Changes In Mass Density Research Articles

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bone health: A review on possible links and follow up studies

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common multisystem disease mostly affecting the respiratory system. Despite the well-known pulmonary manifestations of COPD, the extrapulmonary complications are mainly demonstrated in clinical studies, and the exact mechanisms behind the relationship between COPD and some extrapulmonary manifestations are still unclear. Many case-control studies reported osteoporosis as a common complication of COPD. However, the possible causality between COPD and osteoporosis is not clearly understood, and a lack of follow-up studies on COPD patients is an important issue addressed in the literature. In the present review, we discussed the common molecular pathways in COPD and osteoporosis and summarized the follow-up studies on COPD patients evaluating the possible changes in bone mass density or the development of fractures in COPD patients.

A late Jurassic carbon-isotope record from the Qiangtang Basin (Tibet), eastern Tethys, and its palaeoceanographic implications

An Upper Jurassic succession of deep-marine limestones, marls and claystones preserved in the Ambo section of the Qiangtang Basin (Tibet) contains information concerning the response of the eastern Tethys Ocean to multiple carbon cycle perturbations and to palaeoceanographic changes. Three positive δ 13 C excursions (P-CIE 1–3), dated as latest Callovian, middle Oxfordian and early Late Kimmeridgian, respectively, are observed in our section and related to high organic carbon burial episodes; they are correlatable with profiles from the Atlantic, western Tethys and western Paleo-Pacific regions. A significant decrease in δ 13 C values in our section in late Oxfordian to early Kimmeridgian times is attributed to the onset of upwelling of 13 C-depleted watermasses caused by the opening of new seaways during the progressive collapse of Pangaea. A fourth positive δ 13 C excursions (P-CIE 4), dated as Late Kimmeridgian-Early Tithonian, is unlikely to be due to accelerated burial of organic carbon, but may be associated with the establishment of a stable low-latitude thermohaline circulation that replaced the upwelling zones. Due to the oceanic changes linked to the breakup of Pangaea, incursions of cold Arctic waters and associated changes in water mass density triggered a collapse in thermohaline circulation in the Tethys Ocean during the middle Early Tithonian (ca. ~151–150 Ma). As a consequence, an upwelling cold bottom current was formed, triggering global cooling and a significant reduction in the δ 13 C values. This study is the first to show continuous carbon isotope profiles for the eastern Tethys Ocean, and provides an inter-regional correlation and new paleoceanographic information. • The first high-resolution carbon isotope record of the Upper Jurassic from the Tibet, eastern Tethys. • Remarkable P-CIEs during the earliest Tithonian are associated with the major reorganization of Tethys oceanography. • A collapse in thermohaline circulation likely occurred in the middle Early Tithonian.

CT, MR and EPR imaging of graphene oxide aerogels

The shape and intrinsic pore structure of pristine and partially reduced graphene oxide (prGO) aerogels/hydrogels was imaged using three complementary techniques: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computer Tomography (CT) and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging (EPRI). Each method is sensitive to different features of the sample: CT images are contrasted with mass density changes across sample, MRI with hydrogen density, nuclear relaxation times, diffusion, and finally EPRI with radical density. The complementarity of the techniques is presented on exemplary chosen prGO aerogels, which are currently researched for variety of applications, such as biomaterials in tissue engineering. All techniques have their strengths and weaknesses which are thoroughly pointed out and discussed. EPRI technique, which has been perfected only during last years, is used here for the first time to image carbon-based foams. Finally scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) is used to characterize surface and elemental content of fabricated prGO aerogels/hydrogels.

Dual Monitoring of Surface Reactions in Real Time by Combined Surface-Plasmon Resonance and Field-Effect Transistor Interrogation.

By combining surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and electrolyte gated field-effect transistor (EG-FET) methods in a single analytical device we introduce a novel tool for surface investigations, enabling simultaneous measurements of the surface mass and charge density changes in real time. This is realized using a gold sensor surface that simultaneously serves as a gate electrode of the EG-FET and as the SPR active interface. This novel platform has the potential to provide new insights into (bio)adsorption processes on planar solid surfaces by directly relating complementary measurement principles based on (i) detuning of SPR as a result of the modification of the interfacial refractive index profile by surface adsorption processes and (ii) change of output current as a result of the emanating effective gate voltage modulations. Furthermore, combination of the two complementary sensing concepts allows for the comparison and respective validation of both analytical techniques. A theoretical model is derived describing the mass uptake and evolution of surface charge density during polyelectrolyte multilayer formation. We demonstrate the potential of this combined platform through the observation of layer-by-layer assembly of PDADMAC and PSS. These simultaneous label-free and real-time measurements allow new insights into complex processes at the solid-liquid interface (like non-Fickian ion diffusion), which are beyond the scope of each individual tool.

