Changes In Physical Appearance Research Articles

Sharia-Based Regional Regulations and Inter-Religious Relations in Bulukumba South Sulawesi

The background for the emergence of the idea of applying Sharia based regional regulations in Bulukumba is influenced by three factors: history, politics and socio-religious reality of the community. The response to the application of Islamic law also varies. At least in broad outline there are four kinds of responses, i.e. accepting, accepting with certain conditions, refusing then accepting and refusing. The application of Islamic law in Bulukumba has caused changes both in the physical appearance and socio-religious interaction of the people. Changes in physical appearance can be seen from the increasing number of women wearing hijab and a number of writings of religious nuances in various corners of the city. Changes in the areas of social interaction can be seen from the decrease of the crime rate. In the interaction between religious communities, the Sharia-based regulations are a medium for the Islamization of society. The existence of such legislation has also left no space for non-Muslims to build or add a new place of worship.

Optimization of solid-self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for solubility and release profile of clonazepam using simplex lattice design

The objective of the present work was to improve solubility and dissolution release properties of clonazepam (CNZ) from solid-self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS). Liquid SNEDDS (L-SNEDDS) of CNZ was a system consisted of sunflower oil, Tween 80 and PEG 600 as vehicle, surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively. The L-SNEDDS were systematically optimized using simplex lattice design. The selected independent variables were % of sunflower oil (X1), % of PEG 600 (X2) and % of Tween 80 (X3) and dependent variables were droplet size (YDS) and polydispersity index (YPDI). S-SNEDDS were prepared by simple adsorption technique using Aerosil® 200 as inert solid carrier. Both L-SNEDDS and S-SNEDDS showed significantly improved in vitro drug release and ex-vivo permeation than pure drug. Solid state characterization (DSC, X-RD and SEM) studies revealed that complete conversion of crystalline CNZ to amorphous form in optimized SNEDDS formulation. FT-IR studies revealed that there was no chemical interaction between drug and excipients. Accelerated stability studies revealed that there was no significant changes in physical appearance, emulsification time, droplet size, PDI, assay and dissolution release profile before and after storage. The obtained results illustrate the perspective use of S-SNEDDS for the oral delivery of poorly water soluble drugs.

Stability of trimethoprim in newly formulated liquid dosage form

Background: Extemporaneous preparation of trimethoprim oral suspension using a commercially available trimethoprim tablet, methylcellulose mucilage and syrup, is cumbersome and time-consuming and there is also an increased risk of dental caries when it is used for the prophylaxis of urinary tract infection. Aim: To investigate the stability of trimethoprim suspension formulated in Ora-Plus/Ora-Sweet SF over a period of 63 days under two different storage conditions. Methods: Commercially available trimethoprim tablets, Ora-Plus and Ora-Sweet SF were used to prepare trimethoprim suspension. The suspension (10 mg/mL) was then packaged in glass bottles and stored at 4 or 25°C. An aliquot was withdrawn immediately before (Day 0) and after 2, 4, 7, 14, 21, 30, 45 and 63 days. Samples were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography to measure the changes in trimethoprim concentration before and after storage. Samples were assessed for changes in physical appearance (e.g. odour, caking and ease of resuspension) and pH. Microbial contamination was assessed at the end of 63 days of storage. Results: Trimethoprim retained more than 95% of its initial concentration for at least 63 days when stored at 4 or 25°C. There were no apparent changes in physical appearance of the suspension and the pH of the suspension remained unchanged throughout the study period. No microbial growth was observed in the tested samples. Conclusion: The newly formulated trimethoprim suspension is chemically, physically and microbiologically stable for at least 63 days, and therefore such formulation can now be extemporaneously prepared and given an acceptable shelf life.

Staring into a Broken Mirror: Posttherapeutic or Traumatic Disfigurement (SA537)

