Changes In Frequency Research Articles

Innovative design for enhancing transient stability with an ATFOPID controller in hybrid power systems

In order to make multi-area power systems more efficient and stable, this study aims to create a new intelligent controller design based on adaptive property. The integrated power grid becomes more unstable as renewable energy sources become more prevalent, and system inertia decreases. Resultant, the penetration of renewable and load variance causes frequency changes to be more pronounced. Keeping frequency stable is essential for the electrical energy transmission system to work reliably and efficiently. This paper presents an adaptive design based on the tilt fractional order proportional integral derivative (TFOPID) controller by using an optimized property of bio inspired tunicate search algorithm (TSA). The gains of the TFOPID controller are continuously updated by utilizing the ancillary TPID controller, which is dependent on changes in area frequency. The suggested control system is implemented in the northern and southern regions, which consist of photovoltaic (PV), wind, redox flow battery (RFB), hydro, and thermal power plants. Therefore, this study contributes in the creation of more resilient and efficient power grids, which are critical for incorporating renewable energy sources and satisfying the increasing need for environmentally friendly power solutions.

Analysis of refrigerant/lubricant distribution and operating characteristics of a rotary booster for data center free cooling

A booster-driven loop free cooling system plays a crucial role in enhancing data center energy efficiency and reducing emissions due to the special booster with low pressure ratio as a vital driving component. And the impact of lubricant and its fraction on the booster operation are the key points under low pressure ratio, as well as lubricant distribution. In this paper, the refrigerant/lubricant two-phase mixing flow in the working chamber of a booster was investigated under low pressure ratio for data center free cooling. The volume of fluid (VOF) multiphase flow model combining the working chamber of the rotary booster and discharge valve was built up to analyze the dynamic characteristics of the booster under free cooling conditions. The effect of lubricant fraction and its working frequency on the operating indexes (exhaust temperature/pressure, mass flow rate, volumetric efficiency, indicated specific work, energy efficiency ratio) were studied. The lubricant distribution and its changes for different angles and frequencies were presented. The results indicate that it can improve the thermal performance of the booster effectively with appropriate volume fraction of lubricant. The lubricant in the two-phase flow reduces the inner temperature and pressure in the booster working chamber, which changes the exhaust pressure and volumetric efficiency as well as the cooling capacity. The exhaust pressure and the mass flow rate increase notably for the refrigerant/oil mixture with the increasing lubricant volume fraction, while other performance indexes decrease. The exhaust pressure and the mass flow rate increase by 0.51 % and 47.14 %, separately, when the lubricant volume fraction raises from 0 to 5 % at operating frequency of 50 Hz. Whereas, the exhaust temperature, refrigerant mass flow rate, volumetric efficiency, indicated specific power, cooling capacity and EER decrease by 18.11 %, 4.81 %, 47.14 %, 38.94 %, 4.81 % and 26.36 %, respectively. The investigations can support the lubrication and sealing of the booster with low pressure ratio for free cooling to reach efficient and reliable operation.

Adaptation strategies of giant viruses to low-temperature marine ecosystems.

Microbes in marine ecosystems have evolved their gene content to thrive successfully in the cold. Although this process has been reasonably well studied in bacteria and selected eukaryotes, less is known about the impact of cold environments on the genomes of viruses that infect eukaryotes. Here, we analyzed cold adaptations in giant viruses (Nucleocytoviricota and Mirusviricota) from austral marine environments and compared them with their Arctic and temperate counterparts. We recovered giant virus metagenome-assembled genomes (98 Nucleocytoviricota and 12 Mirusviricota MAGs) from 61 newly sequenced metagenomes and metaviromes from sub-Antarctic Patagonian fjords and Antarctic seawater samples. When analyzing our data set alongside Antarctic and Arctic giant viruses MAGs already deposited in the Global Ocean Eukaryotic Viral (GOEV) database, we found that Antarctic and Arctic giant viruses predominantly inhabit sub-10°C environments, featuring a high proportion of unique phylotypes in each ecosystem. In contrast, giant viruses in Patagonian fjords were subject to broader temperature ranges and showed a lower degree of endemicity. However, despite differences in their distribution, giant viruses inhabiting low-temperature marine ecosystems evolved genomic cold-adaptation strategies that led to changes in genetic functions and amino acid frequencies that ultimately affect both gene content and protein structure. Such changes seem to be absent in their mesophilic counterparts. The uniqueness of these cold-adapted marine giant viruses may now be threatened by climate change, leading to a potential reduction in their biodiversity.