The Efficacy and Safety of Bisphosphonates for Osteoporosis in Women Older Than 65 Years: A Meta-Analysis.

Osteoporosis presents a major threat to the health of women older than 65 years. Bisphosphonates (BPs) are now the principal class of medications for osteoporosis. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of BPs in women older than 65 years. A comprehensive search in the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Central databases was undertaken for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the efficacy and safety of BPs in women older than 65 years. The primary outcome measures were the change in bone mass density (BMD), serum bone turnover marker levels, fracture rate and the adverse effect (AE) rate. The final search was performed in August 2019. Seven RCTs were included. A total of 23287 patients met the inclusion criteria. BPs significantly increased the BMD of the posteroanterior (PA) spine, lateral spine and femoral neck, and reduced the fracture, vertebrate fracture and hip fracture rates in women older than 65 years. In addition, BPs increased the risks for pyrexia, myalgia, arthralgia, headache and influenza-like symptoms and had no statistical effect on any AEs, any serious AEs, discontinuation due to AEs, oesophagitis, any upper gastrointestinal adverse event, atrial fibrillation and myocardial infarction occurrence in women older than 65 years. Finally, intravenous BPs reduced hip fracture risk but increased AEs in women older than 65 years. Despite the fact that AEs significantly increased after drug delivery, BPs are highly effective and safe for managing osteoporosis in women older than 65 years. Zoledronic acid caused an increased rate of AEs in women older than 65 years, but these AEs seemed to be mild to moderate. In addition, the hip fracture rate in women older than 80 years old treated with BPs was different than that in the other included patients. Therefore, doctors may prescribe BPs for women older than 65 years in order to increase BMD, and AEs and hip fractures in women older than 80 years should be given attention.

Anisotropy and Clausius-Clapeyron relation for forward and reverse stress-induced martensitic transformations in polycrystalline NiTi thin walled tubes

Inside the Clausius-Clapeyron regime, transformation stresses during superelastic tensile tests of polycrystalline shape memory alloys are linearly dependent on temperature, with coefficients being the slopes of the forward and reverse transformation lines. In this work, experiments are performed to investigate the anisotropy of the slopes of the forward and reverse transformation stress-temperature lines in a NiTi superelastic thin walled tube. The classical Clausius-Clapeyron relation is widely used to model these slopes, although, in a strict sense, this relation is defined at thermodynamic equilibrium. Experimental results disagree with the widely used classical Clausius-Clapeyron relation in two points: (i) that there should be no difference between slopes for forward and reverse transformations and (ii) that the products of the slopes by the transformation strains should not depend on orientation, since the remaining terms (mass density and entropy change) are not orientation dependent. A modified “Clausius-Clapeyron” relation is then proposed, better suited to model the anisotropy of the slopes of stress-temperature transformation lines of forward and reverse in superelastic NiTi. This modification is based on a unified thermodynamic theory of thermoelastic martensitic transformation in which irreversible energies are accounted as a sum of stored elastic energy and dissipated energy. The modified “Clausius-Clapeyron” relation is obtained by expressing that this irreversible energy is temperature dependent and that this temperature dependence is dependent on the orientation.

Bone remodelling and integration of two different types of short stem: a dual-energy X-ray - absorptiometry study.

Different kinds of bone preserving hip stems have been created to assure a more physiological distribution of the strengths on the femur. The aim of this research is to evaluate the density reaction of the periprosthetic bone while changing the conformation of the prosthetic implant on dual-energy X-ray - absorptiometry (DXA). This is a prospective, single-centre study assessing bone remodelling changes after implantation of two short hip stems, dividing the patients in two groups according to the implant used: 20 in group A, Metha (B-Braun), and 16 in group B, SMF (Smith and Nephew). All participants had a pre-operative and a post-operative (24months) DXA evaluating the changes in bone mass density (BMD) occurred in the five Gruen's zones. Compared to the pre-operative value, differences in BMD percentage were statistically significant only in ROI 4 (p < 0.05), with an increase in both groups (9 and 18%, respectively). The average increase in BMD was of 7.3% and 7.2% in the 2 groups. According to our study, both stems have proved able to provide good load distribution across the metaphyseal region favouring proper system integration. Nonetheless, is certainly needed to perform other studies with longer follow-up and bigger populations to give strength to these conclusions.

