Pigmentary Changes Research Articles

Australian Sunscreens: The Price of Protection for Skin of Colour With Pigmentary Disorders.

Australia experiences some of the highest ultraviolet radiation (UVR) levels globally, known for causing sunburn, skin cancers, photoageing and immunosuppression. While effects of UVA and UVB are well-studied, visible light (VL; 400-700 nm) is the driving force behind pigmentary disorders, especially in skin of colour (SOC) patients. Nearly 50% of Australians are affected, with significant impacts on appearance and psychological well-being. Tinted sunscreens containing iron oxides and pigmentary-grade titanium dioxide are the only effective options for blocking VL. However, Australia's stringent Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) regulations limit the availability of colour-matched tinted sunscreens, significantly impacting SOC patients. SOC patients may also underestimate their need for photoprotection, believing their skin provides sufficient natural protection. In dermatological practice, tailored sunscreen recommendations for darker skin tones may sometimes be overlooked. This review explores the barriers to effective treatment and the cost implications for SOC individuals suffering from pigmentary disorders in Australia. The goal is to guide both patients and dermatologists in making informed decisions on VL protection and skin tone matching.

Ionized Plasma Jet Therapy in Removal of Dermatosis Papulosa Nigra.

Dermatosis papulosa nigra (DPN) presents as benign skin growths, predominantly affecting women and often commencing during adolescence. Treatment is sought due to its cosmetic impact, with available modalities often posing risks of scarring and pigmentary changes. This study investigates the efficacy of ionized plasma jet therapy (IPJT) in ten DPN patients at a tertiary care hospital in central India. Patients underwent IPJT sessions, along with serial evaluations assessing pain, erythema, pigmentary changes, and lesion clearance. Results showed 80% lesion clearance after the first session, with mild adverse effects such as erythema (40%), post inflammatory hyperpigmentation (20%), and hypopigmentation (10%) after 4 weeks. IPJT, utilizing ionized plasma, has shown success in various dermatological applications. The study underscores IPJT as a suitable treatment modality.

Innovative analytical methodology for skin anti-aging compounds discovery from plant extracts: Integration of High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography-in vitro spectrophotometry bioassays with multivariate modeling and molecular docking.

Skin aging, characterized by reduced elasticity, wrinkles, and changes in pigmentation, presents significant challenges in the cosmetics industry. Identifying compounds that can help mitigate these effects is crucial to developing effective anti-aging treatments and improving skin health. An advanced analytical approach for identifying skin anti-aging compounds within complex natural mixtures must be developed to achieve this. This study introduces a state-of-the-art methodology that combines High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and in vitro skin anti-aging spectrophotometry bioassays with regression multivariate analysis and molecular docking. The proposed methodology integrates spectrophotometric assays for tyrosinase inhibition (anti-pigmentation), elastase inhibition (anti-wrinkle), and radical scavenging capacity (DPPH•/ ABTS• assays) with analytical signals obtained from HPTLC chromatograms using Partial Least Squares models (PLS). The PLS models for predicting elastase inhibition and antioxidative capacity showed high accuracy with minimal errors. This study introduces an innovative approach combining HPTLC profiling and PLS regression to identify single phenolic compounds/bands responsible for anti-aging effects. In addition, identified bioactives were submitted to molecular docking studies to elucidate the enzyme inhibition mechanisms of elastase and confirm our approach. This integrated, simple, cost-effective, and high-throughput approach represents a significant advancement in the discovery of anti-aging compounds, with promising implications for future skincare and therapeutic applications.

Leaf Spectroscopy Reveals Drought Response Variation in Fagus sylvatica Saplings From Across the Species' Range