Elinzanetant for the Treatment of Vasomotor Symptoms Associated With Menopause

Safe and effective nonhormonal treatments for menopausal vasomotor symptoms (VMS) are needed. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of elinzanetant, a selective neurokinin-1,3 receptor antagonist, for the treatment of moderate to severe menopausal vasomotor symptoms. Two randomized double-blind phase 3 trials (OASIS 1 and 2) included postmenopausal participants aged 40 to 65 years experiencing moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms (OASIS 1: 77 sites in the US, Europe, and Israel from August 27, 2021, to November 27, 2023, and OASIS 2: 77 sites in the US, Canada, and Europe from October 29, 2021, to October 10, 2023). Once daily oral elinzanetant, 120 mg, for 26 weeks or matching placebo for 12 weeks followed by elinzanetant, 120 mg, for 14 weeks. Primary end points included mean change in frequency and severity of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms from baseline to weeks 4 and 12, measured by the electronic hot flash daily diary. Secondary end points included Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Sleep Disturbance Short Form 8b total T score and Menopause-Specific Quality of Life questionnaire total score from baseline to week 12. Eligible participants (mean [SD] age, OASIS 1: 54.6 [4.9] years; OASIS 2: 54.6 [4.8] years) were randomized to elinzanetant (OASIS 1: n = 199; OASIS 2: n = 200) or placebo (OASIS 1: n = 197; OASIS 2: n = 200). A total of 309 (78.0%) and 324 (81.0%) completed OASIS 1 and 2, respectively. For the elinzanetant and placebo groups, the baseline mean (SD) VMS per 24 hours were 13.4 (6.6) vs 14.3 (13.9) (OASIS 1) and 14.7 (11.1) v 16.2 (11.2) (OASIS 2). Baseline VMS severity was 2.6 (0.2) vs 2.5 (0.2) (OASIS 1) and 2.5 (0.2) vs 2.5 (0.2) (OASIS 2). Elinzanetant significantly reduced VMS frequency at week 4 (OASIS 1: -3.3 [95% CI, -4.5 to -2.1], P < .001; OASIS 2: -3.0 [95% CI, -4.4 to -1.7], P < .001) and at week 12 (OASIS 1: -3.2 [95% CI, -4.8 to -1.6], P < .001; OASIS 2: -3.2 [95% CI, -4.6 to -1.9], P < .001). Elinzanetant also improved VMS severity at week 4 (OASIS 1: -0.3 [95% CI, -0.4 to -0.2], P < .001; OASIS 2: -0.2 [95 CI, -0.3 to -0.1], P < .001) and week 12 (OASIS 1: -0.4 [95% CI, -0.5 to -0.3], P < .001; OASIS 2: -0.3 [95% CI, -0.4 to -0.1], P < .001). Elinzanetant improved sleep disturbances and menopause-related quality of life at week 12, and the safety profile was favorable. Elinzanetant was well tolerated and efficacious for moderate to severe menopausal VMS. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: OASIS 1: NCT05042362, OASIS 2: NCT05099159.