•Understand the multi-dimensional difficulties faced by patients who have experienced a change in physical appearance and body image.•Identify normal adaptive stages after disfigurement.•Recognize predictors of psychosocial disturbance. Patient Quote: “People seem to think I’ve changed because my face has.” Body image is central to the successful navigation of social as well as private functioning. Changes in self-perception are often profound in the setting of posttherapeutic or posttraumatic disfigurement, with a visible or perceived mismatch between their “normal” body and a “new” one. The persons affected by this mismatch may have experienced burns, traumatic amputation, therapeutic amputation or resection, chemotherapy, or radiation-associated changes. The circumstances leading to, and the type of changes experienced, require adaptation in terms of physical functionality and also psychosocial adjustment. The family unit or support groups of the affected individual are also affected by the physical changes and the necessity to adapt to differing physical and social experiences. This session will highlight our understanding of the adjustment process after traumatic (such as military related injury) or posttherapeutic disfigurement (such as that seen in oncology). We will define and explore common themes affecting patients who experience an altered body image, including self-care, grooming, habituation, and socialization. The ability to identify and support patients and families facing, recovering from, or navigating a disfiguring experience is enhanced by an understanding of normal adaptive and coping strategies. Circumstances (pre- and post-event) known to impact adjustment to changes in body image will be reviewed. It is particularly important to be able to predict or recognize maladaptation. Familiarity with this topic, and with proven treatment strategies or resources for our patients, enhances our ability to give practical advice, provide emotional support, and to mobilize appropriate referrals or interventions.

Formulation and Evaluation of Gastro Retentive Matrix Tablets of Sitagliptin

The present investigation concerns the formulation and evaluation of gastro retentive matrix tablets of sitagliptin which after oral administration, are designed to prolong the gastric residence time, increase drug bioavailability and sustain the drug release. The tablets were prepared by using various polymers viz; HPMC (K4M, K15 M, K100M), xanthan gum and combination of polymers and sodium bicarbonate. The tablets were prepared by wet granulation method and further evaluated for pre compression parameters, physical characteristics, in vitro release, buoyancy time, lag-time and swelling index. Formulations were evaluated for in vitro buoyancy and drug release study using United States Pharmacopeia (USP) 23 paddle-type dissolution apparatus using 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2) as a dissolution medium. All formulations had floating lag times below 3 minutes and constantly floated on dissolution medium for more than 12 hrs. The optimized formulations (F13) were subjected to various kinetic release investigations and it was found that the mechanism of drug release was predominantly diffusion in combination with polymeric relaxation. The best formulation (F13) remained buoyant and showed a sustained drug release (98%) for 12hrs. F13 showed no significant change in physical appearance, drug content or floating lag time after storage at 45°C/75% RH for three months.

Formulation Development and Comparative Study of Clopidogrel Bisulfate Matrix Formulations

The objective of this study was to design matrix tablets for oral sustained release of clopidogrel bisulfate and to investigate the sustained release behavior of the matrix tablets. Matrices were prepared by direct compression technique, melt method and microencapsulation using sodium carboxymethylcellulose, carnuba wax and ethyl cellulose as a release retardant. The FT-IR analysis indicated the stability and compatibility of drug with excipients. The formulation was optimized on the basis of acceptable tablet properties and invitro drug release. The resulting formulations produced tablets with optimum hardness, uniform thickness, consistent weight uniformity and low friability. The results of dissolution studies indicated that formulations F2 batch exhibited good drug release pattern to provide sufficient concentration for achieving satisfactory therapeutic value for extended period of time. The drug release from F2 formulation was sustained upto 12 hrs. Tablet Fitting in-vitro drug release data from optimized matrix formulation to Korsmeyer Pappas model equation indicated that diffusion and erosion could be mechanism of drug release. Matrix tablet F2 showed no change in physical appearance, drug content after storage 40°C, 75% RH for 3 months.

Do People Shape Cities, or Do Cities Shape People? The Co-Evolution of Physical, Social, and Economic Change in Five Major U.S. Cities

Urban change involves transformations in the physical appearance and the social composition of neighborhoods. Yet, the relationship between the physical and social components of urban change is not well understood due to the lack of comprehensive measures of neighborhood appearance. Here, we introduce a computer vision method to quantify change in physical appearance of streetscapes and generate a dataset of physical change for five large American cities. We combine this dataset with socioeconomic indicators to explore whether demographic and economic changes precede, follow, or co-occur with changes in physical appearance. We find that the strongest predictors of improvement in a neighborhood’s physical appearance are population density and share of college-educated adults. Other socioeconomic characteristics, like median income, share of vacant homes, and monthly rent, do not predict improvement in physical appearance. We also find that neighborhood appearances converge to the initial appearances of bordering areas, supporting the Burgess “invasion” theory. In addition, physical appearance is more likely to improve in neighborhoods proximal to the central business district. Finally, we find modest support for “tipping” and “filtering” theories of urban change.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.

Weight perception and its association with socio-demographic and health-related factors among Korean adolescents.