AbstractThe common European beech (Fagus sylvatica), sensitive to prolonged drought, is expected to shift its distribution with climate change. To persist in novel environments, young trees rely on the capacity to express diverse response phenotypes. Several methods exist to study drought effects on trees and their diverse adaptive mechanisms, but these are usually destructive and challenging for the large sample numbers needed to investigate biological variation. We conducted a common garden experiment outdoors, but under controlled watering conditions, with 180 potted 2‐year‐old saplings from 16 beech provenances across the species' range, representing three distinct genetic clusters. Drought stress was simulated by interrupting irrigation and stomatal conductance and soil moisture were used to assess drought severity. We measured leaf reflectance of visible to short‐wave infrared electromagnetic radiation to determine drought‐induced changes in biochemical and structural traits derived from spectral indices and a model of leaf optical properties. We quantified changes in pigmentation, water balance, nitrogen, lignin, epicuticular wax, and leaf mass per area in drought‐treated saplings, revealing differences in likely adaptive responses to drought. F. sylvatica saplings from the Iberian Peninsula showed signatures of greater drought resistance, that is, the least drought‐induced change in spectrally derived traits related to leaf pigments and leaf water content. We demonstrate that high‐resolution leaf spectroscopy is an effective and non‐destructive tool to assess individual drought responses that can characterize functional intraspecific variation among young beech trees. Next, this approach should be scaled up to canopy‐level or airborne spectroscopy to support drought response assessments of forests.

Advancing the Understanding and Management of Segmental Vitiligo and Co-Existing Pigmentary Disorders.

Advancing the Understanding and Management of Segmental Vitiligo and Co-Existing Pigmentary Disorders.

Study of cathelicidin (LL-37) immunoexpression in the skin of vitiligo patients.

Vitiligo is a pigmentary disorder acquired and caused by the loss or destruction of melanocytes from the epidermis. There is strong proof that vitiligo is mainly an autoimmune disease. Cathelicidin (LL37), an antimicrobial polypeptide, is an important part of the innate immune system and has a role in different skin autoimmune diseases. The present work aimed to study the immunoexpression of cathelicidin in the vitiligo patients' skin to elucidate its possible role in vitiligo pathogenesis. Twenty vitiligo patients and 20 controls of matched sex and age were included. A 3mm punch biopsy was taken from the non-lesional and lesional skin of each patient and controlled subjects. Each was stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and subjected to cathelicidin immunostaining detection. A significant difference was detected between the two studied groups regarding cathelicidin immunohistochemical expression (Pvalue < 0.001). The lesional immunohistochemical expression of cathelicidin showed a mean of 2.85 ± 0.67. The non-lesional immunohistochemical expression of cathelicidin showed a mean of 2.05 ± 0.51 with a statistically significant higher mean value in the patients' group than the controls (P < 0.001) which recommends that cathelicidin may play a role in the vitiligo pathogenesis. The immunohistochemical scores of the lesional and non-lesional cathelicidin levels were significantly related to the VIDA score (p < 0.001 and = 0.016, respectively) which suggests a role of cathelicidin in vitiligo activity. A significant elevation was indicated in the non-lesional cathelicidin expression, indicating that cathelicidin may be able to predict the appearance of future lesions in non-lesional skin, this requires further longitudinal studies to be confirmed.

Eyebrow microblading: Science, art and complications

Eyebrows are a distinct facial feature and any shift in its appearance impacts self-perception of external beauty attributes. There may be loss of hairs, or changes in pigment and texture due to primary or secondary causes. A surge in demand for microblading in recent years majorly for aesthetic value, has driven curiosity and requests for the procedure. This has translated to subjective dissatisfaction of cosmetic outcomes while also increasing the risk of complications, and immunogenically driven adverse events. Understanding the nuances of the technique and undertaking basic precautions will enable safe and desirable results in this common procedure.

Challenging the skin pigmentation bias in tissue oximetry via time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy

Recently, skin pigmentation has been shown to affect the performance of pulse oximeters and other light-based techniques like photo-acoustic imaging, tissue oximetry, and continuous wave near-infrared spectroscopy. Evaluating the robustness to changes in skin pigmentation is therefore essential for the proper use of optical technologies in the clinical scenario. We conducted systematic time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy measurements on calibrated tissue phantoms and in vivo on volunteers during static and dynamic (i.e., arterial occlusion) measurements. To simulate varying melanosome volume fractions in the skin, we inserted, between the target sample and the measurement probe, thin tissue phantoms made of silicone and nigrosine (skin phantoms). Additionally, we conducted an extensive measurement campaign on a large cohort of pediatric subjects, covering the full spectrum of skin pigmentation. Our findings consistently demonstrate that skin pigmentation has a negligible effect on time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy results, underscoring the reliability and potential of this emerging technology in diverse clinical settings.