Crystallization behavior and electrical characteristics of Ga–Sb thin films for phase change memory

In this work, we investigated the structural and conductivity stability of Ga–Sb thin films for phase change memory (PCM). The mass density and thickness change are significant for stability and reliability of PCM. The Ga–Sb thin films were deposited on SiO2/Si (100) wafer using magnetron co-sputtering method. Phase identification revealed that nanoscale face center cubic structure GaSb and rhombohedral structure Sb formed in Ga–Sb thin films, the formation of phase Sb was more obvious in Ga20Sb80. Ga–Sb film exhibits an unusual behavior upon crystallization with less mass density and thickness change. The microstructure of Ga45Sb55 thin films improved their structural (density and film thickness) characteristics: the crystal growth of {111} and {110} oriented grains in Ga–Sb thin films is obvious, the grains growth in Ga45Sb55 thin films was more even and the bonding states in Ga–Sb thin films were more stable. In addition, the conductivity activation energy of Ga–Sb decreased with increasing Sb contents, thus the temperature stability of conductivity was improved. The structure transformation and conductivity activation energy of Ga–Sb phase change materials are in favor of mechanical stresses reduction and reliability enhancement of PCM. This study introduces the influence mechanism of structural and conductivity stability in Ga–Sb thin films and may provide reference for further testing in higher endurance performance phase change materials.

Vibrational power flow analysis of cracked functionally graded beams

Abstract In this paper, the vibrational power flow of a cracked beam made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) is investigated. The Young's modulus and mass density change exponentially along the thickness direction of the beam. The cracked FGM beam is divided into two sub-beams at the crack section which are connected by a massless rotational spring. Based on the Timoshenko beam theory, the governing equations of the cracked FGM beam are derived by using the neutral plane as the reference plane. The dynamic response of the FGM beam subjected to a harmonic concentrated transverse force is solved by the wave propagation approach. The input power flow and the transmitted power flow are obtained. The effect of the crack location and depth and the Young's modulus ratio on the input power flow and the transmitted power flow is studied in detail. A new damage index (DI) for the crack identification of FGM beams is proposed by applying continuous wavelet transform (CWT) to the transmitted power flow distribution along the beam longitudinal direction. The peak of DI indicates the crack location in FGM beams with small crack depth.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Morphological Change of Paraspinal Muscles in Girls With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis.

A cross-sectional study. To investigate and compare any morphological differences in paraspinal muscles (PSM) between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients (with severe or non-severe curves) and healthy controls. Several studies have reported abnormalities in biochemical, electromyographic activity, and histological changes of PSM in AIS. However, these studies only had qualitative data and without comparison with controls. Changes of muscle mass and mean density at the lumbar region have been described for scoliotic spines. All these findings suggested that imbalance of PSM in AIS could be a contributing factor to the development of severe scoliotic curve. T2-weighted MR images with multi-planar reconstruction were acquired in 41 Chinese AIS girls with a primary right-sided thoracic curve and 23 age-matched controls. In AIS, measurements of PSM were taken on both concavity and convexity of scoliosis starting from two vertebrae above and two below the apex. Morphological assessments of the multifidus (MF) and erector spinae (ES) muscles on both sides were made including signal intensity (SI) and fat deposition using manual tracing and thresholding technique, respectively. Same parameters were measured in controls at matched vertebrae. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson correlation tests were used for statistical analysis. Abnormalities were found at concavity of muscles between AIS and controls. Significantly higher SI and fatty components was observed in AIS at MF muscles on concavity than controls (P-value <0.001). Additionally, SI at MF muscles was significantly correlated with Cobb angle. Increased SI and fatty components are asymmetrically present in PSM at apex in AIS. Our results showed higher intensity in PSM at concavity in AIS when compared with controls. There was a significant linear correlation between abnormal muscle signal and scoliotic curve. Above features are suggestive of altered muscle composition in concave PSM, possibly due to prolonged compression and reduced muscle activity of PSM caused by the spinal deformity. 4.

