Changes In Nasal Volume Research Articles

The effect of exercise on nasal uptake of ozone in healthy human adults

The nose may help protect the lower respiratory tract from the effects of ambient ozone by scrubbing ozone from inspired air. Reductions in both nasal resistance and nitric oxide production with exercise may influence the efficiency of ozone uptake in the nose. Nasal ozone uptake was measured in 10 healthy volunteers before and after 15 min of moderate bicycle exercise. Ozone (0.2 parts/million) was pulled through both nostrils and out of the mouth at a constant flow while the subjects closed their epiglottises. Nasal uptake of ozone was determined by comparing the ozone concentration entering the nostrils to that exiting the mouth. Average preexercise uptake of ozone was 56 +/- 7.8 and 37 +/- 4.9% at 10 and 20 l/min, respectively. These averages did not significantly differ from those immediately postexercise (55 and 37%). Nasal ozone uptake increased significantly (P < 0.001) with decreasing flow rate, but intersubject variability in uptake could not be predicted by nasal volume or cross-sectional areas (as measured by acoustic rhinometry) or endogenous nitric oxide production. However, the percent change in ozone uptake after exercise, within an individual, was correlated with both 1) percent change in nasal volume (r = 0.70 at 10 l/min) and 2) percent change in the rate of volumetric expansion between the nasal valve and turbinates (r = 0.82 at 10 l/min). These results may be useful for assessing human risk associated with ozone exposure during exercise.

Changes in Nasal Resonance after Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

Hyponasality may be present in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis because of decreased resonance of nasal cavities. Nasalance is a parameter of nasality measured by a nasometer. This study investigated the influence of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) on nasalance and determined the correlation of the nasalance change with nasal volume change. When patients with chronic rhinosinusitis underwent FESS, nasalance was measured by nasometry and nasal volume was measured by acoustic rhinometry before and at least 6 months after surgery. There were 81 eligible patients enrolled in the study. Nasalance scores and nasal volumes were significantly increased after FESS. The increased nasalance value was moderately correlated with the increased midnasal and postnasal volumes. The correlation between postoperative changes in nasalance scores and nasal volumes was more remarkable in patients without nasal polyps than in those with nasal polyps and it was also higher in patients with allergic rhinitis than in those without allergic rhinitis. This study showed that the FESS effectively increased nasalance scores and nasal volumes in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, but the increase in nasalance scores did not appear to be achieved largely through the increased nasal volumes.

Evaluation of Nasal Volume by Acoustic Rhinometry before and after Physical Exercise

The nasal structures generate airflow resistance that can reach -50% of the total respiratory resistance. There are a series of factors that can alter the volume of these structures, among them physical exercise. The objective of this study was to determine the degree of changes in nasal volume at different levels of physical exercise, evaluating the influence of exercise intensity and duration, as well as the duration of the effect of exercise on the nasal mucosa. Nineteen individuals were submitted to three distinct physical tests on a cycle ergometer: test 1, exercising for 5 minutes on a cycle ergometer at 50% the maximal load; test 2, exercising for 10 minutes on a cycle ergometer at 50% the maximal load; and test 3, exercising for 5 minutes on a cycle ergometer at 75% the maximal load. In each test, nasal volume was measured by acoustic rhinometry immediately after the end of exercise and 10 and 20 minutes thereafter. The rhinometry results showed a significant increase (p < 0.001) in nasal volume after physical exercise for all tests performed. At 20 minutes, nasal volume had returned close to resting levels in all three tests. Comparison of the degree of improvement of nasal volume between the three physical tests showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between T1 and T2 (T2 presented gain of 8.3% more in nasal volume than T1). Test 3 showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) compared with the other two tests, with 5.8% higher gain in nasal volume observed compared with T1, while the increase was 2.5% lower than in T2. Physical exercise in general causes a significant increase in nasal volume, with the duration of exercise exerting a greater effect on the degree of improvement than intensity.

