Changes In Fertility Research Articles

Effects of Different Long-Term Fertilizer Management Systems on Soil Microbial Biomass Turnover in a Double-Cropping Rice Field in Southern China

Soil microbial biomass content is usually regarded as an early indicator of changes in soil quality and soil fertility in paddy fields. Soil microbial biomass turnover is mainly influenced by the application of different fertilizer management systems. However, there is still a need to further investigate the effects of different long-term fertilizer management systems on soil microbial biomass turnover in paddy fields under the double-cropping rice (Oryza sativa L.) system. Therefore, the effects of different long-term (36 years) fertilizer practices on soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN) contents, and the flux turnover rates of SMBC and SMBN at the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers in a double-cropping rice field in southern China were investigated in the present paper. The field experiment included four different fertilizer treatments: MF, RF, OM, and CK. The results showed that SMBC and SMBN contents at the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil layers with RF and OM treatments were increased compared with the MF and CK treatments. Compared with the CK treatment, SMBC contents at the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil layers with RF and OM treatments increased by 35.72% and 50.28%, and 32.29% and 42.77%, respectively. SMBN contents at the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil layers with RF and OM treatments increased by 15.52% and 22.70%, and 16.32% and 21.49%, respectively. The fluxes of SMBC and SMBN at the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil layers with RF and OM treatments were significantly higher than those of the CK treatment. This result indicated that the flux turnover rates of SMBC and SMBN at the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil layers with the MF, RF, and OM treatments were significantly higher than those of the CK treatment. Compared with the CK treatment, the flux turnover rates of SMBC and SMBN at the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil layers with OM treatment increased by 46.10% and 48.59%, and 73.39% and 116.67%, respectively. SMBC and SMBN contents, and the flux turnover rates of SMBC and SMBN at the 0–10 cm layer were higher than those of the 10–20 cm layer under the same fertilizer treatment condition. Early rice and later rice yields with RF and OM treatments were significantly higher than those of the MF and CK treatments. As a result, the combined application of crop residue and organic manure with inorganic fertilizer management is a beneficial practice for increasing soil nutrients and rice yield under the double-cropping rice system in southern Chin.

The reach of fertility decline: a longitudinal analysis of human capital gains across generations

The impact of fertility decline on economic development remains central to population studies. Recent scholarship emphasizes parental investment in education as a mediator. We further develop the theoretical foundation, and empirical evidence, for the role of child health—specifically how fertility changes promote children’s physical and cognitive development and thereby complement human capital accumulation through educational gains. We test this using a two-generation model applied to Indonesian longitudinal data from 1993 to 2015. Characteristics of modern fertility regimes—older maternal ages, longer interpregnancy intervals, and lower average birth orders—generally benefit offspring cognitive development and schooling. We estimate that family planning expansion, and the resulting shift in fertility traits, induced an average increase of 0.34 years of offspring educational attainment by age 18 years. Maximal maternal educational and family planning expansion would jointly produce a 1.12-year gain, including 0.20 years more directly attributable to fertility shifts. Evidence is strengthened in parallel simulations from models of within-mother shifts, in which fertility shifts resulted in a 0.16-year gain in offspring schooling. Findings contribute new evidence for the rounding effects of women’s education and family planning expansion on human capital formation through child health within families and across generations.

Influence of Changes in the Prices of Fertilizers and Fuels on the Profitability of Production of Selected Agricultural Crops

The prices of raw materials necessary for production play an important role in the production decisions of farmers, and thus in shaping the level of supply of agricultural raw materials. The constant increase in the prices of raw materials for production increases its costs. Therefore, it should be noted that the rising prices of fuel and fertilizers affect the decisions and profitability of plant production. In connection with the above, this study attempts to indicate the impact of changes in fertilizer and fuel prices on the profitability of production of selected agricultural crops in Poland. The paper uses secondary data on the price level of fertilizers, fuels and selected agricultural products, as well as the structure of their production costs. Based on the sensitivity analysis, the potential impact of the increase in fuel and fertilizer prices on the profitability of the production of selected species was indicated. The results showed that the increase in the prices of the above-mentioned raw materials can significantly affect the economic efficiency of the production activity.