BackgroundAdolescence is a time of rapid growth with dramatic changes in physical appearance. The body image established at this time could affect their physical and mental health throughout their entire life. However, adolescents sometimes perceive themselves as underweight or overweight irrespective of actual weight status. The purpose of the present study was to examine the extent of weight misperception for Korean adolescents, to explore socio-demographic factors associated with weight misperception, and to examine gender-specific differences in the relationships between weight misperception and health-related factors.MethodsWe selected data on 3321 adolescents aged 12–18 years from the five-year Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) datasets (2007–2011). Self-perceived weight status was compared with measured weight status by cross-tabulation. The generalized logit model was used to explore the socio-demographic factors associated with weight misperception, and separate logistic regression models were fitted to examine gender-specific differences in the relationships between weight misperception and health-related factors.ResultsOverall, 25.8 % of boys (overestimation 17.1 %; underestimation 8.6 %) and 29.3 % of girls (overestimation 24.0 %; underestimation 5.3 %) misclassified their weight status according to the objective standards. Weight overestimation was particularly prominent among underweight girls. Weight misperception was associated with socio-demographic factors such as gender, age, BMI, place of residence, and maternal education level. Weight overestimation and underestimation in boys and weight overestimation in girls were significantly related to inappropriate weight control practice. However, weight underestimation in girls seems to be negatively linked to inappropriate weight control practice.ConclusionsBased on the results of the present study, comprehensive intervention programs for adolescents and their parents could be devised to raise self-awareness of their weight status, to overcome weight misperception, and to prevent obesity and its related health risks.

Physio-Chemical Changes During Repeated Frying of Cooked Oil: A Review

Today, fried foods are very famous everywhere around the world and it can be observed by the increasing number of fast food restaurants in the last few decades. Deep frying of foods at high temperature enhances the sensorial properties which include the unique fried flavor, golden brown color and crispy texture. Chemical reactions like oxidation, polymerization, hydrolysis, etc., take place in the food system, which ultimately alters the physical and chemical properties of fat. Consequently, so many by-products such as free fatty acids, alcohols, cyclic compounds, dimers and polymers are produced. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the physical and chemical changes during deep fat frying to monitor the quality of fried foods. In this review, we constituted the previous studies on the changes in fats during frying and methods used to analyze the quality of fried oil, in order to explore the areas which require further research. Practical Applications Deep frying is the most common and one of the oldest methods of food preparation worldwide. To reduce the expenses, the oil tends to be used repeatedly for frying. Repeated use of this oil has become a common practice due to low level of awareness among the public about the bad effect of this practice. Nowadays, the consumption of deep-fried food has gained popularity which may cause increased risk of obesity. When heated repeatedly, changes in physical appearance of the oil will occur such as increased viscosity and darkening in color, which may alter the fatty acid composition of the oil. In this review, we have investigated the detail mechanism of decay of oil and parameters to be measured to know the quality and safety of oil.

The Effects of Mindfulness-Cognitive Based Therapy on the Dysfunctional Beliefs and the Social Appraisal of Patients with Cancer and Changes in Physical Appearance

Background: Cancer can change patients' physical appearance and thereby, threaten their psychological well-being. The current study aimed to evaluate the eects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on the dysfunctional beliefs and the social appraisal of the patients with cancer and changes in physical appearance. Methods: It was a pretest-posttest controlled quasi-experimental study. A convenience sample of 40 patients with skin, breast, head and neck cancers was recruited from Shahid Ghazi Hospital, Tabriz, Iran. The patients had cancer-induced changes in physical appearance such as severe hair and eyebrow loss, mastectomy and skin lesions. They were randomly allocated to the experimental (20 patients) and the control groups (20 patients). Patients in the experimental group received mindfulness-based educations in eight 1.5-hour sessions held twice a week in four consecutive weeks while patients in the control group received no education. Before and one week after the study intervention, patients in both study groups completed the Jone irrational belief test and the social appraisal subscale of the self-talk scale. The data were analyzed by the SPSS ver. 16.0 and through conducting the independent- and the paired-sample T-tests and the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) at the significance level of 0.05. Results: Study findings revealed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy significantly improved the participating patients' de- mand for approval, high self-expectation, blame proneness, frustration reactive, emotional irresponsibility, anxious over-concern, problem avoidance, perfectionism, social appraisal (P < 0.001), dependency and helplessness for change (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Mindfulness education is recommended to correct dysfunctional beliefs and improve social appraisal of patients with cancer and changes in physical appearance.

