Changes In Fat Mass Research Articles

Effects of resistance training on body recomposition, muscular strength, and phase angle in older women with different fat mass levels.

The concomitant increase in skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and decrease in fat mass has been termed body recomposition. This study aimed to analyze the influence of pre-training levels of fat mass on body recomposition, muscular strength, and (phase angle) PhA after 24weeks of resistance training (RT) in older women. Data from 99 older women (68.6 ± 5.7years, 65.7 ± 8.6kg, 155.1 ± 5.8cm, 27.2 ± 3.1kg/m2) was retrospectively analyzed. Participants were separated into tertiles according to the amount of fat mass at baseline as follows: low fat mass (L-FM, n = 33), moderate fat mass (M-FM, n = 33), and high fat mass (H-FM, n = 33). The participants underwent a RT program consisting of eight exercises, three sets per exercise, with a load between 8 and 15 RM, performed three times per week for 24weeks. The SMM and fat mass were evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Body recomposition was determined by the composite Z-score of changes in SMM and fat mass. One repetition maximum (1RM) tests in chest press, knee extension, and preacher curl were assessed to verify muscular strength. Bioimpedance was used to determine phase angle. Results indicated that after the RT period, a greater positive body recomposition was observed in the L-FM group than in M-FM and H-FM groups. Moreover, all groups increased muscular strength and phase angle with no significant difference among groups (P > 0.05). The present study results suggest that the initial amount of fat mass influences the body recomposition induced by RT in older women, with those with lower pre-training fat mass levels presenting higher levels of body recomposition. However, improvements in muscular strength and phase angle are not dependent on the amount of initial fat mass in older women.

Short-Term Effects of Weight Loss after Bariatric Surgery on Respiratory and Skeletal Muscles’ Strength

Background: Bariatric surgery leads to weight loss and body fat percentage reduction, but patients are prone to lean tissue loss which itself reduces the quality of life, and increases the risk of deatand h. This study evaluated the effects of bariatric surgery and changes in Fat Mass (FM) and Fat-Free Mass (FFM) on the respiratory and skeletal muscles’ strength three months after bariatric surgery.
 Methods: After obtaining demographic information, anthropometric measurements and body composition analysis, including Body Mass Index (BMI), FM, FFM, Percent Body Fat (PBF), handgrip isometric force, respiratory muscle forces and spirometry volumes, were assessed before and three months after bariatric surgery in 50 men and women undergoing this surgery.
 Results: Weight, BMI, FM, PBF and FFM isometric muscle force were decreased significantly. In contrast, respiratory muscle forces and respiratory volumes were increased significantly three months after the surgery. Reduction in FFM 3 months after the surgery did not lead to a change in respiratory muscle strength (p-values≥0.05).
 Conclusion: According to our findings, FM and FFM along with weight and BMI decrease significantly after bariatric surgery. These alternations were accompanied by a significant increase in respiratory muscle strength but were not correlated with handgrip muscle force changes.

Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Their Derivative β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate in Liver Cirrhosis.

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) supplementation is used to promote protein synthesis in different clinical conditions in which proteolysis is increased. In addition, lower plasma BCAA levels have been related to an increased risk of hepatic encephalopathy in liver cirrhosis. In this article we will review the role of supplementation with BCAAs and BCAA derivative β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) in liver cirrhosis, focusing on nutritional and clinical effects. Evidence shows that BCAA supplementation slightly increases muscle mass and body mass index, with an upward trend in muscular strength and no change in fat mass. Moreover, BCAA supplementation improves symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy, and is indicated as second-line therapy. The evidence is more limited for BCAA derivatives. HMB supplementation appears to increase muscle mass in chronic diseases associated with cachexia, although this effect has not yet been clearly demonstrated in liver cirrhosis studies. To date, HMB supplementation has no clinical indication in liver cirrhosis.

Changes in Body Weight, Body Composition, Phase Angle, and Resting Metabolic Rate in Male Patients with Stage IV Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Undergoing Therapy.