Targeting Kv7 Potassium Channels for Epilepsy.

Voltage-gated Kv7 potassium channels, particularly Kv7.2 and Kv.7.3 channels, play a critical role in modulating susceptibility to seizures, and mutations in genes that encode these channels cause heterogeneous epilepsy phenotypes. On the basis of this evidence, activation of Kv7.2 and Kv.7.3 channels has long been considered an attractive target in the search for novel antiseizure medications. Ezogabine (retigabine), the first Kv7.2/3 activator introduced in 2011 for the treatment of focal seizures, was withdrawn from the market in 2017 due to declining use after discovery of its association with pigmentation changes in the retina, skin, and mucosae. A novel formulation of ezogabine for pediatric use (XEN496) has been recently investigated in children with KCNQ2-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, but the trial was terminated prematurely for reasons unrelated to safety. Among novel Kv7.2/3 openers in clinical development, azetukalner has shown dose-dependent efficacy against drug-resistant focal seizures with a good tolerability profile and no evidence of pigmentation-related adverse effects in early clinical studies, and it is now under investigation in phase III trials for the treatment of focal seizures, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and major depressive disorder. Another Kv7.2/3 activator, BHV-7000, has completed phase I studies in healthy subjects, with excellent tolerability at plasma drug concentrations that exceed the median effective concentrations in a preclinical model of anticonvulsant activity, but no efficacy data in patients with epilepsy are available to date. Among other Kv7.2/3 activators in clinical development as potential antiseizure medications, pynegabine and CB-003 have completed phase I safety and pharmacokinetic studies, but results have not been yet reported. Overall, interest in targeting Kv7 channels for the treatment of epilepsy and for other indications remains strong. Future breakthroughs in this area could come from exploitation of mechanistic differences in the action of Kv7 activators, and from the development of molecules that combine Kv7 activation with other mechanisms of action.

A Recessive oca2 Mutation Underlies Albinism in Xiphophorus fish.

Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a group of genetic disorders characterized by impaired melanin production, leading to reduced pigmentation in the skin, hair, and eyes. Xiphophorus , a genus of small freshwater fish, has been a pivotal model organism in pigmentation disorder research, providing key findings in the genetic pathways governing physiological and pathological pigment cell biology. Leveraging the well-established research framework provided by Xiphophorus , we have identified a spontaneously occurring albinism phenotype in swordtail fish Xiphophorus hellerii . Genetic mapping of albino fish showed that albinism is associated with a recessive mutation in the oca2 gene. This discovery provides a novel opportunity to explore functions of oca2 gene in pigment cell differentiation, pigment synthesis, melanosome assembly and transportation function and amelanotic melanoma development.

Compromised Nipple-Areola Complex Perfusion after Reduction Mammaplasty or Mastopexy: A Retrospective Evaluation of Different Treatments.

Necrosis of the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) is a rare but devastating complication after reduction mammaplasty or mastopexy. Various approaches for improving compromised perfusion of the NAC have been described. However, detailed data on this topic in the literature is still scarce. The authors aim to share the experience, treatments and outcomes of their patient collective. All patients treated at a single institution due to compromised NAC perfusion after reduction mammaplasty or mastopexy were included. A retrospective evaluation of the patient data using electronic medical records was performed. Intraoperative and postoperative treatments, as well as interventions, were examined. A total of 31 patients (35 NACs) were included. Mean age was 48 years, mean BMI 30.8 kg/m2 and mean resection weight 910.4 grams. A venous perfusion problem occurred in most cases (26, 74.3%). Statistical analysis showed a significantly better outcome for NACs treated either intraoperatively (p = 0.031) or postoperatively (p = 0.023), compared to those left untreated. Overall, 80% of all NACs healed without visible consequences (15) or with a pigment disorder (13). Five cases (14.3%) resulted in a complete loss and two cases (5.7%) in a partial loss. This study represents the largest complication series in the literature. Preventing nipple necrosis due to breast reduction or mastopexy is crucial. If compromised perfusion of the NAC occurs, surgeons have various intraoperative or postoperative options available to improve circulation. Early recognition and prompt treatment are essential for the best possible outcome. Nipple necrosis can thus often be avoided. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Prevalence and pattern of skin disorders among children living in orphanages in Fayoum and Giza governorates, Egypt

