Change In Loop Shape Research Articles

A two-step stress-annealing with stress-relaxation process for developing low-loss Fe-based nanocrystalline soft magnetic cores

Fe72.5Nb2Mo2Cu1Si15.5B7 at.% nanocrystalline soft magnetic ribbon was stress-annealed at several temperatures around its primary crystallization temperature and magnetic properties were characterized in strips to determine conditions that led to minimal magnetic coercivity, Hc. This optimal stress-annealing (SA) temperature, though yielding minimal Hc in strips, also produced non-linear or rounded BH loops in wound cores. The rounded loops could be changed to linear or flat B-H loops following a secondary static annealing process. Through X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and indirect magnetostriction measurements, we determined that the change in loop shape was driven by additional crystallization and stress-relief from the static annealing process. A change in mechanical properties including fracture toughness, loss modulus, and Young’s modulus after SA, were shown to limit the processability of the ribbon. Tape-wound inductors subjected to the optimal 640 °C / 85 MPa / 4 s SA process followed by a static annealing treatment of 500 °C for 1 h resulted in flat loops, an Hc of 0.3 A/m, low magnetostriction of ∼ 2 ppm, and core losses of only 7 W/kg at an induction of 0.4 T when excited at 20 kHz.

Comparative study on the thermal shrinkage behaviour of polyester yarn and its plain knitted fabrics

Heat-based processes on thermoplastic fibre materials cause the materials to shrink. Knitted fabrics may change their dimensions due to thermal shrinkage of the constituent yarns in the fabric and the change in loop shape. The extent to which the thermal shrinkage of polyester yarn affects the thermal shrinkage of the knitted fabric and the effect of heat on fabric parameters are the focus of this article. The thermal shrinkage behaviour of polyester yarn and the plain knitted fabric made of the same yarns were analysed after subjecting them to dyeing, heat-setting and subsequent heat curing processes. The thermal effects on yarns, the yarns in the fabrics and on the wale and course densities were investigated. Thermal shrinkage in the course direction is highly related to the width-wise extension applied during heat setting and the thermal shrinkage in the wale direction is highly correlated to the shrinkage behaviour of the yarns in hank form.

Investigation of magnetic and structural properties of Au capped Fe thin films

In order to understand the effect of microstructure on the magnetic properties of thin films, we are reporting Fe thin film of two different thicknesses prepared via electron beam deposition on Si (100) substrate whose structural and magnetic properties have been studied using different characterization techniques. The structural measurements carried out using XRD and XRR techniques show variation in structural properties with change in film thickness. The magnetization measurements show increase in coercivity and change in loop shape when the film thickness was changed from 5 nm to 40 nm. The overall results are correlated in terms of thickness induced changes in structural properties which in turn influence the magnetic properties of the film.

Tuning Magnetic Properties of Thick CoFeB Film by Interlayer Coupling in Trilayer Structured Thin Films

This study deals with tuning magnetic properties of a thick amorphous (a-)Co20Fe60B20 (CoFeB262) film by using interlayer magnetic coupling in trilayer structured films of [CoFeB262 (100 nm)/[Cr,Ta (x nm)]/CoFeB262 (y nm)] with y=2-50, xCr=0.75, 2 and xTa=1, 4. All the films are deposited directly on thermally oxidized Si substrate at ambient temperature using magnetron sputtering. The as-deposited a-CoFeB262 (100 nm) film exhibits magnetic stripe domain and transcritical hysteresis loop due to large effective magnetic anisotropy caused by stress induced during deposition of the films. On the other hand, the shape of magnetic hysteresis (M-H) loops in trilayer films transforms from transcritical to rectangular shaped one with enhanced remanence ratio (MR/MS) of ≥ 75% and single magnetization reversal behavior. This effectively reduces coercivity (HC) and field required to saturate magnetization (HS) in trilayer films. However, the changes in the loop shape and reductions in HC and HS depend strongly on x and y. Magnetic domain images obtained using Kerr microscopy in trilayer films show a rapid switching of large-sized domains along easy-axis and weak ripple domains along hard-axis. In addition, the magnetization reversal behavior along the hard-axis strongly depends on x(Cr,Ta). M-H loops obtained at different temperatures between 30 K and 300 K reveal no change in loop shape for trilayer films with small x and y, while the disappearance of shearing and formation of additional steps at low temperatures are observed for films with large x and y. The observed results are explained on the basis of change in interlayer coupling between CoFeB262 layers with x, y and temperature. Furthermore, these results clearly confirm that the magnetic properties of thick CoFeB262 film with stripe domain can easily be tuned into in-plane magnetization by this simple trilayer structured thin films.