Incipient instability real-time warning via adaptive wavelet synchrosqueezed transform: Onboard applications from compressors to gas turbine engines

To address the limitations of existing stall/surge warning methods—including variations in research subjects, sensor configurations, computational complexity, and the universality of thresholds—this study proposes a novel incipient instability warning approach utilizing adaptive wavelet synchrosqueezed transform. Each detection cycle begins with the acquisition of a low-pass filtered and downsampled total pressure signal from the compressor outlet, captured via a sliding window to represent the pressure sample. Then, the adaptive wavelet synchrosqueezed transform (AWSST), employing dynamic discretization with scales and synchrosqueezing technology, analyzes the real-time pressure sample to extract precise instantaneous frequency changes at low computational costs. Features of instability severity are derived from the amplitude, phase, and pressure drop within the time-frequency spectrum, leading to the formulation of a warning logic. The proposed method's effectiveness and universality are validated through hardware-in-loop (HIL) tests using multiple surge test data. Results show that the proposed method outperforms traditional real-time warning methods, which rely on the pressure change rate, by enhancing accuracy and advancing warning times by 15 ms–50 ms. Notably, the threshold is universal for compressors or engines of the same model. By increasing the acceptable performance decline criteria, compressors, turbofan engines, and turboshaft engines can employ a common set of thresholds.

Sorting of dynamical crystallization from dynamical fermionization: A quantum many-body approach

Dynamical fermionization refers to the phenomenon when the momentum distribution of impenetrable bosons asymptotically reaches that of non interacting fermions on sudden release from the trap. Whereas on sudden change in trap frequency results to Bose-Fermi oscillation which has been experimentally confirmed in the case of the Lieb-Liniger model in the Tonks-Girardeau (TG) regime. Crystallization happens for sufficiently strongly interacting repulsive bosons with dipolar interactions in one spatial dimension. Crystallization resembles fermionization but distinctly different due to long-range interaction. The present work aims to distinguish dynamical crystallization from dynamical fermionization in the expansion and breathing dynamics of N=4 strongly interacting bosons in TG limit. Our results suggest that the N-fold complete splitting in one-body density for dipolar bosons makes a clear signature of crystallization in the Bose-Fermi oscillation. We investigate the many-body dynamics by employing multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree method for bosons which solve the N-body time-dependent Schrödinger equation numerically exactly.

Seizure burden and healthcare resource utilization among people living with drug-resistant focal epilepsy in the United States

Objective This study investigated clinical characteristics, burden of uncontrolled seizures, and seizure-related healthcare resource utilization (HRU) among individuals living with drug-resistant focal epilepsy (FE) in the United States (US). Methods Medical charts of adults with drug-resistant FE who initiated third-line (3 L) anti-seizure medication were extracted from clinical practices in the US (1/1/2013–1/31/2020). The index date, defined as the date of 3 L initiation, was used to indicate the emergence of drug resistance. Individuals on cenobamate were followed for any length of time from the index date. Demographic and clinical characteristics were analyzed descriptively. Primary clinical outcomes included seizure burden (i.e. change in seizure frequency and time to the first and second seizure events) and epilepsy-related HRU. Results Overall, 189 neurologists/epileptologists contributed 345 charts of individuals living with drug-resistant FE (66% male; average age 24 years at diagnosis and 32 years at index date). 66% had ≥1 neurologic/neuropsychiatric comorbidity at baseline. Average monthly seizure rate decreased from 6.1 at baseline to 3.8 at follow-up; however, nearly half of individuals experienced worse/no change or only some improvement (<50% reduction) in seizure frequency. Most individuals (91%) had ≥1 epilepsy-related outpatient visit during follow-up. Unplanned HRU included emergency department visits (43%) and hospitalizations (24%), primarily due to breakthrough seizure events. Conclusion Despite the availability of many anti-seizure medications in the US, people living with drug-resistant FE continue to experience multiple seizures per month and incur substantial healthcare resources. Novel pharmacotherapies may help individuals living with drug-resistant epilepsy achieve seizure freedom.

