extremely small deficiencies. --The effects on viability of c-locus lethals (cal's) in heterozygous condition are not drastic enough to be perceived in stocks of mixed genetic background except in the case of the two longest known deficiencies and a few others. --Analysis of the relation between radiation treatment and type of c-locus mutants obtained shows that the relative frequency of viable mutations, for each germ-cell type, is greater for low-LET than for neutron irradiation; however, the difference for any individual cell type is not significant. The majority (66.7%) of mutations derived from X- or gamma-ray irradiated spermatogonia are viable, and the proportion of "intermediates" among these viables is similar to that among presumed spontaneous c-locus mutations. No significant dose-rate effect on the proportion of lethals could be demonstrated within the set of mutants induced by low-LET irradiation of spermatogonia. Although sets from other germ-cell stages are too small for statistical tests, the results for oocytes are similar, as far as they go. Furthermore, most of the c-locus mutations induced in spermatogonia, even by high-dose-rate X-ray or gamma irradiation, are of a type most likely to result from single-tract events (62% cxv, cxs, and cav; plus 16% presumed deficiencies not involving the closest marker). These results support the view that most of the reduction in mutation frequency at low dose rates is not due to a change in relative proportion of two-track and one-track ionizing events.

Effects of Storage in an Anaerobic Transport System on Bacteria in Known Polymicrobial Mixtures and in Clinical Specimens

An anaerobic transport system (ATS) which provides for catalytic removal of oxygen was evaluated by using in vitro-prepared polymicrobial mixtures of logphase bacteria and clinical specimens. Inoculated swabs were stored at room temperature in (i) aerobic, (ii) anaerobic glove box, and (iii) ATS environments, and bacteria were quantitated after 2, 24, 48, and 72 h. Bacteria in a three-part mixture of Bacteroides fragilis, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Escherichia coli and in a five-part mixture of B. fragilis, P. anaerobius, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa survived 72 h of storage in the ATS and anaerobic glove box environments, but the anaerobic species were inactivated in the aerobic storage except for B. fragilis in pure culture or in the three-part mixture. Changes in relative proportions among the species in a mixture were least in the ATS and anaerobic glove box environments and greatest during the aerobic storage, particularly in the five-part mixture. Bacteria present in pure or mixed culture in clinical specimens generally survived 72 h of storage in the ATS. These data indicate that changes in relative proportions occur with prolonged storage even under anaerobic conditions, but that the ATS would be most effective for preserving anaerobic bacteria and preventing drastic concentration changes and overgrowth of facultative and aerobic bacteria.

Effects of age and hypophysectomy upon relative proportions of various histones in rat testis

Various histone fractions of seminiferous epithelial cells of the testis of rats change in relative proportions during development and maturation of the testis with increasing age after birth, and these changes in the histones occur in the reverse direction in testis of mature rats during involution of the testis resulting from hypophysectomy. The changes are particularly striking in histone sub-fractions, designated X 1, X 2, and X 3, which are especially characteristic of testis and may be involved in meiosis.

Temporal Trends in Fatty Acid Composition of Juvenile Atlantic Menhaden Fed Brine Shrimp Nauplii

Abstract Changes in relative proportions of neutral and total lipid fatty acids in juvenile Atlantic menhaden were progressively reflected during a controlled feeding experiment. The 14:0, 16:0, 16:1 and 18:1 fatty acids were predominant in the neutral and total lipids of a freshly captured fish, whereas the 18:1 and 18:3ω3/20:1ω9 acids were predominant in the neutral and total lipids of cultured brine shrimp nauplii. The relative percentages of 14:0, 16:0 and 16:1 acids in menhaden decreased markedly during the 6 weeks of feeding on nauplii, while the percentages of 18:1 and 18:3ω3/20:1ω9 acids increased significantly.

Alteration in tRNA methyltransferase activity in mengovirus infection: host range specificity.