Diagnosis and management of inherited bone marrow failure syndrome

The inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS) are rare disorders in which there is usually some form of bone marrow failure and typical changes in physical appearance, associated with a family history of the same disorder. Patients with IBMFS have a very high risk of developing myelodysplastic syndrome, acute myeloid leukemia, and solid tumors. The latest technology applied to the molecular pathogenesis of these disorders has led to identification of specific genetic mutations and now facilitates determining the appropriate diagnosis and management of afflicted patients. In this section, we describe physical and laboratory findings and management of the major IBMFS: Fanconi anemia, dyskeratosis congenita, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, and Diamond Blackfan anemia. We also discuss their possible implications in the clinical features of Japanese patients.

Point of No Return From Water Loss inCoptotermes formosanus(Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Describing desiccation stages based on the physical appearance of termites has not been evaluated previously. Formosan subterranean termites were studied to determine the rate of water loss, singly and in groups, in the laboratory. The stages of water loss are described based on changes in physical appearance and percent total body water loss evaluated at 2- to 8-h time intervals up to 32 h. Workers in groups lost water slower than individual worker trials. Weight loss was linear over time for worker groups and individuals, as was individual soldier only trials. Water loss in individual workers was significantly faster than in soldiers. Three physical stages of desiccation are described for living workers: (I) curling of antennae, (II) on back but with assistance able to right themselves and walk, and (III) unable to get off back; and two stages for living soldiers (II and III). Recovery was determined from termites in a second trial by transferring stage I, II, and III individuals from open, dry Petri dishes to those with moist filter paper at 4, 6, 10, 12, 14, 16, 24, 26 and 28 h. After 12 h on moist filter paper, stage I workers had a 83% recovery rate, stage II had a 33%, and stage III had a 7% recovery. Soldiers had a 56% recovery at stage II and was similar to the recovery of workers at stage III. Most termites that reached stage III were destined to die.

Understanding the Stress Management Needs and Preferences of Latinas Undergoing Chemotherapy.

This exploratory study provides insights into everyday realities, concerns, and cultural perspectives of Latinas undergoing chemotherapy, and elicits information on stress management and information needs. Informed by a community-based participatory research approach using qualitative methods, we conducted ten interviews with providers, and two focus groups (n = 13) and 20 in-depth interviews with Latinas recently diagnosed with breast cancer. Providers and Latina patients acknowledged multiple physical and emotional stressors associated with cancer treatment, viewed a positive aspect of the cancer experience to include connection with God and enhanced spirituality, saw family as a motivating factor for recovery, and expressed a need to draw on existing coping strategies. Findings show considerable overlap between providers and Latina cancer patients' perceptions of stressors during chemotherapy. However, a few notable differences in perceptions of stress management needs during this treatment period emerged. While Latina cancer patients mentioned similar social/structural stressors (e.g., economic problems, lack of information) they tended to emphasize more of the interpersonal stressors related to family communication and relationships (e.g., providing and caring for family, distance from family), and intrapersonal stressors such as fear, changes in physical appearance, and side effects of chemotherapy. Our study illustrates the importance of including multiple perspectives. The information gained by including both providers and patient perspectives yielded a more complete understanding of the stress management needs of Latinas undergoing chemotherapy. Findings suggest that stress management educational interventions should aim to develop self-care skills, be culturally relevant and language-specific, and build upon stress-reducing strategies Latinas may already employ.

Sildenafil Induced Acute Interstitial Nephritis.

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is characterized by inflammation of the renal interstitium and usually occurs in a temporal relationship with the medication. We present a case of an Asian male who had nephrotic range proteinuria and presented with acute kidney injury. The patient reported an acute change in physical appearance and symptomatology after the ingestion of a single dose of sildenafil. Renal biopsy was notable for minimal change disease (MCD) with acute and chronic interstitial nephritis. Renal replacement and glucocorticoid therapy were initiated. Renal recovery within six weeks permitted discontinuation of dialysis. AIN superimposed on MCD is a known association of NSAID induced nephropathy. The temporal association and the absence of any new drugs suggest that the AIN was most likely due to the sildenafil. NSAIDs are less likely to have caused the AIN given their remote use. The ease of steroid responsiveness would also suggest another cause as NSAID induced AIN is often steroid resistant. The MCD was most likely idiopathic given the lack of temporal association with a secondary cause. As the number of sildenafil prescriptions increases, more cases of AIN may be identified and physician awareness for this potential drug disease association is necessary.