BackgroundChildhood is a crucial period that shapes a person’s growth and development. For orphans, a lack of familial support affects their upbringing, making orphanages crucial for care. Children living in orphanage centers are vulnerable to several conditions, including dermatological disorders, due to factors such as malnutrition, overcrowding, and poor hygiene. The current study was carried to determine the prevalence and patterns of skin disorders among orphan children in Egypt, and to identify associated risk factors among orphans in Egypt.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 415 children aged 1–18 years living in orphanage centers in Fayoum and Giza governorates, Egypt.ResultsAmong the children, 77.1% had at least one skin disorder, with noninfectious conditions being more prevalent than infectious conditions (67.4 vs. 24.3%). The most common noninfectious conditions were dermatitis/eczema, pigmentary disorders, skin appendage disorders, and psycho-cutaneous issues. Fungal infections were the most common infectious condition. There was a significant relationship between hygiene and the type of skin disorder.ConclusionThe prevalence of skin diseases in orphanages in Egypt is relatively high and is dominated by noninfectious skin diseases, and the prevalence of psycho-cutaneous disorders is high among these children. Comprehensive care strategies focusing on improving hygiene and emotional support and preventing abuse are essential for reducing the incidence of skin disorders and enhancing the overall health of orphaned children.

Comparative response of fennel, ajwain, and anise in terms of osmolytes accumulation, ion imbalance, photosynthetic and growth functions under salinity

The increasing trend of salinization of agricultural lands represents a great threat to the growth of major crops. Hence, shedding light on the salt-tolerance capabilities of three environment-resilient medicinal species from the Apiaceae, i.e. fennel, ajwain, and anise as alternative crops was aimed at. Two genotypes from each of the three medicinal species were exposed to a wide range of water salinities, including 0 (control), 40, 80, and 120 mM NaCl and comparative changes in the leaf photosynthetic pigments, osmoticums, antioxidative enzymes, ionic homeostasis, essential oil, and plant growth were assessed. Even though certain genotype- and species-specificities were observed in the salt-induced modifications of these physiological attributes, decreasing in growth, plant dry mass, root volume, relative water content, and K+ concentration concomitant to increasing in the catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase activities, malondialdehyde, total soluble carbohydrates, proline and Na+ concentrations, Na+/K+, and essential oil were common to the examined species and genotypes. The K+ concentration of the stressed plants of anise genotypes was smaller, giving shape to a greater Na+/K+ than those of fennel and ajwain. Unlike anise, fennel and ajwain genotypes retained and/or increased the chlorophyll and carotenoids concentrations when exposed to 120 mM NaCl. The greater salt-induced increases in the catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase activities along with the less-heightened Na+/K+ were concomitant to the smaller depressions in the total plant dry mass and root volume of the fennel and ajwain genotypes, portraying these species more resilient to saline water, compared to anise.

Dietary Interventions, Supplements, and Plant-Derived Compounds for Adjunct Vitiligo Management: A Review of the Literature.

Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune pigmentation disorder shaped by a complex interplay of genetic predispositions and environmental triggers. While conventional therapies-phototherapy, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants-can be effective, their benefits are often partial and temporary, with recurrence common once treatment stops. As such, there is increasing interest in exploring complementary approaches that may offer a more sustainable impact. Emerging evidence suggests that macronutrient and micronutrient-level changes could be beneficial for managing progression and, in some cases, facilitating repigmentation. Antioxidant-rich foods, such as apples, green tea, Indian gooseberry, onions, and peppers, may help mitigate oxidative stress, while inflammatory foods, such as gluten and high-phenol nuts and berries, may exacerbate the condition. Certain supplements, including high-dose vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium, may enhance phototherapy outcomes. Omega-3 and other unsaturated fatty acids, in addition to prebiotics and probiotics, are under active investigation for their roles in gut health and immune regulation. Notably, plant-derived compounds, i.e., Ginkgo biloba, have demonstrated promise in promoting repigmentation and managing disease progression. However, it must be emphasized that these nutritional interventions remain exploratory, and more research is needed to establish their efficacy, safety, and optimal usage before they can be recommended as part of a standard treatment regimen.