Background and Objectives: Cancer treatments can adversely influence body weight status, body composition, phase angle (PhA), and resting metabolic rate (RMR), which could possibly affect disease course. Τhe aim was to assess differences in body composition, PhA, RMR, and related parameters in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients after treatment. Methods: The sample consisted of 82 NSCLC (stage IV) male patients (chemotherapy (C) 15.7%; immunotherapy (I) 13.3%; C + I 25.3%; (C) + radiotherapy (R) 22.9 %; and other 15.5%). Body weight and body composition, PhA, RMR, oxygen consumption (VO2), ventilation rate, and diet were assessed at baseline and at 3 months after initiation of therapy. Results: Reductions in PhA, RMR, VO2, ventilation rate, and intracellular water were observed at follow up. Weight loss was evident for 45% of patients who also had a reduction in lean body mass. In the group under C, lean mass was reduced at follow up (55.3 ± 11.53 vs. 52.4 ± 12.6, p = 0.04) without significant weight changes. In subjects with a low adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDietScore < 30), RMR (1940 ± 485 vs. 1730 ± 338 Kcal, p = 0.001), VO2 (277.1 ± 70.2 vs. 247 ± 49.1 mL/min, p = 0.001), and ventilation rate (10.1 ± 2.28 vs. 9. ± 2 2.2 L/min, p = 0.03) were significantly reduced. The changes in body weight were positively related to % of change in fat mass (rho = 0.322, p = 0.003) and absolute lean mass change (rho = 0.534, p < 0.001) and negatively associated with % of change in total body water (rho = -0.314, p = 0.004) (Spearman correlation coefficients). Conclusions: In conclusion, cancer therapy related to reductions in PhA and RMR, while lean mass reduction may be related to the type of treatment. Our results emphasize the importance of a more holistic nutritional and body composition assessment beyond body weight, to better address patients' needs in clinical practice.

Metabolic effects of alternate-day fasting in males with obesity with or without type 2 diabetes.

Alternate-day fasting induces oscillations in energy stores. We hypothesized that repeated oscillations increases insulin secretion and sensitivity, and improve metabolic health in patients with obesity with or without type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Twenty-three male patients fasted every other day for 30h for 6 weeks. Experiments included resting energy expenditure, continuous glucose monitoring, intravenous glucose tolerance test, euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, body composition, hepatic triglyceride content, muscle biopsies which were performed at baseline, during 3 weeks without allowed weight loss, and after additional 3 weeks with weight loss. Bodyweight decreased ∼1% and further ∼3% during weeks one to three and four to six, respectively (p < 0.05). Only minor changes in fat mass occurred in weeks 1-3. With weight loss, visceral fat content decreased by 13 ± 3% and 12 ± 2% from baseline in patients with and without T2DM, respectively (p < 0.05). Hepatic triglyceride content decreased by 17 ± 9% and 36 ± 9% (with diabetes) and 27 ± 8% and 40 ± 8% (without diabetes) from baseline to week 3 and week 6, respectively (all p < 0.05). Muscle lipid and glycogen content oscillated with the intervention. Glucose homeostasis, insulin secretion and sensitivity was impaired in patients with T2DM and did not change without weight loss, but improved (p < 0.05) when alternate day fasting was combined with weight loss. In conclusion, alternate-day fasting is feasible in patients with obesity and T2DM, and decreases visceral fat and liver fat deposits. Energy store oscillations by alternate-day fasting do not improve insulin secretion or sensitivity per se. Clinical Trial registration: (ClinicalTrials.gov), (ID NCT02420054).

Metabolomics of testosterone enanthate administration during severe-energy deficit