The tRNA methyltransferase activity in mengovirus-infected L cells, HeLa cells, and Maden Derby bovine kidney cells has been examined during the course of infection. The first two cell lines yield a productive infection, but have different kinetics of inhibition of host RNA synthesis, whereas the bovine kidney cells are a restrictive host. In infected L cells the enzymes show altered capacity and base specificity throughout the infection. In infected HeLa cells and in infected bovine kidney cells less marked changes were seen. No inhibitors or activators of the enzymes were detected in any of the infected cell lines. Labeling experiments in infected cells indicated that in infected L cells synthesis of RNA was inhibited to a greater degree than was methylation of RNA. The consequence of this would be a hypermethylation of RNA. The methylated derivatives synthesized in infected L cells showed changes in relative proportions. Infection of HeLa cells and bovine kidney cells did not show such marked effects on methylation of RNA.

The role of erythropoietin in prenatal erythropoiesis of congenitally anaemic flexed-tailed (f-f) mice.

SummaryThe effects of the f gene on prenatal changes in liver cellularity, erythroid cell maturation, RNA, DNA, and haemoglobin synthesis, and sensitivity to erythropoietin have been investigated, f/f foetuses are smaller than f/+ but still develop a progressive deficiency in haemoglobin content/unit weight of tissue, which is 40% of normal at birth. Early f/f livers contain fewer erythroblasts, maximum numbers are reached later, and changes in relative proportions of early and late erythroblasts are retarded. Erythroid tissue and erythropoietin responsive cells persist longer in f/f than in f/+ livers. Erythropoietin induced RNA and DNA synthesis is higher in f/f than in f/+ foetal liver cell cultures. Erythropoietin causes multiphasic increments in haem synthesis in vitro. Maximum levels of synthesis by 13 day liver cells are reached later f/f but over 36 hr similar amounts are accumulated. Erythropoietin maintains the presence of early erythroid cells in both f/f and f/+ foetal liver cultures, and enhances the production of polychromatic cells.Circulating f/f foetal reticulocytes have a reduced capacity to utilize exogenous iron for haem synthesis. The deficient haemoglobin content of f/f foetuses could be caused by this abnormality and by reductions in erythroid precursor cell numbers. The reticulocyte abnormality may be a direct or indirect consequence of a failure of erythroid colonization of the foetal liver, and of the effects of secondary compensation for this failure.

Electron spin resonance studies of elementary processes in radiation- and photo-chemistry. Part 8.—Thermal and photochemical annealing of γ-irradiated glycine

E.s.r. studies of γ-irradiated single crystals of α-glycine and glycine-d3 between 77 and 403 K show that the primary radical anions are the only species trapped at 77 K. These are converted to a mixture of radicals NH+3ĊHCOO– and ĊH2COOH (or ND+3ĊHCOO– and ĊH2COOD) below 113 K which change in relative proportions on further annealing. The carboxymethyl radicals disappear only at temperatures approaching 370 K. Differences in the relative stabilities of the two types of radicals in the deuterated and non-deuterated samples are observed: these are thought to have their origin in small differences in crystal parameters.Ultra-violet irradiation of γ-irradiated crystals at 77 K produces radicals of structure HNCH2COOH (or DNCH2COOD) apparently by loss of molecular hydrogen.

Cellular membranes. Structure and regulation of lipid class composition species differences, changes with age, and variations in some pathological states.

Total membrane mass and membrane lipid increase during differentiation. A novel but simple method of graphic analysis disclosed that each polar lipid class of vertebrate and invertebrate organs and fungal mycelia occurs at only seven different percentages except in organs in which relative proportions of the lipid classes change with age. Analysis of changes in relative proportions of lipid classes in human brain showed that, during myelination, cerebroside and sphingomyelin replace phosphatidyl choline, sulfatide replaces phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl serine replaces other acidic phospholipids. Data for aorta, the lens of the eye, and the fruit fly disclosed, however, that phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, and sphingomyelin can substitute for each other. Thus, there are only two general substitution groups. A new model for cell membrane structure consists of four lipid layers (each two molecules thick) and two protein layers in the sequence lipid-protein-lipid-lipid-protein-lipid. Membrane lipid class composition is determined in part

Transport and Deposition of Coarse Clastics in Turbidite Basin in French Alps: ABSTRACT