Effect of Rubberwood Content on Biodegradability of Poly(butylene succinate) Biocomposites

Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) biocomposites incorporated with rubberwood powder (RWP) were fabricated with various RWP weight fractions (i.e., 0 to 40% wt) by injection moulding process. The soil burial test was employed to examine the biodegradability of such biocomposites under outdoor environment for 60 days. The physical appearance, percentage weight loss, chemical structure, and mechanical properties before and after the soil burial test were determined. Apparent changes in physical appearance of the biocomposites from optical micrographs were detected in terms of surface morphology and colour. The percentage of crystallinity of PBS/RWP biocomposites was studied by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, and the XRD pattern revealed a decrease in percentage of crystallinity due to enhancing RWP weight fractions. This may be attributed to a presence of rubberwood powders providing more disordered molecular chain arrangement of PBS matrix and also an agglomeration of the rubberwood powder content at greater concentration as seen in SEM micrographs. With increasing RWP weight fractions and burial time, the results exhibited a considerable change in chemical structure (essentially ester linkage due to biodegradation mechanism of PBS), relatively greater percentage weight loss, and a substantial decrease in flexural properties. Consequently, the results indicate that incorporating RWP enhances biodegradability of PBS/RWP biocomposites; that is, the biodegradation rate of biocomposites increases with increasing RWP weight fractions and burial time.

Comparative Study of Sustained Release Potential of a Newly Isolated Senna tora Seed Galactomannan with Commercially Available Polymers

The objective of the present research work was to study sustained release behavior and potential of galactomannans alone, in combination with xanthan gum and their comparison with commercially available semisynthetic hydrophilic polymer. Once daily sustained release matrix tablets of losartan potassium were prepared using isolated Senna tora seed galactomannan, other galactomannan containing commercially available gums (guar gum and locust bean gum) alone and in combination with xanthan gum. The influence of different concentrations and nature of polymer was studied. The tablets were prepared by wet granulation method and evaluated for physical characteristics like hardness, weight variation, friability and drug content. The in-vitro drug release profile of matrix tablets prepared using galactomannan containing gums were compared with matrix tablet prepared using commercially available and widely used semi-synthetic polymer (Methocel K 100 M) at the same concentration level. All the physical characters of the fabricated tablet were found to be within acceptable limits. Drug-excipient interaction was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry and FTIR. There was no drug excipient interaction. Galactomannans isolated from Senna tora seeds showed better sustained release potential as compared to other galactomannans used in the study when used alone. The tablets prepared using combination of guar gum and xanthan gum (F11) with drug to polymer ratio of 1:4 exhibited greater swelling index and better sustained release potential than other galactomannans in combination with xanthan gum. Hence, the batch F11 was considered as optimized formulation. Formulation F11 showed no change in physical appearance and dissolution profile upon storage at 40°C/75 % relative humidity for six months. Compared to conventional tablets, release of losartan potassium from these matrix tablets was prolonged, leading to achieve an effective therapy with low dosage of the drug, to reduce the frequency of medication. Formulation F11 was found stable at accelerated conditions 40 ± 5°C / 75% RH for a period of 6 months. The pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, Tmax, and AUC of developed sustained release tablets were found to be improved with significant difference when compared with conventional immediate release tablets.

Once a daily Tablet Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of HPMC Based Intra Gastric Floating Tablet of Levofloxacin

The aim of this study was to develop a new intra-gastric floating tablet for controlled delivery of Levofloxacin for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). The method of preparation is direct compression method. HPMC, K-grade and effervescent material sodium bicarbonate formed the floating layer. The release layer contained Levofloxacin and various polymers such as HPMC-K15M, HPMC-K100M, PVP-K30 and MCC in combination with the drug. The in vitro drug release was studied in pH 1.2 HCl using USP dissolution Apparatus II at 50 rpm. Zero-order, first-order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer et al. models were used to estimate the kinetics of drug release. Optimized formulation released approximately 98% drug in 12 h in vitro, while the floating lag time was 49 sec and the tablet remained floatable throughout all studies. Optimized formulation (D3) followed the Korsmeyer and Peppas model and showed no significant change in physical appearance, drug content, floatability and invitro dissolution pattern after storage at 45°C/75% RH for three month.

Self-assembly of amphiphilic janus particles into monolayer capsules for enhanced enzyme catalysis in organic media.