IntroductionTestosterone administration attenuates reductions in total body mass and lean mass during severe energy deficit (SED).ObjectivesThis study examined the effects of testosterone administration on the serum metabolome during SED.MethodsIn a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, non-obese men were randomized to receive 200-mg testosterone enanthate/wk (TEST) (n = 24) or placebo (PLA) (n = 26) during a 28-d inpatient, severe exercise- and diet-induced energy deficit. This study consisted of three consecutive phases. Participants were free-living and provided a eucaloric diet for 14-d during Phase 1. During Phase 2, participants were admitted to an inpatient unit, randomized to receive testosterone or placebo, and underwent SED for 28-d. During Phase 3, participants returned to their pre-study diet and physical activity habits. Untargeted metabolite profiling was conducted on serum samples collected during each phase. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry after 11-d of Phase 1 and after 25-d of Phase 2 to determine changes in fat and lean mass.ResultsTEST had higher (Benjamini–Hochberg adjusted, q < 0.05) androgenic steroid and acylcarnitine, and lower (q < 0.05) amino acid metabolites after SED compared to PLA. Metabolomic differences were reversed by Phase 3. Changes in lean mass were associated (Bonferroni-adjusted, p < 0.05) with changes in androgenic steroid metabolites (r = 0.42–0.70), acylcarnitines (r = 0.37–0.44), and amino acid metabolites (r = − 0.36–− 0.37). Changes in fat mass were associated (p < 0.05) with changes in acylcarnitines (r = − 0.46–− 0.49) and changes in urea cycle metabolites (r = 0.60–0.62).ConclusionTestosterone administration altered androgenic steroid, acylcarnitine, and amino acid metabolites, which were associated with changes in body composition during SED.

Body composition changes following total thyroidectomy: A one-year follow-up study

IntroductionThyroid hormones play an important role in body weight regulation. In this study, we investigated which body composition parameters cause a change in body weight after total thyroidectomy. Materials and methodWe performed a retrospective cohort study of a prospectively maintained database of patients who underwent total thyroidectomy. Demographics, thyroid function tests, indications for surgery, final pathology, and postoperative thyroid status were collected. Body composition analyses measured by the bioelectrical impedance analysis method were recorded at two-time points, 12 months apart. ResultsForty-four patients were included in the study with a mean age of 51.6 years. There were statistically significant increases in weight (p=0.049), body mass index (p=0.021), and fat mass (p=0.001) over time. While 12 patients (27.3%) lost or maintained weight, 32 patients (72.7%) gained weight. There was no significant difference in age, sex, preoperative thyroid function tests, postoperative thyroid status, or pathology between those who gained weight and those who did not. Although changes in all body composition parameters were higher in males than in females, these differences were not significant overall. Multivariable regression analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between increase in fat mass and baseline free-T3 (p=0.041) and found that lower baseline percent body fat was a significant factor for greater fat mass gain (p=0.016). However, no predictors of change in weight were identified. ConclusionWe conclude that total thyroidectomy results in a significant change in body weight and fat mass. Higher free-T3 and lower percent body fat at baseline were significant factors of fat mass gain.

OR29-4 Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes by Testosterone in the T4DM Trial: Analysis of Effect Mediation

Abstract Background In men aged 50+ years at high risk of, or with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D) testosterone (T) treatment reduced the risk T2D at 2-years by 40% beyond lifestyle change alone (Wittert et al Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinol 2021). Aim Determine whether changes in total fat mass (kg), abdominal fat mass (%), lean mass (kg), and non-dominant handgrip (kg) mediate the effect of T treatment on glycaemia. Hypothesis The effect of testosterone on glycaemia is mediated by changes in fat and functional skeletal muscle mass Methods: A randomised placebo-controlled trial enrolled 1007 men, 50–74 years, waist circumference (WC) ≥ 95cm, serum total T ≤ 14nmol/L (chemiluminescent RIA) and either impaired glucose tolerance or newly diagnosed T2D on an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Participants were enrolled in a lifestyle program (WW) and randomised 1: 1 to 3 monthly IM injections of 1gm testosterone undecanoate or placebo. The primary outcome of T2D at 2-yrs (OGTT&amp;gt;=11.1mmol/L) was assessed by binomial regression with a log-link function. Mediators of interest were fat mass % abdominal fat, lean mass (dual x-ray absorptiometry) and non-dominant hand-grip strength (handgrip dynamometry). Mediation was determined by including the baseline and change at two years for each of the 4 factors of interest in the model. Significance: P&amp;lt; 0.05. There was no imputation for missing data. Results There were complete data for 775 men (77.5%). For the outcome of T2D at 2-yrs, the unadjusted RR for treatment was 0.59 (95% CI: 0.43–0.80), which became 0.66 (95% CI: 0.51–0.87) after adjustment for baseline values of the proposed treatment mediators and OGTT. After inclusion of changes in body composition (total fat mass, abdominal fat percentage, lean mass) and grip strength, the effect of treatment was attenuated, RR 0.85 (95% CI: 0.61–1.19). The individual effects for changes in fat mass, abdominal fat, lean mass, and grip strength were 0.88 (0.64–1.19), 0.79 (0.59–1.07), 0.52 (0.38–0.71) and 0.64 (0.48–0.86) respectively. Conclusion After including change in fat mass the RR increased and the effect of T was no longer significant indicating the decrease in fat mass mediates the effect of T. This did not however, entirely explain the effect of T to decrease risk for T2D. Although lean mass and hand grip strength increased, neither mediated the effect of testosterone on T2D. Presentation: Tuesday, June 14, 2022 10:30 a.m. - 10:45 a.m.