Factors contributing to nasal allergic late phase eosinophilia

Objective This study focused on factors contributing to eosinophilia after intranasal allergen challenge. Methods Nasal secretions of 13 allergic individuals were gained over a period of 8 hours after nasal allergen challenge. Early and late phase reactions were determined by acoustic rhinometry and changes of volume and total protein in nasal secretions. Eosinophilia was demonstrated by nasal eosinophilic cationic protein. Interleukin (IL)-5; the chemokines IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and MCP-3, and eotaxin; soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1); and the leukotriene C4 (LTC4) were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for their suggested impacts on tissue eosinophilia. Results By means of rhinometry, we observed in 69% an alternating type of late phase response, followed by a bilateral (15%) or unilateral (8%) type. A biphasic kinetic could be demonstrated by changes in nasal volume and total protein of nasal secretions, reflecting the early and late phase responses. A typical late phase kinetic was observed for IL-5, MCP-1, eotaxin, sVCAM-1, and LTC4. Interleukin 8 was characteristic for early phase reaction but increased in late phase as well. We could not detect any MCP-3 in our samples. Conclusions Our data point to a relevant role of the T H2 cytokine IL-5; of the chemokines IL-8, MCP-1, and eotaxin; of the adhesion molecule sVCAM-1; and of the leukotriene LTC4 for the allergic late phase eosinophilia.

Omalizumab rapidly decreases nasal allergic response and FcεRI on basophils

Background Omalizumab is a monoclonal anti-IgE antibody that is effective for the treatment of allergic respiratory disorders; however, its onset of action is unknown. Objective This study was designed to determine the onset of action of omalizumab through the use of a challenge model to determine time-dependent inhibition of ragweed-induced changes in nasal volume as well as correlate the kinetics of omalizumab-induced decreases in serum free IgE and FcεRI receptors on basophils. Methods We conducted a 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 24 rhinitic patients with ragweed allergy. After PD 30 ragweed nasal allergen challenge, patients received either omalizumab, ∼0.016 mg/kg per IgE (IU/mL), or placebo at days 0 and 28 and were rechallenged with ragweed PD 30 dose biweekly. FcεRI expression on blood basophils was determined by flow cytometry at baseline and 7, 14, 28, and 42 days after treatment. IgE levels were measured at baseline and on days 3, 28, and 42. Results Mean IgE levels decreased by 96% ( P < .001) from baseline within 3 days in the omalizumab group. Baseline 30% ragweed-induced nasal volume response was decreased to 20.4% at 7 to 14 days ( P < .001) and 12.2% at 35 to 42 days ( P < .001) for the omalizumab group. There was a median decrease in basophil FcεRI expression of 73% ( P < .001) in the omalizumab group, with maximum inhibition occurring within 14 days of treatment. No significant changes in IgE levels, nasal allergen challenge responses, or basophil FcεRI expression were observed throughout the study in the placebo group. Conclusions Our study showed that the onset of action by omalizumab in blunting ragweed-induced nasal responses is within 2 weeks, and this response was associated with 2 putative mechanisms of action: decreased serum free IgE and decreased FcεRI receptor expression on immune effector cells.

Comparison of Feline Nasal Cavity Dimensions Measured by Acoustic Rhinometry and Nasal Casts

The goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship between feline nasal cavity geometry determined in vivo by acoustic rhinometry (AR(in vivo)) and by nasal cavity casts. Cast cross-sectional areas were measured by acoustic rhinometry (AR(cast)), a fluid-displacement method (FDM), and slicing. A volume comparison between AR(in vivo) and AR(cast) was studied in cats with varying degrees of nasal obstruction after application of phenylpropanolamine, saline, or compound 48/80. After measurements of AR(in vivo), impression material was injected into the nasal cavity to produce casts. Subsequently, the cross-sectional areas of the nasal impressions were measured by AR(cast) and FDM using ethanol. All casts were weighed to determine exact volume. Six casts also were sliced into segments of equal thickness for determination of cross-sectional area. Cast volume determined by AR(cast) was consistent with results obtained using FDM and weight. Volumes of the first 3 cm determined by AR(in vivo) ranged between 78 +/- 9% of cast volumes determined by AR(cast) for decongested cavities and 16 +/- 15% for congested cavities. AR(in vivo) does not reflect cast geometry, probably because of (1) underestimation by AR because of methodological problems caused by the cavity geometry, (2) deformation of compliant structures within the nasal passageways resulting from the casting procedure, and/or (3) the casting material reaches parts of the nasal cavity not accessible to sound, e.g., sinuses or recesses. Nevertheless, this study does not preclude the use of AR as a sensitive method suited to evaluate relative changes in nasal volume caused by experimental challenges of the nasal mucosa. Compared with AR(in vivo), casts still may be of use but it is less sensitive to measure relative changes after experimental challenge.