Mothers’ reflections on family food habits post pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic altered daily family routines, with the family food environment especially likely to be affected. Little is known about how families have adapted over time. The objective of the current study was to explore how family food habits evolved three years after COVID-19 was designated a pandemic. Mothers participated in an interview between March and April 2023. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyze the transcripts. Thirty mothers participated (97% lived in the Central Valley in California; 43% Hispanic). Themes were identified around changes in mealtime frequency, eating habits including snacking, screen time during mealtimes, and weight gain. While some unhealthy habits established during the pandemic improved, others persisted three years later. Maternal snacking, concerns about child weight gain, and overall screen time lessened after the pandemic ended, but child snacking behaviors, maternal weight gain concerns, and screen time during mealtimes continued. This research expands on the existing COVID-19 literature by examining lingering effects of the pandemic on family food habits. Findings may be helpful for health practitioners working with families to understand food related changes post-pandemic, especially those that have been particularly resistant to change.

Security-constrained unit commitment model considering frequency and voltage stabilities with multiresource participation

The rapidly increasing proportion of renewable energy sources has led to a reduction in the relative share of synchronous units, which has resulted in a decline in the inertia of the power system and a decrease in its voltage support capacity. This has led to several issues related to the frequency and voltage stabilities of the power system. To ensure these frequency and voltage stabilities, it is necessary to maintain a number of synchronous units online in the day-ahead generation schedule. First, the dynamic frequency change process after a power system fault is discussed, and a linear expression is derived for the frequency stability constraints involving energy storage systems and wind turbines. Second, the short-circuit capacity of the bus is characterized to describe the strength of voltage support, and the minimum short-circuit capacity requirement of the bus is solved based on the transient voltage recovery problem after clearance of the short-circuit faults. The total short-circuit capacity provided by the unit to the bus is then calculated through the network reactance matrix to establish the voltage stability constraint. Subsequently, the security-constrained unit commitment model considering frequency and voltage stabilities (FVS-SCUC) is established. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed model is demonstrated through a numerical simulation of the IEEE-39 system comprising storage and wind turbines. The model ensures the frequency and voltage securities of the system, and the renewable energy output is improved upon considering energy storage. Thus, the overall system cost was reduced by nearly 30% by considering the frequency regulation effects of the energy storage system and wind turbine as well as the voltage regulation effects of the energy storage system.

Nonlocal dynamic response of FGP sandwich microbeam with 2D PSH network incorporating adatoms-surface interactions energy under magnetic field

The present work models and studies the resonance frequency change due to adsorption phenomena in a simply-supported adatom-microbeam system under an axial magnetic environment. The microbeam structure is a functionally graded (FG) sandwich that includes a rectangular configuration and a ceramic perforated core with periodic square holes network and FG porous material faces. To evaluate the adsorption-induced energies produced by van der Waals interaction (vdW), the Morse and Lennard-Jones (6–12) potentials are included in conjunction with nonlocal material elasticity to adopt the small-scale impact. Moreover, the explicit formulas for the inertia moments and shear force are developed by the Timoshenko beam equations, considering the residual stress influence as an additional axial load. The Navier-type solution and the differential quadratic method (DQM) are implemented to compute the solution of the governing equations. It is established that the resonance frequency change for the O/Si (100) and H/Si (100) is dependent on the geometrical, perforation, and porosity parameters, adsorption density, mode number, and the magnetic field intensity as well. Therefore, these numerical results have been discussed in detail to properly examine dynamic vibration behavior and a suitable mass detection design of M/NEMS structures.

Frequency Bias Causes Overestimation of Climate Change Impacts on Global Flood Occurrence

AbstractThe frequency change of 100‐year flood events is often determined by fitting extreme value distributions to annual maximum discharge from a historical base period. This study demonstrates that this approach may significantly bias the computed flood frequency change. An idealized experiment shows frequency bias exceeding 100% for a 50‐year base period. Further analyses using Monte Carlo simulations, mathematical derivations, and hydrological model outputs reveal that bias magnitude inversely relates to base period length and is weakly influenced by the generalized extreme value distribution's shape parameter. The bias, persisting across different estimation methods, implies floods may exceed local defenses designed based on short historical records more often than expected, even without climate change. We introduce a frequency bias adjustment method, which significantly reduces the projected rise in global flood occurrence. This suggests a substantial part of the earlier projected increase in flood occurrence and impacts is not attributable to climate change.