ODP350 Safety and Efficacy of Tesomet over 48 Weeks of Treatment: Results From a 24-Week Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind Study With 24 Week Open-Label Extension in Adults With Hypothalamic Obesity

Abstract Objective To assess the safety and efficacy of Tesomet (tesofensine plus metoprolol) in adults with hypothalamic obesity, a rare disease with no approved therapy. Research Design and Methods Twenty-one adults with hypothalamic obesity (16 females, 5 males) were randomized to Tesomet (0.5 mg tesofensine/50 mg metoprolol) (n=14) or placebo (n=8) during a 24-week double-blind period. On completion of the double-blind period, 17 (81%) subjects (11 Tesomet; 6 placebo) entered in to a 24-week open-label extension period and were treated with Tesomet. The primary endpoint was safety while secondary endpoints included measures of body weight, waist circumference, and body composition. Trial NCT03845075. Results The most common adverse events following the 24-week double-blind period and the 24-week open-label extension period were sleep disorder, dizziness, dry mouth, and headache; the majority of these adverse events were mild to moderate in severity. No significant nor clinically meaningful changes in heart rate or blood pressure were observed during the study. On completion of the double-blind period mean change in body weight (kg) was -7.84 for the Tesomet group versus -0.34 kg for the placebo group (P=0. 03). At the end of the open-label extension period mean change in body weight (kg) from baseline was -6.34 for the Tesomet-Tesomet group and -6. 03 for the placebo-Tesomet group. On completion of the double-blind period mean change in waist circumference (cm) was -7. 09 cm for the Tesomet group versus -1.16 for the placebo group (P=NS). At the end of the open-label extension period mean change in waist circumference (cm) from baseline was -5.73 for the Tesomet-Tesomet group and -3. 04 for the placebo-Tesomet group. On completion of the double-blind period mean change in fat mass (kg) was -5.28 for the Tesomet group versus -1.11 for the placebo group (P=NS). At the end of the open-label extension period mean change in fat mass (kg) from baseline was -4.84 for the Tesomet-Tesomet group and -3.85 for the placebo-Tesomet group. On completion of the double-blind period mean change in lean tissue mass (kg) was -2.76 for the Tesomet group versus 0.36 for the placebo group (P&amp;lt;0. 01). At the end of the open-label extension period mean change in lean mass (kg) from baseline was -1.64 for the Tesomet-Tesomet group and -2.22 for the placebo-Tesomet group. Discussion Tesomet was generally well tolerated after 48 weeks treatment and resulted in clinically meaningful improvements in body weight and body composition measures in adults with hypothalamic obesity. In contrast to previous studies of tesofensine monotherapy in general obesity, no significant nor clinically meaningful changes in cardiovascular measures were observed during the study. Conclusion Tesomet is a promising new experimental treatment for hypothalamic obesity. A randomized, placebo controlled, multi-center, dose-finding, Phase 2b study has now been initiated. Presentation: No date and time listed

OR10-6 Sex Differences in Body Composition and Incident Diabetes Across BMI Categories in Older Versus Younger Adults