Fertility and Family Formation in the Moscow Agglomeration during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The article analyzes changes in fertility and marriage rates in the Moscow agglomeration in 2020–2022. The choice of the Moscow agglomeration as an object is due to the significant influence of the share of nonresident births in Moscow on birth rates in Moscow and the Moscow region, which should be, to some extent, eliminated in order to correctly assess the impact of other factors. In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, marriage
 rates dropped significantly, especially for first marriages. A likely consequence of this was that the increase in the total fertility rate for first births in 2021 was very small, but for second and third and subsequent births was substantial. It can be assumed that the negative impact of the decline in marriage rates in 2020 on first births in 2021 was partially offset by the positive impact of the start of the maternity (family) capital for the first child. Combined with the effect of this factor, the increase in marriage rates in 2021 may have contributed to higher fertility rates for first births in the first half of 2022, while they declined for second and third and subsequent births. In addition to its effect on the decline in the number of marriages in 2020 and its indirect effect on first births, the initial period of the pandemic probably had an effect on the significant decline in the number of births in the Moscow agglomeration in January and February 2021.

TÜRKİYE’DE DOĞURGANLIĞIN DEĞİŞİMİ: SOSYAL POLİTİKA AÇISINDAN RİSKLER VE FIRSATLAR

Dünya genelinde toplam doğurganlık hızı her geçen gün azalmaya devam etmektedir. Toplam doğurganlık hızının azalmasında sosyal, ekonomik, kültürel açıdan yaşanan değişimler belirleyici etken olabilmektedir. Bu bağlamda eğitimli nüfusun artması, kadın istihdam oranlarının artması, kentleşme, hiç evlenmeyenlerin oranındaki artışlar, ortalama ilk evlilik yaşının yükselmesi, kontraseptif kullanımı, kürtaj uygulamaları, çocuğun artan maliyeti gibi birçok gelişme doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak toplam doğurganlık hızının düşmesinde etkili olmuştur. Bu çerçevede Türkiye’de de “demografik geçiş süreci” hızlı bir şekilde yaşanmış ve son elli yılda doğurganlık hızlı bir şekilde düşmeye başlamıştır. Doğurganlık hızının düşmesi ise demografik ve sosyo-ekonomik açıdan birçok sonucu beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu araştırmanın amacı Türkiye’de toplam doğurganlık hızında yaşanan değişimin nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını tartışmak ve azalan doğurganlık neticesinde ortaya çıkabilecek muhtemel riskleri ve fırsatları değerlendirmektir. Çalışmada ilgili literatür taranmıştır. Bu kapsamda, ilk olarak doğurganlığın dünyadaki genel görünümü değerlendirilmektedir. Daha sonra Türkiye’nin doğurganlıktaki değişim süreci açıklanmaktadır. Nihayetinde Türkiye açısından riskler ve fırsatlar analiz edilmektedir. Sonuç olarak yaşanan kültürel ve demografik dönüşüme rağmen geliştirilen politikalarla ve teknolojik imkânlarla doğurganlığın negatif etkilerinin hafifletilebileceği öngörülmektedir.

Soil type determines the magnitude of soil fertility changes by forest-to-pasture conversion in Western Amazonia

The deforestation of tropical forests raises environmental concerns worldwide. Removing the pristine forest impacts the soil, consequently affecting the environmental services it provides. Within this context, the main goal of this study was to determine how the conversion of the tropical rainforest to pasture affects soil fertility across an extended range of soil heterogeneity, including different soil types. We sampled 13 sites, among forests, recent pastures (≤7-year-old), and old pastures (≥10-year-old), on Acrisols, Ferralsols, Plinthosols, and Luvisols, across a ± 800 km geographical range in the Western Brazilian Amazon. Soils were classified taxonomically, and their superficial layer's chemical and physical properties (0–10 cm) were analyzed. Furthermore, we tested the sensibility of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria to detect changes in these soil properties based on their ecological habitat. An inter-regional gradient of soil fertility was observed, and the sampling sites were clustered mostly by soil type and associated land use than by spatial distance. The Sum of bases, Ca + Mg, base saturation, Al saturation, and pH were consistently affected by land use, increasing after conversion to pasture, at different degrees and with a more pronounced effect on oxidic soils. The Sum of bases was the only property that increased significantly among the study sites (Radj = 0.860, p < 0.001), being able to detect the effect of anthropic land use on a larger coverage of soil types. Finally, the Actinobacteria:Proteobacteria ratio was also sensitive to the impact of forest-to-pasture conversion, with a higher ratio observed in pasture systems, and it was positively correlated with soil pH (rho = 0.469, p < 0.001). Our results consistently show that the forest-to-pasture conversion leads to strong alterations in the soil environment, with varying intensities depending on soil type.