Changes in Individual and Dyadic Sexual Behavior Frequencies During Wartime in Israel: How Much, Who, and Why?

Introduction: Understanding the impact of external stressors on human sexuality, especially during war, remains a complex and understudied area. The study’s goals were to observe and understand shifts in sexual behavior during the 2023 Israel–Hamas War, with a focus on gender differences. The primary goal is to explore the anticipated decline in sexual activity during wartime, while remaining open to unexpected findings. Methods: Utilizing a cross-sectional retrospective design, an online survey was distributed to Israeli adults. Participants (N = 1207) met specific inclusion criteria, and the survey, conducted from October 31 to November 7, 2023, assessed changes in individual and partnered sexual behaviors attributed to the war experience. Results: Approximately 50% reported stability in pornography and masturbation habits, while 40% reported a decrease in all sexual behaviors. Gender differences were notable, with women more likely to report no change in individual sexual behaviors, and men displaying varied responses. Factor analysis identified Emotional Reasons and Disturbances as key factors influencing decreased sexual behavior, with women attributing greater relevance to these factors than men. Finally, ANOVA tests indicated that age, religiousness, spirituality, and exposure to war-related stress differentiated changes in sexual behavior frequency in various ways. Conclusion: This study offers nuanced insights into the complex interplay between war-induced stress and human sexuality. Gender differences highlight the need for gender-sensitive interventions. The findings challenge assumptions about a universal decline in sexual activity during wartime, recognizing potential unexpected increases. Overall, the study deepens our understanding of how individuals navigate intimate relationships amid challenging circumstances.

Shifts in the altitudinal distribution of alien and native synanthropic plants along roadsides over a 40-year period

Disturbed areas alongside roads shape unique vegetation communities dominated by synanthropic native and alien plant species, facilitated by roads serving as corridors for dispersal, penetration, and integration of synanthropic plants into new areas. We collected presence/absence data for individual species along roads in the Orlické Mountains, Czech Republic, in three time periods during 1970–2010. The distribution of species was mapped using a 1-square-kilometer grid. Analyzing 107 plant species (44 native, 63 alien), we found archaeophyte species favor lower elevations (foothills), while neophytes thrive at higher elevations. Over 40 years, neophyte frequency significantly rose at lower elevations, contrasting the decline at higher elevations, with no marked change in archaeophyte frequency. Native species decline notably at 400–500 m elevations. Some thermophilous native synanthropic species and alien archaeophytes spread from foothills to higher elevations, while some psychrophilic higher-elevation species shift upwards, diminishing at lower elevations. We emphasize human disturbance and global warming as pivotal factors influencing the altitudinal distribution shift in both native and alien plant species.

АНАЛІЗ НАЛАШТУВАННЯ ПРИСТРОЇВ АВТОМАТИЧНОГО ЧАСТОТНОГО РОЗВАНТАЖЕННЯ З УРАХУВАННЯМ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКИХ ВИМОГ

The paper deals with the structure of under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) relays in the interconnected power system (IPS) of Ukraine. The equivalent power system model to study the UFLS operation is developed, and UFLS configuration scenarios considering the requirements of ENTSO-E, are configured. The frequency stability for different scenarios of UFLS settings considering planned and emergency active power imbalances are studied. The plots illustrating the frequency change in the power system under these conditions are presented. References 4, table 1, figures 5.