Marine breccias of Jurassic to Early Cretaceous ages are present in the Breccia Nappe of the French Prealps. Breccia types Ia and Ib are restricted to the lower part of the sequence in the Lower Shale, Lower Breccia, and Upper Shale formations. Type Ia breccias occur in beds from a few centimeters to tens of meters thick. They contain clasts up to more than 1 m in diameter, and are sometimes graded. Sole markings occur but are not common. Tops of some beds have large scale cross-stratification or parallel bedding, usually in granule-pebble grade material. Individual beds are of limited lateral extent--of the order of 1-2 km along the depositional strike and in places up to 7-8 km across it. The breccias have a clast framework and interstitial material is usually pebble or granule size. There is a continuous spectrum, with change in relative proportions of gravel and sand, from the breccias to pebbly turbidite sandstones. Type Ib is much less common than Ia. It has clasts of the same composition and size but it is characterized End_Page 342------------------------------ by more than 50% sand-grade matrix. Beds are less than 200 cm thick, parallel-sided, and have an uppermost sand-silt layer with convolute lamination. Type Ia is interpreted as a deposit from mass flow of coarse granular debris where internal shear was extensive enough to allow development of grading. For the transport of Type Ib beds, a slide mechanism is favored. End_of_Article - Last_Page 343------------

Changes with Growth in Selected Body Proportions of the Cyprinid Fish Notropis lutrensis

Measurements of eight parts were made on individuals of the red shiner, Notropis lutrensis, that were collected from the Salt River, Maricopa County, Arizona, March through August, 1964. Changes in relative proportions of these characters in relation to length are shown. Sexual dimorphism was present in certain characters. Studies of intra-specific variations in the morphology of fishes have dealt largely with meristic characters. Allometric changes with growth have long been considered in morphological comparisons of different forms. Most workers select specimens in a given size-range and thereby avoid such problems. Early work on allometry was summarized by Huxley (1932). This paper deals with eight selected proportional measurements of the red shiner, Notropis lutrensis (Baird and Girard), a widespread form whose variability is evidenced by the early confusion in its taxonomy (Hubbs and Ortenburger, 1929, 73-6). We studied 210 specimens of sizes generally used in taxonomic work. These were from a number of series collected from a single riffle in the Salt River, Maricopa County, Arizona, at bi-monthly intervals from March through August, 1964 (Koehn, in press). Notropis lutrensis was introduced into Arizona in the 1950's and now is widely distributed in the state (Miller and Lowe, 1964:142). Its native range is from Kentucky and Mississippi, west of the Mississippi River (to Wyoming and South Dakota in the north), and south into Mexico (Moore, 1957:129). Our specimens were selected by size alone, sexes were treated separately to minimize variability that results from breeding modifications of shape, and lines were fitted by inspection after calculation of means for each 5millimeter (mm) size-group. In Fig. 1 and 2, males and females are given the same lines, except where sexual dimorphism existed in a character. Measurements were made following Hubbs and Lagler (1958: 24-6), with the exception of body depth which was measured from the origin of the dorsal fin to the origin of the anal fin. Measurements were by fine-pointed dividers and read to the nearest 0.1 mm on

ORGANIC PRODUCTIVITY IN THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF THE PURPLE SEA URCHIN

1. Monthly determinations were made of the amount of lipid, glycogen, nonprotein nitrogen, protein, water, and ash present per unit weight in gonads of the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Tests for reducing sugar, DNA and RNA were made for gonads at the height of the reproductive season and after spawning-out.2. A change in relative proportions of the chemical constituents was observed with maturation of the gonads. In the ovary protein, lipid, glycogen, reducing sugar and RNA increase proportionally more than the over-all increase in bulk of the gonad, while DNA and possibly water, increase proportionally less. In the testis, glycogen, reducing sugar, DNA and possibly protein, increase proportionally more than the over-all increase in bulk, while RNA, lipid, and possibly water, increase less than the increase in total bulk.3. A considerable increase in the total amount of all the organic constituents tested here occurs during the growth of gonads. Thus, a gravid ovary is about 18.5 time...