Temporal variations in soil erodibility indicators of vegetation-restored steep gully slopes on the Loess Plateau of China

Near soil-surface characteristics change considerably with vegetation growth during one growing season, and thus likely induce the temporal variations in soil erodibility indicators. This study was performed to investigate the temporal variations in soil erodibility indicators under different vegetation-restored gully slope lands on the Loess Plateau of China. Soil erodibility indicators included the K factor, mean weight diameter (MWD), mean number of drop impacts (MND), saturated conductivity (Ks), cohesion (Coh), penetration resistance (PR), and one comprehensive soil erodibility index (CSEI). One slope cropland (as the control) and seven vegetation-restored gully slope lands were selected to measure soil erodibility indicators for seven times from April 23 to October 10, 2018. Near soil-surface characteristics were also measured to explain the temporal variations in soil erodibility indicators. The results showed that the temporal variations in soil erodibility indicators of different vegetation lands were similar. The K factor fluctuated considerably, while the MWD, MND, Ks, Coh, and PR gradually increased over time. However, all erodibility indicators of the control cropland fluctuated over time with no distinctive trend. The CSEI of all sites fluctuated significantly over time. Compared to the control cropland, the mean K factors of different vegetation lands decreased by 2%–24%, but the mean values of MWD, MND, Ks, Coh, and PR increased by 108%–217%, 152%–343%, 94%–306%, 73%–175%, and 30%–199%, respectively. Consequently, the mean CSEI of different vegetation lands was reduced by 41% to 86%. The temporal variations in soil erodibility indicators were closely related to the seasonal changes in root mass density. Bothriochloa ischaemum (Linn.) Keng was considered the most effective restoration community to reduce soil erodibility of steep gully slope lands. The results contribute to improving the eco-environment on the Chinese Loess Plateau.

Influence of Fixation and Permeabilization on the Mass Density of Single Cells: A Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging Study.

Fixation and permeabilization of cells and tissues are essential processes in biological techniques like immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry for cell biology studies. In typical procedures, the biological samples are treated by paraformaldehyde and Triton X-100 to achieve cellular fixation and permeabilization, respectively, prior to the incubation with specific antibodies. While it is well-known that the integrity of cell membrane has been broken during these processes, quantitative studies on the loss of cellular mass density and the enhancement of molecular accessibility at single cell level are still rare. In this study, we employed the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging technique to monitor the mass density change of single cells during sequential fixation and permeabilization processes. We further utilize the osmotic responses of single cells to sugar molecules as an indicator to evaluate the integrity of cell membranes. It was found that, while fixation initially destructed the integrity of cell membranes and increased the permeability of intra- and extra-cellular molecules, it was permeabilization process that substantially induced significant loss in cellular mass density.

General Relativistic Thick Disks in the Accelerating Expanding Universe Dominated By Dark Energy

In this article, we study the effect of the universe accelerating expansion on the structure of the general relativistic thick disks. Hence, by applying a conformal transformation on the metric of a static disk in isotropic coordinates, we transform the disk to the spacetime of a Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW) of an expanding universe. Also, by solving Einstein equations in the presence of the cosmological constant, $\Lambda$, which leads to the expansion of the universe, we investigate the structure of this disk in a dynamical state, and the changes in the disk mass density and energy density, as well as radial, azimuthal and vertical pressure, are examined as a function of time. Furthermore, by considering weak, strong and dominant energy conditions, we show that relativistic thick disks in the accelerating expanding universe dominated by dark energy satisfy all energy conditions.

Membrane-ring acoustic metamaterials with an orifice

This work proposes a modified acoustic metamaterial consisting of a membrane-ring structure and orifice. Addition of the orifice can create an extra transmission loss (TL) peak besides the one originated from the membrane-ring structure. Effective mass density and phase change at their characteristic frequencies are plotted to explain responsible physical mechanisms. Capabilities of tailoring these frequencies are also exhibited. When the proposed metamaterial is backed by a cavity containing air, it is even able to serve as a ventilated composite resonator outperforming conventional ones at low frequency regimes. Different mechanisms responsible for each TL peak are identified and clearly illustrated with air velocity profiles.

Nonlinear Optical Phenomena in a Silicon-Smectic A Liquid Crystal (SALC) Waveguide.