Formation and properties of porous films of lead zirconate titanate

The processes of formation and the properties of porous ceramic lead zirconate titanate films have been considered. The porous structure formed by thermal destruction of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with the molecular weight 29000 makes it possible to increase the cracking-free film thickness (by a factor of approximately two for one deposition at 20 wt % PVP; in this case, the volume porosity is 33%). An increase in the porosity decreases the permittivity ɛ; at 20 wt % PVP, ɛ = 432–456 depending on the film thickness. These values are less than those in nonporous films by a factor of more than two. An increase in the porosity is accompanied by an increase in the remanent polarization in the films. However, the hysteresis loop shape changes in the region of saturation polarization.

Comparison of hysteresis loop area scaling behavior of Co/Pt multilayers: Discrete and continuous field sweeping

We have investigated the hysteresis loop shape changes with discrete and continuous magnetic field sweeping for Co/Pt multilayers with a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. The hysteresis loop shape was observed by measuring a polar magneto-optical Kerr effect. The loop area has been found to increase rapidly with an increase of the field step size as well as the sweeping frequency until the area reaches a maximum. The increase of the loop area has been analyzed based on the Steinmetz law, where a loop area scaling exponent determined from discrete field sweeping is compared to a scaling exponent from continuous field sweeping. The dynamic coercivity behavior with respect to discrete and continuous field sweeping is analyzed together with the loop area scaling behavior, suggesting that details of magnetic configuration disorders do not modify the loop area scaling exponent.

Formation and evolution of giant dynamic domains in an ac magnetic field

Magnetization reversal in ferrite-garnet films placed in an ac magnetic field, bringing about the formation of metastable dynamic domains with sizes exceeding those of quasi-static domains by an order of magnitude or greater, was studied using a stroboscopic method. The formation of giant dynamic domains (GDDs) is due to the finite domain wall velocity and depends on the density of domain nucleation centers. It was shown that the GDD comblike boundary forms during the part of a field period near the moment of field polarity change. GDDs arise when the dynamic hysteresis loop shape changes from a triangle to an ellipse.

Cyclic deformation behavior of single crystal NiTi

Single crystals of NiTi (with 50.8 at.% Ni) were subjected to cyclic loading conditions at room temperature which is above the M s (martensite start) temperature of −30°C. The single crystals exhibited remarkable cyclic hardening under zero to compression strain control experiments. The stress range under strain control increased by as much as a factor of 3 in compression. The increase in stress range is primarily due to the increasing strain hardening modulus. In the tension case, loop shape changes occurred but the increase in stress range is rather small. The fatigue cycling was undertaken with a strain range of 3% which is far below the theoretical transformation strains levels exceeding 6%. The maximum stress levels reached in the experiments are below those that cause martensite slip. Therefore, the stress–strain response is governed by transformation from the austenite to the martensitic phases and the dislocation structure evolution in the austenite domains. Two single crystal orientations [148] and [112] were examined during the experiments with single and double CVP (correspondent variant pair) formations respectively. The strain hardening in compression cases is rather substantial with the stress range in the double CVP case surpassing the single CVP case. Two heat treatments were selected to produce coherent and incoherent precipitates in the microstructure respectively. The influence of the coherent precipitates on the stress–strain response is significant as they lower the transformation stress from austenite to martensite, and at the same time, they raise the flow stress of the austenite and martensite domains leading to higher saturation stresses in fatigue.