Abstract Background Body composition often changes with age. While body mass index (BMI) is used to define obesity, the degree to which BMI accurately or consistently reflects fatness in older versus younger adults remains unclear. Importantly, it is uncertain whether diabetes risk is similar for older versus younger adults within BMI-defined categories. Objectives We evaluated the relationship of older (≥65 years) versus younger age (&amp;lt;65 years) to dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived body composition measures and incident diabetes, stratified by BMI-defined categories for non-overweight/non-obese (&amp;lt;25 kg/m2), overweight (25-29.9 kg/m2) and obesity (≥30 kg/m2). Design: Participants without diabetes at first DXA visit in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging were included. Linear regression models were used to investigate the association of age categories to body composition at baseline, and Cox proportional hazard models were used to study the relationship of age categories to incident diabetes, within BMI categories for men and women. Diabetes was defined based on self-reported history, medication use, and/or ADA diagnostic criteria (fasting or 2-hour OGTT glucose levels). Results A total of 993 men (n=463 older, n=530 younger) and 1109 women (n=385 older, n=724 younger) were examined. Comparing older versus younger participants, body weight was significantly lower across all BMI categories for both men and women (all p&amp;lt;0.05). Percent total fat mass (%TFM) and fat mass/lean mass ratio (FM/LM) were significantly higher in older versus younger men across all BMI categories and in non-overweight/non-obese women. Among men, in multiple regression analyses adjusting for race, education, height and weight, the relationship (β±SE) of older versus younger age (reference) to %TFM remained significant (non-overweight/non-obese: 1.84±0.59, overweight: 2.60±0.47, obese: 1.81± 0.87; all p&amp;lt;0.05), as did the relationship to FM/LM, across all BMI categories. Among women, the relationships of older versus younger age (reference) to %TFM and FM/LM remained significant for non-overweight/non-obese women. Over a median follow-up of 7.3 years (IQR=1.9-16.6), there were 165 incident cases of diabetes. Older obese men had an almost three-fold higher risk of developing diabetes than younger obese men (HR=2.72 [95%CI: 1.12, 6.63]), accounting for race, education, height, weight and %TFM. Among women, no differences by age group in incident diabetes were observed. Conclusions In our study, sex differences were observed in the relationship of older versus younger age to several measures of body composition, suggesting greater relative fat mass with aging, particularly in men. Further, our results suggest that BMI-defined categories for overweight and obesity do not fully account for changes in fat mass with aging and that the risk for diabetes is significantly greater for older compared to younger obese men. Further studies are needed to investigate the optimal BMI thresholds that predict diabetes risk in older adults. Presentation: Sunday, June 12, 2022 12:15 p.m. - 12:30 p.m.

Effects of aromatase inhibitor therapy on visceral adipose tissue area and cardiometabolic health in postmenopausal women with early and locally advanced breast cancer.

Aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy provides oncological benefits in postmenopausal women with oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. However, AI treatment has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk. In nonbreast cancer populations, experimentally induced low oestrogen states and natural transition to menopause have been associated with increases in visceral adipose tissue (VAT), a known surrogate marker for cardiometabolic risk. Given that AI treatment blocks oestradiol production, we hypothesized that AI treatment would increase VAT. We conducted a prospective 12-month cohort study of 52 postmenopausal women newly initiating AI treatment (median age: 64.5 years) and 52 women with breast pathology not requiring endocrine therapy (median age: 63.5 years). VAT area and other body composition parameters were measured at baseline, 6months and 12 months using dual X-ray absorptiometry. Other risk markers of cardiometabolic health were also assessed. In women initiating AI treatment, there was no statistically significant difference in VAT area after 12 months when compared to controls, with a mean adjusted difference of -5.00 cm2 (-16.9, 6.91), p = .55. Moreover, changes in total fat mass, lean mass, subcutaneous adipose tissue area, hepatic steatosis and measures in endothelial function were also not statistically different between groups after 12 months. Findings were similar after adjustments for activity levels and coronavirus disease 2019 lockdown duration. These data provide reassurance that over the initial 12 months of AI therapy, AI treatment is not associated with metabolically adverse changes in body composition, hepatic steatosis or vascular reactivity. The impact of extended AI therapy on cardiometabolic health requires further study.

ODP082 Bone mass and body composition analysis in transgender women: a 1 year follow up.