Magnetization dynamics in single and trilayer nanowires

We have studied the magnetization dynamics of single Py(t) (t= 20 nm, 50 nm) and trilayer [Py(50)/Pd(tPd)/Py(20)] nanowire arrays fabricated over large areas using deep ultraviolet lithography technique. The dynamic properties are sensitive to the field orientation and magnetic film thicknesses. A single resonant mode corresponding to the excitations at the bulk part of the wire is detected in all the single-layer nanowire arrays. Furthermore, the spacer layer thickness influenced the dynamic properties in trilayer samples due to the different coupling mechanisms. A single resonant mode is observed intPd= 2 nm trilayer nanowires with a sharp frequency jump from 13 GHz to 15 GHz across the reversal regime. This indicates the exchange coupling and the coherence in magnetization precession in the ferromagnetic layers. On the other hand, wires with 10 nm-spacer display two well-resolved modes separated by ∼3 GHz with a gradual change in frequency across the reversal regime from-26mT to-46mT, indicating the presence of long-range dipolar interactions instead of exchange coupling. The spacer layer of the proposed spin-valve-type structure can be tailored for desired microwave splitters or combiners.

Continuously fluctuating selection reveals fine granularity of adaptation.

Temporally fluctuating environmental conditions are a ubiquitous feature of natural habitats. Yet, how finely natural populations adaptively track fluctuating selection pressures via shifts in standing genetic variation is unknown1,2. Here we generated genome-wide allele frequency data every 1-2 generations from a genetically diverse population of Drosophila melanogaster in extensively replicated field mesocosms from late June to mid-December (a period of approximately 12 total generations). Adaptation throughout the fundamental ecological phases of population expansion, peak density and collapse was underpinned by extremely rapid, parallel changes in genomic variation across replicates. Yet, the dominant direction of selection fluctuated repeatedly, even within each of these ecological phases. Comparing patterns of change in allele frequency to an independent dataset procured from the same experimental system demonstrated that the targets of selection are predictable across years. In concert, our results reveala fitness relevance of standing variation that is likely to be masked by inference approaches based on static population sampling or insufficiently resolved time-series data. We propose that such fine-scaled, temporally fluctuating selection may be an important force contributing to the maintenance of functional genetic variation in natural populations and an important stochastic force impacting genome-wide patterns of diversity at linked neutral sites, akin to genetic draft.

Dielectrophoretic characterization of peroxidized retinal pigment epithelial cells as a model of age-related macular degeneration

BackgroundAge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a prevalent ocular pathology affecting mostly the elderly population. AMD is characterized by a progressive retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell degeneration, mainly caused by an impaired antioxidative defense. One of the AMD therapeutic procedures involves injecting healthy RPE cells into the subretinal space, necessitating pure, healthy RPE cell suspensions. This study aims to electrically characterize RPE cells to demonstrate a possibility using simulations to separate healthy RPE cells from a mixture of healthy/oxidized cells by dielectrophoresis.MethodsBPEI-1 rat RPE cells were exposed to hydrogen peroxide to create an in-vitro AMD cellular model. Cell viability was evaluated using various methods, including microscopic imaging, impedance-based real-time cell analysis, and the MTS assay. Healthy and oxidized cells were characterized by recording their dielectrophoretic spectra, and electric cell parameters (crossover frequency, membrane conductivity and permittivity, and cytoplasm conductivity) were computed. A COMSOL simulation was performed on a theoretical microfluidic-based dielectrophoretic separation chip using these parameters.ResultsIncreasing the hydrogen peroxide concentration shifted the first crossover frequency toward lower values, and the cell membrane permittivity progressively increased. These changes were attributed to progressive membrane peroxidation, as they were diminished when measured on cells treated with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. The changes in the crossover frequency were sufficient for the efficient separation of healthy cells, as demonstrated by simulations.ConclusionsThe study demonstrates that dielectrophoresis can be used to separate healthy RPE cells from oxidized ones based on their electrical properties. This method could be a viable approach for obtaining pure, healthy RPE cell suspensions for AMD therapeutic procedures.