Encapsulation of enzymes during the creation of an emulsion is a simple and efficient route for enhancing enzyme catalysis in organic media. Herein, we report a capsule with a shell comprising a monolayer of silica Janus particles (JPs) (referred to as a monolayer capsule) and a Pickering emulsion for the encapsulation of enzyme molecules for catalysis purposes in organic media using amphiphilic silica JPs as building blocks. We demonstrate that the JP capsules had a monolayer shell consisting of closely packed silica JPs (270 nm). The capsules were on average 5-50 μm in diameter. The stability of the JP capsules (Pickering emulsion) was investigated with the use of homogeneous silica nanoparticles as a control. The results show that the emulsion stabilized via amphiphilic silica JPs presented no obvious changes in physical appearance after 15 days, indicating the high stability of the emulsions and JP capsules. Furthermore, the lipase from Candida sp. was chosen as a model enzyme for encapsulation within the JP capsules during their formation. The catalytic performance of lipase was evaluated according to the esterification of 1-hexanol with hexanoic acid. It was found that the specific activity of the encapsulated enzymes (28.7 U mL(-1)) was more than 5.6 times higher than that of free enzymes in a biphasic system (5.1 U mL(-1)). The enzyme activity was further increased by varying the volume ratio of water to oil and the JPs loadings. The enzyme-loaded capsule also exhibited high stability during the reaction process and good recyclability. In particular, the jellification of agarose in the JP capsules further enhanced their operating stability. We believe that the monolayer structure of the JP capsules, together with their high stability, rendered the capsules to be ideal enzyme carriers and microreactors for enzyme catalysis in organic media because they created a large interfacial area and had low mass transfer resistance through the monolayer shell.

PD1-1 - How Should These Be Introduced to General Clinic Practice? Problems to Introduction Into Clinical Care

Molecular targeted drugs such as imatinib and gefitinib were first introduced into Japan more than 10 years ago. Cetuximab for colon cancer was approved for health insurance coverage in 2008, and is now safely and appropriately used for evidence-based treatment at a wide range of facilities. Cetuximab for head and neck cancer was approved for health insurance coverage in 2012. Drug therapy for the head and neck region continues, particularly using new drugs, although various problems have appeared.Clinical practice for head and neck cancer deals with a wide variety of symptoms, including airway narrowing, dysphagia, changes in physical appearance, bleeding from the tumor, unpleasant odor, alcohol dependence, and others. This range of symptoms in a variety of systems requires knowledge and experience in drug therapy, anatomical knowledge of the head and neck region, and cooperation among multiple departments (otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery, radiology, medical oncology, dermatology, psychiatry, rehabilitation, dentistry and oral surgery, and allied health professionals).In this presentation, I will discuss how to introduce new drugs into general clinical practice, based on experience gained in our facility, from the viewpoints of two types of specialists, medical oncologists and otorhinolaryngologists. Issues will include cooperation across multiple departments; the degree of understanding of the characteristics of cancer by doctors involved in drug therapy for head and neck cancer, and their knowledge and experience in drug therapy, and establishment of systems within the facility (education for allied health professionals and patients, and supportive care).

IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EVALUATION OF THE GASTRORETENTIVE FLOATING DOSAGE FORM

The aim of the present investigation was to develop and optimize gastro retentive floating system of Pantoprazole f or the efficient treatment of acid related disorders and H. Pylori infections. Floating tablets were developed using central composite design (CCD), and optimization was done by employing resp onse surface methodology . The floating tablets were prepared wit h HPMC K 4 M/Ethyl cellulose and natural seed polymer of Delonix regia by wet granulation technique. Buoyancy was achieved by adding an effervescent mixture of sodium bicarbonate and anhydrous citric acid. The Optim ized formulation (BS 3 ) showed no significan t change in physical appearance, drug content, total buoyancy time, or in vitro dissolution pattern after storage at 40°C/75 % relative humidity for 1 month. The best formulation was selected based on in vitro characteristics and was used for the in vivo r adiographi c studies by incorporating BaSO 4 . Evaluation of Gastric retention using x - Ray imaging studies were performed on rabbit to justify the increased gastric residence time of the dosage form in the stomach, based on the floating principle. Further the floating tablets were evaluated for its antiulcer activity in Male wristar rats by ethanol induced ulcer in comparison with standard. The floating formulation shows excellent buoyancy and better gastric cytoprotection when compare d with standard drug.