Effects of Symbiotic Fungi on Sugars and Soil Fertility and Structure-Mediated Changes in Plant Growth of Vicia villosa

Many terrestrial plants form reciprocal symbioses with beneficial fungi in roots; however, it is not clear whether Vicia villosa, an important forage and green manure crop, can co-exist with these fungi and how such symbiosis affects plant growth and soil properties. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of inoculation with three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) such as Diversisporaspurca, Funneliformismosseae, and Rhizophagusintraradices and an endophytic fungus Serendipitaindica on plant growth, root morphology, chlorophyll and sugar levels, soil nutrients, and aggregate size distribution and stability in V. villosa plants. After 63 days of inoculation, the beneficial fungi colonized the roots with colonization rates of 12% to 92%, and also improved plant growth performance and root morphology to varying degrees, accompanied by the most significant promoted effects after R.intraradices inoculation. All AMF significantly raised chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids and total chlorophyll concentrations, along with a significant increase in leaf sucrose, which consequently formed a significantly higher accumulation of glucose and fructose in roots providing carbon sources for the symbionts. Root fungal colonization was significantly (p &lt; 0.01) positively correlated with chlorophyll compositions, leaf sucrose, and root glucose. In addition, inoculation with symbiotic fungi appeared to trigger a significant decrease in soil Olsen-P and available K and a significant increase in NH4-N, NO3-N, and glomalin-related soil protein levels, plus a significant increase in the proportion of water-stable aggregates at the size of 0.5–4 mm as well as aggregate stability. This improvement in soil aggregates was significantly (p &lt; 0.01) positively correlated with root fungal colonization rate and glomalin-related soil protein concentrations. The study concludes that symbiotic fungi, especially R. intraradices, improve the growth of V. villosa, which is associated with fungal modulation of sugars, soil fertility and root structural improvement.

Agricultural Practices and Environmental Degradation in Santa Sub-division, North West Region of Cameroon

Agriculture is the mainstay of Cameroon’s economy, engaging an estimated 70 percent of the economically active population and accounting for an estimated 80 percent of the primary sector’s contribution to the country’s GDP. It also provides 1/3 of foreign exchange earnings and 15 percent of the country’s budgetary resources. This study set out to investigate agricultural practices and environmental degradation in Santa Sub-division, North West Region of Cameroon. The major types of agricultural practices studied were food crop, market gardening and animal farming. The study made use of primary and secondary data sources. Primary data sources included field observation, interviews and questionnaires. A total of 170 questionnaires were administered using stratified random sampling technique and the data obtained was complemented by secondary sources from published and unpublished materials. Findings revealed that agricultural practices have precarious impacts on the environment in Santa. Climate change was seen to have a silver lining in the crop sector. Declining soil fertility and climate change were some of the major problems faced by farmers in Santa. Adaptation measures amongst others were mixed crop farming, crop rotation, soil management practices and mulching. The study recommended the need to determine the carrying capacity of various grazing, range lands and regulatory control of herd size. This study also proposes the adoption of climate-smart agriculture to minimize the effects of climate change on agriculture in Santa. Farmers in Santa should strengthen their economic security by adopting sustainable agricultural systems, and targeting their production to take advantage of new demands and consumption patterns.

A second demographic transition in Indonesia?