IL-7 secreted by keratinocytes induces melanogenesis via c-kit/MAPK signaling pathway in Melan-a melanocytes.

Abnormal melanin synthesis within melanocytes can result in pigmentary skin disorders. Although pigmentation alterations associated with inflammation are frequently observed, the precise reason for this clinical observation is still unknown. More specifically, although many cytokines are known to be critical for inflammatory skin processes, it is unclear how they affect epidermal melanocyte function. Here, we wanted to see how IL-7, a type I cytokine, affects melanocytes because cytokine is known to be associated with various skin diseases. To this end, Melan-a melanocytes were tested for expression of the IL-7 receptor α (IL-7Rα) and common gamma chain (γc) and their response to IL-7. IL-7 promotes melanogenesis in Melan-a melanocytes, resulting in increased intracellular tyrosinase activity and melanin content. It also upregulates the transcription of melanogenesis-related genes like MITF, tyrosinase, TRP1, and TRP2. IL-7 receptor α (IL-7Rα) and common gamma chain (γc) are interacted with c-kit in Melan-a melanocytes. IL-7 also activates the phosphorylated c-kit and its downstream target genes, such as ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 phosphorylation in Melan-a melanocytes. Furthermore, inhibition of c-kit by ISCK03, c-kit inhibitor, significantly reversed c-kit phosphorylation and MITF expression. We also showed that IL-7 induces melanogenesis via the c-kit/MAPK signaling pathway based on the findings of this study. In conclusion, Melan-a melanocytes express IL-7 receptors on their surface, and IL-7 treatment on Melan-a cells leads to melanogenesis via the c-kit/MAPK signaling pathway. These results could lead to new treatments for pigmentation disorders and provide insight into the immunological processes surrounding melanocytes.

Diagnosis and Management of Skin Toxicities in Systemic Treatment of Genitourinary Cancers.

The landscape of available therapeutic options for treatment of genitourinary (GU) cancers is expanding dramatically. Many of these treatments have distinct, sometimes severe, skin toxicities including morbilliform, bullous, pustular, lichenoid, eczematous, psoriasiform, and palmoplantar eruptions. Pruritus and skin pigmentation changes have also been noted. This review aims to synthesize dermatologic events observed with antibody drug conjugates, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, androgen receptor pathway inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and the combination of these agents used for the treatment of GU cancers. It provides a guide on diagnosis and initial management of these rashes for medical oncologists.

BMP4 regulates differentiation of nestin-positive stem cells into melanocytes

Hair follicle (HF) development and pigmentation are complex processes governed by various signaling pathways, such as TGF-β and FGF signaling pathways. Nestin + (neural crest like) stem cells are also expressed in HF stem cells, particularly in the bulge and dermal papilla region. However, the specific role and differentiation potential of these Nestin-positive cells within the HF remain unclear, especially regarding their contribution to melanocyte formation and hair pigmentation. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), members of the TGFβ family, has been implicated in regulating HF growth, coloration, and related cellular behaviors. Its role in directing Nestin-positive cells toward a melanocytic lineage has yet to be fully explored. In this study, mouse HF organoids were constructed and shown to be an ideal model for studying HF growth and development in vitro. Using this model as a basis, we demonstrated that BMP4 controls HF coloration as well as its length, number, and even size. Furthermore, Nestin-positive cells in the HF-especially those in the bulge region-differentiate into melanocytes, which produce the pigments that give HF its color under BMP4 stimulation. The resulting increase in pigmentation within the mouse HF organoids underscores that BMP4 has a major regulatory role in the formation of melanocytes from Nestin-positive stem cells. This research provides insights into the cellular mechanisms underlying hair pigmentation and suggests potential therapeutic applications for pigmentation disorders.

Comorbidities Associated with Vitiligo: Results from the EpiChron Cohort.