Abstract Introduction Sex steroid hormones play a key role in bone health, however medical therapies for gender dysphoria lead to hormonal changes. Purpose Understanding the changes in bone mass and body composition is extremely important, because this treatment will be carried out over a long period of time. Methods In a prospective study, we included 19 trans women (male-to-female trans persons) before and after 1 year of therapy with estrogen and cyproterone acetate. Bone densitometry model Hologic-Discovery performed at baseline and after 6, 12 months of therapy. All participants signed the TCLE, project approved by CEP-CAAE: 36823220.6. 0000. 0062. Results Analysis of 19 transgender women with a mean age of 25 years +/- 10 years. LS-BMD (lumbar spine) at initial time (0m) 1,070±0,155g/cm2 and after 6 months (6m) 0,995±0,092g/cm2 and 12 months (12m) after 1,020±0,096 g/cm2, p=0,04; FN-BMD (Femur Neck) 0m= 1. 047±0.205g/cm2; 6m= 0.917±0.127g/cm2 and 12m= 0.909±0.120 g/cm2; p=0. 01. TH-BMD (Total Hip) 0m= 1.100±0.162 g/cm2; and 6m= 1. 021±0. 099g/cm2; 12m= 1. 015±0.119g/cm2; p=0. 02. About body composition: the percentage of body fat: 0m= 30.2±8. 0%, 6m= 31.3±7.9%; 12m= 33.2±10.2%; p=0.10; android/gynecoid ratio: 1. 00±0.26, 6m= 0.95±0.22; 12m= 1. 00±0.39; p=0,76, VAT mass (cm3) 411.8±252.1, 6m= 357.6±145.3, 12m= 395.5±167.7 p= 0,67 and Lean/Height2 (kg/m2) 0m= 17. 03±2.98, 6m= 15.94±1.8, 12m= 16.74±2.10; p=0.46 and Appen. Lean/Height2 (kg/m2) 7.89±1.67, 6m= 7.42±1.10 and 12m= 7.52±1. 01; p=0.90 Conclusion: In 1 year of hormone therapy with estrogen and cyproterone acetate, we found decrease in bone mass in the analyzed sites and no change in body fat and lean mass. Presentation: No date and time listed

No effect of repeated post-resistance exercise cold or hot water immersion on in-season body composition and performance responses in academy rugby players: a randomised controlled cross-over design

PurposeFollowing resistance exercise, uncertainty exists as to whether the regular application of cold water immersion attenuates lean muscle mass increases in athletes. The effects of repeated post-resistance exercise cold versus hot water immersion on body composition and neuromuscular jump performance responses in athletes were investigated.MethodsMale, academy Super Rugby players (n = 18, 19.9 ± 1.5 y, 1.85 ± 0.06 m, 98.3 ± 10.7 kg) participated in a 12-week (4-week × 3-intervention, i.e., control [CON], cold [CWI] or hot [HWI] water immersion) resistance exercise programme, utilising a randomised cross-over pre–post-design. Body composition measures were collected using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry prior to commencement and every fourth week thereafter. Neuromuscular squat (SJ) and counter-movement jump (CMJ) performance were measured weekly. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyse main (treatment, time) and interaction effects.ResultsThere were no changes in lean (p = 0.960) nor fat mass (p = 0.801) between interventions. CON (p = 0.004) and CWI (p = 0.003) increased (g = 0.08–0.19) SJ height, compared to HWI. There were no changes in CMJ height (p = 0.482) between interventions.ConclusionRepeated post-resistance exercise whole-body CWI or HWI does not attenuate (nor promote) increases in lean muscle mass in athletes. Post-resistance exercise CON or CWI results in trivial increases in SJ height, compared to HWI. During an in-season competition phase, our data support the continued use of post-resistance exercise whole-body CWI by athletes as a recovery strategy which does not attenuate body composition increases in lean muscle mass, while promoting trivial increases in neuromuscular concentric-only squat jump performance.

Association of in-competition injury risk and the degree of rapid weight cutting prior to competition in division I collegiate wrestlers

ObjectivesWeight cutting is thought to offer a competitive advantage in wrestling. Dehydration has deleterious effects on physical and cognitive function, which may increase the risk of injury. The purpose of...