As a predominantly Muslim and ethnically diverse new democracy in Asia, Indonesia is a timely case to study how the contending forces of development and social change are reflected in changing norms and practices around family formation. This paper examines the extent to which the second demographic transition (SDT) theory can provide a primary framework to understand contemporary patterns of fertility, marriage and family change in Indonesia. Against the backdrop of socio-political change following Reformasi in 1998, we found emerging demographic features typically associated with societies in later stages of fertility transition. These include fertility below replacement in some regions; increasing age at first marriage, non-marriage, and divorce rates; and growing diversity in household/family forms. As the vast regions of Indonesia is economically, culturally, and demographically heterogeneous, these key features of SDT are not likely to emerge and unfold in a uniform manner. Further, these demographic shifts are taking place amidst multiple tensions and contradictions in the nature and direction of ideational change pertaining to marriage and the family. We argue that the prevailing ideational change driving the shifts in marriage, fertility, and the family within Indonesia is neither unilinear nor singular in nature. Emerging ideational change embodying individualism, secularism, and post-materialism—originally proposed in SDT theory to be the primary drivers of fertility decline in post-industrial Western Europe—can overlap with popular values promoting de-secularization and the strengthening of familial institutions. As a demographic framework, the SDT theory is an important and useful starting point. But it needs to be reevaluated by considering the complex socio-political and increasingly precarious economic terrains behind fertility transition, as well as marriage and family change in post-Reformasi Indonesia.

Culture and the Historical Fertility Transition

Abstract The historical transition to a low fertility regime was central for long-run growth, but what caused it? Existing economic explanations largely focus on the economic incentives to limit fertility. This article presents new evidence highlighting the importance of cultural forces as a complementary driver of the fertility transition. We leverage a sharp change in fertility in Britain in 1877 and document large synchronized declines in fertility among culturally British households residing outside of Britain, in Canada, the US, and South Africa, relative to their non-British neighbours. We propose a plausible catalyst for the change: the famous Bradlaugh–Besant trial of 1877.

Potential utilization of vitamin C industrial effluents in agriculture: Soil fertility and bacterial community composition

The potential of industrial effluents from vitamin C (VC) production was assessed for agricultural applications by monitoring plant growth, soil properties, and microbial community structure. The results demonstrated that two types of effluents—residue after evaporation (RAE) and concentrated bacterial solution after ultrafiltration (CBS)—had positive effects on the yield and VC content of pak choi. The highest yield and VC content were achieved with a combined RAE-CBS treatment (55.82 % and 265.01 % increase, respectively). The soil fertility was also enhanced by the application of RAE and CBS. Nitrate nitrogen and organic carbon contents in the soil were positively correlated with the RAE addition, while ammonium nitrogen and available phosphorus were positively correlated with the CBS addition. The diversity of bulk and rhizosphere soil bacterial communities increased significantly after the addition of RAE-CBS. The abundance of Sphingomonas and Rhizobium significantly increased after the RAE-CBS treatment, which affected aromatic compound hydrolysis and nitrogen fixation positively. Changes in plant growth and soil fertility were closely related to the upregulation of functional gene expression related to C, N, and P cycling. RAE and CBS application exerted various positive synergistic effects on plant growth, soil fertility, and bacterial community structure. Consequently, the study results confirmed the potential of RAE and CBS application in agriculture. This study provides an innovative solution for utilizing VC industrial wastewater in agriculture in a resourceful and economically beneficial manner while alleviating the corresponding environmental burden.

Assessment of Soil Fertility and Creation of Thematic Mapping in the Coastal Soils of Ramanathapuram Block, Ramanathapuram District in Tamil Nadu, India

Aims: A view of the current analysis used GPS and GIS techniques to evaluate and map the soil fertility status of the Ramanathapuram block in the Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu, India.&#x0D; Study Design: In this study, a systematic set of 100 georeferenced soil samples were collected from 100 selected villages and analyzed for 10 chemical parameters and the data along with GPS readings were used for the preparation of soil fertility maps using GIS.&#x0D; Methodology: Hundred soil samples were collected from the sixteen revenue villages of Ramanathapuram block, Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu during the pre-monsoon season with lat-long coordinates by using GPS to evaluate the soil fertility. Ramanathapuram block is the middle- coastal block of Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu. &#x0D; Results: In the present study, the mean soil values of pH (8.16), EC (0.74 dSm-1), organic carbon content (2.52 g/kg), Available N (159.36kgha-1), Available P (30.83 kgha-1), Available K (355.39kgha-1) and (Di- Ethylene Triamine Penta Acidic Acid DTPA) extractable micronutrients viz., Fe (7.21), Zn (0.16), Mn (6.46) and Cu (1.36) ppm were recorded respectively in Ramanathapuram block of Ramanathapuram district. Thematic maps pertaining to soil fertility were prepared using Arc GIS software 10.1.&#x0D; Conclusion: The georeferenced sampling sites can be revisited with the help of GPS, which helps in monitoring the soil fertility changes over long run. Further, it will be useful to the researchers, planners, policymakers, extension workers of the State Department of Agriculture, fertilizer industries, and farmers.