Liquid crystals (LCs) are organic materials characterized by the intermediate properties between those of an isotropic liquid and a crystal with a long range order. The LCs possess strong anisotropy of their optical and electro-optical properties. In particular, LCs possess strong optical nonlinearity. LCs are compatible with silicon-based technologies. Due to these unique properties, LCs are promising candidates for the development of novel integrated devices for telecommunications and sensing. Nematic liquid crystals (NLCs) are mostly used and studied. Smectic A liquid crystals (SALCs) have a higher degree of long range order forming a layered structure. As a result, they have lower scattering losses, specific mechanisms of optical nonlinearity related to the smectic layer displacement without the mass density change, and they can be used in nonlinear optical applications. We theoretically studied the nonlinear optical phenomena in a silicon-SALC waveguide. We have shown theoretically that the stimulated light scattering (SLS) and cross-phase modulation (XPM) caused by SALC nonlinearity can occur in the silicon-SALC waveguide. We evaluated the smectic layer displacement, the SALC hydrodynamic velocity, and the slowly varying amplitudes (SVAs) of the interfering optical waves.

Age-related osseointegration of a short hip stem: a clinical and radiological 24 months follow-up.

The purpose of this study was to examine potential differences between patients under and over 60years who underwent a total short hip stem arthroplasty in a 24-month follow-up in a clinical setting. Sixty seven patients were included in this prospective study and divided in two groups. In the younger cohort 39 patients ≤ 59years and in the older cohort 28 patients ≥ 60years were included. Clinical and radiological examinations of the patients took place preoperatively, postoperatively and after 3, 6, 12 and 24months. The Harris Hip Score (HHS) was raised as clinical examination. Changes of bone mass density (BMD), stress shielding, reactive lines, spot welds and sclerosing were examined as radiological analysis. The HHS improved from 53.6 ± 8.2 preoperative to 93.2 ± 9.6 in the younger cohort and for the older cohort from 57.6 ± 14.8 to 94.1 ± 7.6 after 24 months. BMD growth was detectable in regions of interest (ROI) 3 and 6 for both groups. Different results between the cohorts could only be detected in ROIs 4 and 5. The older cohort showed a loss of BMD of 5.95% in ROI 4 and 3.17% in ROI 5 after 24 months, whereas the younger cohort showed no loss of BMD in both ROIs. No significant differences or any influences of osseointegration and clinical outcome of the short hip stem for both groups were detectable. Lower losses (ROIs 1 and 2) and higher growths (ROIs 3, 4, 5) were discovered in younger patients and the HHS improved in both groups. Reasons for this result could be age, sex or the level of activity of the patients, but in both groups the short hip stem shows comparable results in clinical as well as in radiological examination. We conclude that the short hip stem seems to be an adequate treatment also for older patients.

Variations of Field Line Eigenfrequencies With Ring Current Intensity

AbstractWe present results from the closed magnetosphere (5.9≤L &lt; 9.5 over all magnetic local times) to demonstrate and assess the variations in field line eigenfrequency with geomagnetic activity. Using the time‐of‐flight technique with realistic magnetic field and mass density models, the spatial distributions of field line eigenfrequencies are determined for a range of different geomagnetic activity levels, as defined by the Dst index. The results indicate that during geomagnetically active conditions, the eigenfrequency of a given field line is generally decreased compared to quiet times, in addition to variations in local asymmetries. By comparing the dependence to changes in the magnetic field and mass density distribution, it is established that the inflation and weakening of the geomagnetic field outweighs decreased plasma mass density and is the sole contributor to decreased eigenfrequencies with increased geomagnetic activity. We highlight the importance of considering the magnetic field, mass density, and average ion mass contributions when using observed eigenfrequencies to probe magnetospheric conditions. Furthermore, the estimates significantly improve upon existing time‐of‐flight results, through a consideration of mass density changes with geomagnetic activity. We also provide estimates of eigenfrequencies for a comparatively extended spatial region than available from prior direct observations of field line resonances. The results have clear implications for furthering our understanding of how wave energy propagates throughout the magnetosphere during geomagnetic storms.