Effects of Androgen Deprivation Therapy on Extraocular Muscles, Retrobulbar Orbital Fat, and the Optic Nerve in Patients with Prostate Cancer

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate radiologically the effects of long-term luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist therapy on extraocular muscle thickness, retrobulbar orbital fat (ROF), and the optic nerve (ON) in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Methods: The retrospective study included patients with primary or recurrent PCa who received androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for at least 12 months. Each patient underwent gallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography-computed tomography both before and at the end of the 12-month treatment. Thickness of the ON, lateral rectus muscle, medial rectus muscle, superior rectus muscle, and inferior rectus muscle were measured by using the coronal CT sections in soft tissue window. ROF, ocular protrusion, and ON length were measured in sagittal and coronal planes. Changes in these anatomical structures induced by LHRH analogs were investigated by comparing pre- and post-treatment measurements. Results: A total of 57 patients were included in the study. Median PSA and TT values ​​of the patients before treatment were 36.5 (range, 19.6–51.2) ng/mL and 614.0 (range, 472.0–743.0) ng/dL, respectively, and these values ​​decreased significantly after the treatment (10.6 [range, 5.2–14.2] ng/mL and 36.5 [range, 19.6–51.2] ng/dL, respectively, p < 0.001 for both). After the treatment, there was a statistically significant decrease in the areas of inferior rectus muscle, superior rectus muscle, lateral rectus muscle, and medial rectus muscle (p < 0.001 for all), while significant increases were observed in ROF (11.9%, p < 0.001) and ON thickness (14.3%, p = 0.004). The amount of ocular protrusion also showed a significant increase of approximately 14% after the treatment (14.0 [range, 12.0–16.0] mm vs. 16.0 [range, 14.0–17.2] mm, p < 0.001). Discussion/Conclusion: Our findings, for the first time in the literature, indicated that ADT causes a decrease in extraocular muscle mass and an increase in ROF with ocular protrusion. It can be asserted that these changes are similar to the changes in skeletal muscle and fat mass in other body parts. Further studies with a higher level of evidence are needed to clinically evaluate the increase in ocular protrusion and ON enlargement, which are likely to be caused by the increase in ROF.

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Protect against High-Fat Diet-Induced Morphological and Functional Impairments of Brown Fat in Transgenic Fat-1 Mice.

The role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) in the regulation of energy homeostasis remains poorly understood. In this study, we used a transgenic fat-1 mouse model, which can produce n-3 PUFAs endogenously, to investigate how n-3 PUFAs regulate the morphology and function of brown adipose tissue (BAT). We found that high-fat diet (HFD) induced a remarkable morphological change in BAT, characterized by “whitening” due to large lipid droplet accumulation within BAT cells, associated with obesity in wild-type (WT) mice, whereas the changes in body fat mass and BAT morphology were significantly alleviated in fat-1 mice. The expression of thermogenic markers and lypolytic enzymes was significantly higher in fat-1 mice than that in WT mice fed with HFD. In addition, fat-1 mice had significantly lower levels of inflammatory markers in BAT and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in plasma compared with WT mice. Furthermore, fat-1 mice were resistant to LPS-induced suppression of UCP1 and PGC-1 expression and lipid deposits in BAT. Our data has demonstrated that high-fat diet-induced obesity is associated with impairments of BAT morphology (whitening) and function, which can be ameliorated by elevated tissue status of n-3 PUFAs, possibly through suppressing the effects of LPS on inflammation and thermogenesis.

Whey protein hydrolysates alleviated weight gain and improved muscle in middle-aged obese mice induced by a high-fat diet

Whey protein (WP) and whey protein hydrolysates (WPH) may have the potency to promote weight loss, preserve muscle and improve gut microbiota composition. The present study explored the effect of WPH vs WP on weight management in obese middle-aged mice in the content of changes in fat mass, muscle mass and gut microbiota composition. The present results showed that WPH significantly reduced energy intake, attenuated weight gain and improved blood lipids and glucose. Moreover, WPH reduced ectopic fat deposition and enhanced antioxidant capacity in muscle, but did not significantly affect muscle mass. WPH failed to reverse the microbial diversity reduction caused by a high-fat diet, but increased Akkermansia and Clostridium XVIII abundances and decreased Alistipes abundance. In conclusion, WPH is expected to have good prospects in weight management in middle age.