Influence of biological intensification on the balance of sod-podzolic soil nutrient elements in field crop rotations

The studies were carried out in the Kirov region on sod-podzolic sandy loam soil in a long-time stationary experiment established in 1976. The article provides data (2010-2017) on four fallow-grain-grass crop rotations with various types of fallows, annual and perennial legumes (25-50 %), intercrops (12.5-37.5 %). The purpose of the studies is to compare the influence of some biologization techniques in eight-field crop rotations on the change in soil fertility and the balance of nutritional elements of sod-podzolic sandy loam soil. It is found that the application of low doses of mineral fertilizers (N30P30K30) and various types of green manure crops per rotation has significantly increased the content of mobile phosphorus in the arable soil layer (by 39-46 mg/kg). According to grouping the provision of soils with phosphorus, the content of this element passed into the «high provision» group. The content of exchangeable potassium in the soil remained in the «increased» provision group. In the control crop rotation with clean fallow at a minimum supply of nutrients with mineral fertilizers and root-stubble residues, the balance of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was created negative at the intensity of less than 100 %. The replacement of clean fallow for cropped and green manure fallows, as well as the introduction of intermediate cruciferous crops into the crop rotation structure contributed to the positive balance of nitrogen (250.2-484.3 kg/ha) with the intensity of 124-150 %. The biologization factors used in crop rotations favored the creation of a positive phosphorus balance (12.5-148.1 kg/ha) with the optimal intensity of 117-163 % and a positive potassium balance (128.9-395.8 kg/ha) with the intensity above the optimal value of 116-148 %. The most advantageous in terms of productivity and ensuring a positive balance of nutritional elements is crop rotation with two green manure fallows and sowing of stubble and hay cruciferous crops in three fields.

Grain yield and soil potassium fertility changes arising from different potassium-bearing materials in rice–wheat rotation

Grain yield and soil potassium fertility changes arising from different potassium-bearing materials in rice–wheat rotation

The impact of climate change on food systems, diet quality, nutrition, and health outcomes: A narrative review

Many consequences of climate change undermine the stability of global food systems, decreasing food security and diet quality, and exposing vulnerable populations to multiple forms of malnutrition. The emergence of pandemics such as Covid-19 exacerbate the situation and make interactions even more complex. Climate change impacts food systems at different levels, including changes in soil fertility and crop yield, composition, and bioavailability of nutrients in foods, pest resistance, and risk of malnutrition. Sustainable and resilient food systems, coupled with climate-smart agriculture, are needed to ensure sustainable diets that are adequately diverse, nutritious, and better aligned with contextual ecosystem functions and environmental conservation. Robust tools and indicators are urgently needed to measure the reciprocal food systems-climate change interaction, that is further complicated by pandemics, and how it impacts human health.

Fertility Following Natural Disasters and Epidemics in Africa

Abstract This paper uses dozens of large-scale household surveys to measure average changes in fertility following hundreds of droughts, floods, earthquakes, tropical cyclones, other storms, and epidemics in Africa between 1980 and 2016. Droughts are the largest and longest-lasting type of disaster on average, and fertility decreases by between 3.5 and 6.8 percent in the five years after droughts. Fertility changes are smaller or less clear after other types of disasters. Comparisons between countries, rather than within countries, drive these findings. There is substantial geographic heterogeneity in the direction and magnitude of the changes in fertility after disasters, driven by characteristics of the disasters and survey respondents. Fertility decreases especially after more recent droughts and in areas prone to drought. Fertility also decreases after longer floods. Fertility decreases after epidemics for women near the start and end of their childbearing careers, but increases for women in their late twenties and early thirties.

Bacterial Diversity and Potential Functions in Response to Long-Term Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Semiarid Loess Plateau.