Soil resistance to flowing water erosion of seven typical plant communities on steep gully slopes on the Loess Plateau of China

Steep gully slopes are widespread and have been recognized as the main sediment source on the Loess Plateau. Different vegetation growth may lead to the differences in soil properties and plant roots, and thus likely affects soil resistance to flowing water erosion, reflected by rill erodibility and critical shear stress. However, few studies have been conducted to evaluate this effect on steep gully slopes on the Loess Plateau of China. This study was performed to investigate the effects of vegetation growth on soil resistance to flowing water erosion on steep gully slopes, and quantify the main potential influencing factors on the Loess Plateau. Three typical shrub communities and four typical grass communities that distributed on different gully slopes were selected. 240 undisturbed soil samples were collected from these seven gully slope lands and one slope farmland (control), and were subjected to detachment by overland flow under six different shear stresses (6.64 to 17.85 Pa). The results showed that the mean detachment capacity of slope farmland was 6.9 to 47.8 times greater than those of steep gully slopes covered with different plant communities. The rill erodibilities of steep gully slopes covered with different plant communities reduced greatly by 77.0% to 95.1% compared to the control slope. The critical shear stress of slope farmland (2.72 Pa) was only 57.2% and 39.6% of that of shrubland (4.76 Pa) and grassland (6.88 Pa). Both shrub and grass communities were effective in reducing soil detachment capacity and rill erodibility, and increasing critical shear stress on steep gully slopes. But the effects were more obvious for the grass communities. The differences in rill erodibility between slope farmland and gully slope lands were mainly explained by the changes in root mass density (82.4%). Plant roots had strong direct effects on increasing soil cohesion (0.78), organic matter content (0.56), and water stable aggregation (0.92). Rill erodibility was negatively related to root mass density as an exponential function (p < 0.05), and soil cohesion and water stable aggregation as power functions (p < 0.05). Critical shear stress was positively related to root mass density and soil water stable aggregation following a logarithmic function.

Evaluating the Cell Membrane Penetration Potential of Lipid-Soluble Compounds Using Supported Phospholipid Bilayers.

Supported phospholipid bilayers (SPBs) are promising models for studying the passive penetration of lipid-soluble compounds into cells and cell membranes. A widely used tool to characterize molecular SPB interactions is the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). As QCM-D provides access to the mass density of supported membranes, it is well-suited to examine surface adsorption and membrane disruption phenomena. In the present study, we report on a novel approach to characterize SPB interactions with low molecular weight lipid-soluble substances. SPBs were formed on a silica-coated QCM-D crystal, exposed to various phenolic compounds (vanillin, gallic acid, and protocatechualdehyde), and subjected to linear temperature variation. While the exposure of the SPBs to the phenolic compounds did not result in detectable mass density changes, we observed noticeable alterations in their gel-fluid phase transitions. It was found that QCM-D can detect small variations in a SPB's main transition temperature (≪1 °C) and further resolve compound-specific lipid interactions. The acoustic sensing technique thus offers great potential for the use of supported membranes as stable and versatile model systems to study the transport of lipid-soluble substances into phospholipid bilayers and to assess their interactions therein.

Prevention of breast cancer treatment-induced bone loss in premenopausal women treated with zoledronic acid: Final 5-year results from the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled ProBONE II trial.

Premenopausal women receiving chemotherapy or endocrine treatment for early breast cancer are at increased risk for cancer treatment induced bone loss (CTIBL). The aim of the randomized, double-blind ProBONE II trial was to investigate whether a 2-year adjuvant treatment with 4 mg intravenous zoledronic acid (ZOL) every 3 months versus placebo would prevent CTIBL after a five-year period. Thirty-one of the 34 participants in the ZOL arm and thirty-four of the 36 participants in the placebo arm were followed-up to the 5-year visit and completed the study as planned. The changes in Bone Mass Density (BMD) were assessed at baseline and each visit after treatment initiation. After 24 months, BMD at the lumbar spine showed a 2.9% increase in patients treated with ZOL vs. a 7.1% decrease in placebo-treated participants compared to baseline (p < 0.001). Over the 60-month study period, we found a decrease of 2.2% vs. 7.3% in the BMD at the lumbar spine in patients receiving ZOL and placebo respectively (p < 0.001). Over the 60-month study period, BMD in the placebo arm showed a continuous decrease at all sites (p < 0001), whereas patients treated with ZOL reached baseline BMD-values at the femoral neck and total hip. In ProBone II, a 2-year treatment with ZOL 4 mg intravenous every 3 months prevented cancer treatment induced bone loss in premenopausal women with breast cancer and maintained the BMD up to 3 years post-treatment.