Background: Vitiligo is a pigmentation disorder that impacts approximately 0.5% to 2% of the global population. Growing interest surrounds the comorbidities associated with vitiligo. This study aimed to describe the socio-demographic characteristics of the patients with vitiligo in Aragón (Spain) and to investigate their associated comorbidities. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted using clinical data from individuals in the EpiChron Cohort (reference population of 1.3 million) who were diagnosed with vitiligo between 1 January and 31 December 2019. The prevalence of chronic comorbidities was calculated using logistic regression models, obtaining the odds ratio (OR) of each comorbidity (dependent variable) according to the presence or absence of vitiligo (independent variable). We used a cut-off point for a statistical significance of p-value < 0.05. Results: In total, 218 patients diagnosed with vitiligo were analyzed. The mean age was 44.0 years, and 56.42% were female. The largest proportion of patients (34.86%) were aged between 18 and 44 years. Among all vitiligo patients included, 71.5% presented multimorbidity, with an average of 3.21 diagnosed comorbidities. The conditions most frequently associated with vitiligo included thyroid disorders (OR: 3.01, p < 0.001), ocular and hearing abnormalities (OR: 1.54, p < 0.020), inflammatory skin disorders (OR: 2.21, p < 0.001), connective tissue diseases (OR: 1.84, p < 0.007), lower respiratory tract diseases (OR: 1.78, p < 0.014), urinary tract infections (OR: 1.69, p < 0.032), and cardiac arrhythmias (OR 1.84, p < 0.034). Conclusions: This research highlights the importance of understanding the broader health implications of vitiligo and provides a foundation for further exploration into the complex interplay between this dermatologic condition and a diverse range of comorbidities.

AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT OF SWITRA ROGA: A CASE STUDY

Skin is the largest organ of the human body. Skin complaints affect people of all ages, from the neonate to the elderly, and cause harm in several ways, such as discomfort, disfigurement, disability and even death. The condition can lead to a decline in quality of life and self-esteem as it tarnishes the beauty of the human body. Vitiligo is a common autoimmune pigmentary disorder of great socio-medical importance. It is characterised by white spots appearing on the skin due to melanocyte deficiency. Vitiligo is a condition presenting with whitish discolouration of the skin. It is an acquired condition in which circumscribed de-pigmented patches can be seen. The destruction of melanocytes, pigment-forming cells, causes a lack of melanin and colouring pigment, which leads to this condition. It affects 1-2% of the population worldwide. Onset is usually in childhood, and females are mostly affected. In Ayurveda, the science of life, the " Shwitra " disease can be correlated to vitiligo. The present study aims to evaluate the action of Ayurvedic medications on Shwitra roga. Due to side effects and limitations of contemporary science, some harmless and effective medicines are expected from Alternative medical sciences. Ayurveda has excellent potential to treat such autoimmune skin diseases. Here, a case of acute vitiligo treated with Ayurvedic management is recorded. Here, I am presenting a case of 26 a 26-year-old girl who came to OPD with c/o white patches over the left side behind the neck region, and a notable improvement in the condition has been observed in this case.

Utilization and prescription patterns of topical steroids: a study at dessie comprehensive specialized hospital, Ethiopia

BackgroundTopical steroids are widely used in dermatology for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, but misuse can cause skin thinning and systemic issues. In Ethiopia, where skin conditions are common, understanding how topical steroids are prescribed and used is essential for ensuring their safe and effective use.ObjectiveThe study aimed to assess topical steroids’ prescription and utilization pattern in Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (DCSH) from February 1 to May 30, 2024.MethodologyThe study used a descriptive, cross-sectional design with a quantitative approach, analyzing data from 175 patient records on prescription and utilization patterns of topical steroids at DCSH. Participants were selected using a random sampling technique. Data were categorized and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010, with findings presented through descriptive statistics, including tables and figures.ResultEczematous dermatitis (31.49%) was the most common skin disease observed, followed by dermatophytosis (12.15%). Out of 304 drugs prescribed, averaging 1.73 per prescription, clobetasol (44.4%) and betamethasone (25.0%) were the most common topical corticosteroids. These steroids were primarily prescribed for eczema, dermatitis, pigmentary disorders, psoriasis, urticaria, and lichen planus. The commonly prescribed drugs were topical steroids 108[35.53%]. Generic names were used for 54.63% of the 108 topical steroids prescribed.ConclusionThe study found that dermatitis and eczema are the most common skin conditions treated in dermatology clinics, with topical steroids being the main treatment. However, many prescriptions lacked details on the application site, treatment duration, and quantity. To improve safety and effectiveness, the study recommends community education, better dermatological services, and increased oversight in professional training.