Floods across the eastern United States are projected to last longer

While there is growing attention toward the changes in flood magnitude and frequency, little is known about the way climate change could impact flood duration. Here we focus on 378 streamgages across the eastern United States to develop statistical models that allow the description of the year-to-year changes in flood duration above two National Weather Service (NWS) flood severity levels (i.e., minor and moderate). We use climate-related variables (i.e., basin- and season-averaged precipitation and temperature) as predictors, and show that they can be used to describe the inter-annual variability in seasonal flood durations for both NWS flood severity levels. We then use the insights from the understanding of the historical changes to provide an assessment of the projected changes in flood durations using global climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 and multiple shared socio-economic pathways. Our results show that the eastern United States is projected to experience longer flood durations, especially in winter (i.e., the main flood season) and under higher emission scenarios.

The atmospheric effect of aerosols on future tropical cyclone frequency and precipitation in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model

This study uses experiments from the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) to compare the influence on tropical cyclone (TC) activity of: (i) the atmospheric effect of aerosols under specified sea-surface temperatures (SSTs); and (ii) the net effect of greenhouse gases (GhGs) (including changes in SSTs). The experiments were performed using the CMIP6 Shared Socioeconomic Pathway SSP5-8.5 emissions scenario with GhG-induced SST warming specified and atmospheric aerosol effects simulated but without explicit ocean coupling. Insignificant changes in global TC frequency are found in response to the atmospheric effect of future aerosols and GhGs, as significant regional responses in TC frequency counteract each other. Future GhGs contribute to more frequent TCs in the North Atlantic, and reductions over the Northwestern Pacific and Southern Indian Ocean. The atmospheric effect of future aerosols drives more frequent TCs over the Northwestern Pacific and reductions over the Northeast Pacific and North Atlantic. Along with increases in TC intensity, global TC precipitation (TCP) is projected to increase by 52.8% (14.1%/K) due to the combined effect of future aerosols and GhGs. Although both forcings contribute to TCP increases (14.7–19.3% from reduced aerosols alone and 28.1–33.3% from increased GhGs alone), they lead to different responses in the spatial structure of TCP. TCP increases preferentially in the inner-core due to increased GhGs, whereas TCP decreases in the inner-core and increases in the outer-bands in response to the atmospheric effects of decreased aerosols. These changes are distinct from those caused by aerosol-induced SST changes, which have been considered in other studies.

Age-related Changes in Past-Month Alcohol, Cannabis, and Simultaneous Use in a Statewide Sample of Young Adults in Washington State.

It is unknown whether age-related decreases in substance use (maturing out) are observed in the legalized cannabis context. This study evaluated age-related changes in past-month alcohol use frequency, cannabis use frequency, and any simultaneous alcohol and marijuana/cannabis (SAM) use among young adults who engaged in the respective substance use behavior. Young adults, residing in Washington State at enrollment (N=6,509; 68.3% female; ages 18-25), provided 3-5 years of annual data in a longitudinal, cohort-sequential design from 2015 to 2019, a period after nonmedical cannabis was legalized and implemented. Multilevel growth models were conducted; post-stratification weights were applied to make the sample more similar to the Washington young adult general population in demographic characteristics. Among those who reported alcohol use at 1+ timepoints, days of alcohol use increased from age 18 to approximately age 25 and then decreased until age 30. Among those who reported cannabis use at 1+ timepoints, days of cannabis use increased from age 18 until approximately age 23 and then decreased until age 30. Among those who reported SAM use at 1+ timepoints, the probability of SAM use increased from age 18 until approximately age 24 and then decreased until age 30. Age-related changes in SAM use were largely explained by concurrent changes in alcohol and cannabis use frequency. Maturing out was observed for alcohol, cannabis, and SAM use among those who used each respective substance, with evidence that age-related changes in SAM use were tied to alcohol and cannabis use frequency.