Bacterial diversity and its functions are essential to soil health. N fertilization changes bacterial communities and interferes with the soil biogeochemical N cycle. In this study, bacterial community and soil physicochemical properties were studied in 2018 after applying N fertilizers (0, 52.5, 105, 157.5, and 210 kg N ha−1) for a long (2003–2018) and a short (2003–2004) duration in a wheat field on the Loess Plateau of China. Soil bacteria were determined using 16S rRNA Illumina-MiSeq®, and the prediction function was analyzed through PICRUSt. The study showed that N fertilizer significantly changed the diversity and abundance of bacterial communities. The phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Chloroflexi were most abundant, accounting for 74–80% of the bacterial community abundance. The optimum rates of N fertilizer application (N105) maintain soil health by promoting soil microbial diversity and abundance. The bacterial population abundance was higher after short-term N application than after N application for a long duration and lowest with the high N-fertilizer treatment (N210). High N enrichment led to more heterotrophic N-fixing microorganisms (Alphaproteobacteria), in which metabolism and genetic information processing dominated, while cellular processes, genetic information processing, metabolism, and organismal systems were the main functional categories under low N. The phyla Gemmatimonadetes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflexi were the key bacteria in the co-occurrence network. The genus Saccharimonadales of the superphylum Patescibacteria has a more significant impact under low N treatment. Long-term N fertilization affected the soil pH, NO3-N, and other physicochemical properties, and soil NO3-N was the highest indicator, contributing 81% of the bacterial community function under different N fertilizer treatments.

Agroforestry practices and on-site charcoal production enhance soil fertility and climate change mitigation in northwestern Ethiopia

Agroforestry practices and on-site charcoal production enhance soil fertility and climate change mitigation in northwestern Ethiopia

English

An experiment was conducted to determine fatty acid (FA) pro?les in Chinese Maiwa yak milk across the lactation cycle. Sixty-one healthy, similar weight, 4-7 years old, 3-6 parity Maiwa yaks with unrelated background were selected randomly from Hongyuan County, Sichuan province, in southwest of China (with the altitude over 3500 m). The yaks graze on natural pasture all year around without irrigation, fertilizer, or other changes to the pasture. The samples for each animal were collected separately at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 days postpartum for fatty acid composition analysis. The most abundant FA species in yak milk were C16:0, C18:1c9, C18:0 and C14:0, all of which varied significantly with the lactation periods. C10:0, C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0 was positively correlated with each other, and negatively correlated with C18:0. C18:2t9c11 was negatively correlated with saturated FA (SFA). C18:1t11, iso-C15:0, C22:0 and C16:1c7 were located in the central positions of the correlation network. C18:1t11 showed close correlation with C18 unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) (C18:1t13 and C18:3n3), C16:0, C19:0, and anteiso-C17:0. Besides with each other, iso-C15:0 and C22:0 were associated with C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, C19:0, C20:0, and C20:0, anteiso-C15:0, iso-C14:0, 9,10-hexyl-C17:0, respectively. C16:1c7 was closely associated with C13:0, C17 FA (C17:0 and 9, 10-hexyl-C17:0), C16:1c9, C20:5n3 and C20:4n6. In conclusion, these data will be informative for the study on the regulatory mechanism of milk FA formation in yaks. &nbsp; Key words: Correlations, fatty acid profile, lactation periods, Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, yak. &nbsp;

Reproductive Burden and Its Impact on Female Labor Market Outcomes in India: Evidence from Longitudinal Analyses

We use nationally representative data from two waves of the Indian Human Development Survey to examine the role of inter-temporal changes in fertility behavior in influencing female labor market outcomes. Our multivariate regression estimates show that an increase in the number of children reduces labor force participation and earnings. We further investigated the impact of fertility changes on transitions from the labor market. The results show that women who had more than three children in both rounds of the survey had a 3.5% points higher probability of exiting from the labor market than their counterparts with two or fewer children net of other socio-demographic factors. Disaggregated analyses by caste, economic, educational status, and region show that the probability of dropping out of the labor market due to fertility changes varies by region and is greater for non-poor and primary to secondary schooling women and those from socially disadvantaged castes than poor, non-educated, and socially advantageous women.