Nasal nitric oxide is independent of nasal cavity volume.

This study was performed to evaluate the relationship between nasal nitric oxide (NO) and changes in nasal cavity volume resulting from the topical application of xylometazoline and saline and between upright and supine posture. Nasal NO was measured using a fixed high flow technique that avoids contamination with lower airways NO. In nine healthy subjects nasal NO concentration was measured by a rapid response chemiluminescent analyzer. A tapered tube was inserted in one nostril, into which room air was insufflated to produce a constant flow of 100 mL/second; another tube was inserted into the opposite nostril for NO sampling (air exit side). Subjects were instructed to keep the vellum closed while NO was sampled through a sideport connected to the analyzer. Nasal cavity volume was measured by acoustic rhinometry from a segment of the acoustic pathway, 2 to 5 cm from the nostril. Nasal cavity volume and NO measurements were made at baseline, 15 minutes, and 60 minutes after intervention (administration of saline 0.9%, xylometazoline or posture changes on 3 consecutive days). Xylometazoline produced a significant increase in nasal cavity volume, together with a significant reduction in NO level at 15 and 60 minutes after intervention. In addition, the change from seated to supine position decreased the total nasal volume significantly, but without changes in nasal NO. No correlation was found between the magnitudes of changes in nasal NO and the changes in nasal volume. Topical application of xylomethazoline resulted in increased nasal cavity volume and reduced NO output. In contrast to previous published reports, a technique using high flow rate insufflation demonstrated an abscence of correlation between the magnitudes of changes in nasal NO and nasal cavity volume brought about by decongestant, saline, or posture.

Experimental exposure of male volunteers to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP): acute effects and pharmacokinetics of NMP in plasma and urine.

OBJECTIVES: To study the acute effects of exposure to the increasingly used solvent, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) in male volunteers. Further, to determine the NMP concentration in plasma and urine during and...

Detection of adenoidal hypertrophy using acoustic rhinomanometry.

Adenoidal hypertrophy is the commonest cause of nasal obstruction in the pediatric population. It may cause marked morbidity as regards respiratory physiology, facial growth and middle ear function. Determination of adenoidal presence and size is not easy. Nasal endoscopy and radiology are the most accepted modes of diagnosis and each has its disadvantages. We have used acoustic rhinometry to determine the size of adenoids. Changes in nasal volume and resistance were recorded and an easy formula was devised to determined adenoid size. This technique is easy, non-invasive and reproducible with a 93.5% predictive value.

The influence of maxillary osteotomy on nasal airway patency and geometry.

Maxillary surgical repositioning affects nasal airway size. This study recorded nasal airway changes by acoustic rhinometry in patients with maxillary surgical repositioning after Le Fort I osteotomies. These changes were compared to the amount of skeletal movement by means of preoperative and 6-week postoperative lateral cephalography. Vertical linear movement of the posterior maxilla showed a very close relationship to volume changes in the posterior nasal segment. Anterior nasal volume changes can not be considered as a pure function of the direction and amount of skeletal movement. The greatest amount of cranial displacement tolerated without impaired nasal patency in this study was 7 mm.

Inhalation of diethylamine--acute nasal effects and subjective response.

Adult volunteers were exposed to 25 ppm (75 mg/m3) diethylamine in a climate chamber for 15 min in order to study the acute nasal reactions to an exposure equivalent to the present threshold limit value-short-term exposure limit. Changes in nasal volume and nasal resistance were measured by acoustic rhinometry and by rhinomanometry. Acute change in nasal volume, usually seen as acute nasal mucosa response to thermal stimuli, was not observed, nor was an acute change in nasal airway resistance. In a subsequent experiment, the aim was to measure acute sensory effects. Exposure to a concentration increasing from 0 to 12 ppm took place for 60 min, equal to an average concentration of 10 ppm (30 mg/m3). A moderate to strong olfactory response and distinct nasal and eye irritation were observed. In spite of considerable individual variation, the results were in agreement with sensory effect estimates obtained from animal studies.