Effects of vinegar consumption on cardiometabolic risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Studies that investigated the association between the consumption of vinegar and various cardiometabolic parameters have yielded conflicting results. In this work, we investigated the effects of vinegar consumption on cardiometabolic risk factors using a meta-analysis. Relevant studies were identified using four databases (Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science) up to January 2022. Of the 2806 articles from the initial search, 11 RCTs with 12 treatment arms were included in the meta-analysis. The RCTs focused on both healthy individuals and individuals with cardiometabolic disorders. Consumption of vinegar was associated with significant reductions in fasting blood glucose (WMD: -9.36 mg/dL, 95% CI: -14.82, -3.91) and glycated hemoglobin (WMD: -0.67, 95% CI: -1.36, - 0.01). In terms of lipid profile, there was a significant reduction in total cholesterol (WMD: -18.87 mg/dL, 95% CI: -34.44, -3.29) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD: -21.37 mg/dl, 95% CI: -37.54, -5.20), but non-significant reductions in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were noted, although the latter reduction was of clinical significance (WMD: -21.47 mg/dl, 95% CI: -49.72, 6.77). In addition, no significant changes in fat mass and waist circumference were observed, while significant reductions in body mass index (WMD: -0.39 kg/m 2 , 95% CI: -0.74, -0.04, p = 0.028) and body weight (WMD: -0.73 kg, 95% CI: -1.45, -0.01) were noted with dubious clinical relevance. In conclusion, the consumption of vinegar may have beneficial effects on some glycemic and lipid indices and could be considered as an intervention for weight loss.

Circadian variation of serum leptin and adipose tissue changes in children.

Higher morning serum leptin values are associated with larger adipose tissue gains in children; however, it is unclear if leptin circadian variation is itself associated with adipose tissue changes during growth. We studied the association of circadian variation in leptin with change in total body fat mass (TBFM), total body percentage fat (%FM), and trunk fat mass (TrFM). Baseline serum samples for leptin were obtained every 3h for 24 h from 130 children (baseline age 9.6 ± 2.5y; 51.1% male; BMI-Z 1.59) with mean follow-up of 11.1 ± 4.0y and underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. ANCOVA models examined change in TBFM, %FM, or TrFM as dependent variables and number of years of follow-up, sex, race, baseline age, pubertal status, initial visit body composition, and initial visit serum leptin circadian variables (maximal diurnal leptin [acrophase], diurnal amplitude, and percentage change of amplitude) as independent factors. Although initial visit mesor (24 h average) leptin was positively associated with initial visit TBFM (r2 =0.78, p < 0.001), %FM (r2 =076, p < 0.001), and TrFM (r2 =0.71, p < 0.001), none of the circadian leptin variables studied was significantly associated with change in TBFM, %FM, or TrFM. We found no evidence that circadian variation in serum leptin concentrations during childhood is associated with long-term changes in children's adiposity.

Higher Particulate Matter Deposition in Alveolar Region Could Accelerate Body Fat Accumulation in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate associations of particulate matter (PM) of less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and PM deposition with nocturnal changes in body composition in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. A bioelectric impedance analysis was used to measure the pre- and postsleep body composition of 185 OSA patients. Annual exposure to PM2.5 was estimated by the hybrid kriging/land-use regression model. A multiple-path particle dosimetry model was employed to estimate PM deposition in lung regions. We observed that an increase in the interquartile range (IQR) (1 μg/m3) of PM2.5 was associated with a 20.1% increase in right arm fat percentage and a 0.012 kg increase in right arm fat mass in OSA (p < 0.05). We observed that a 1 μg/m3 increase in PM deposition in lung regions (i.e., total lung region, head and nasal region, tracheobronchial region, and alveolar region) was associated with increases in changes of fat percentage and fat mass of the right arm (β coefficient) (p < 0.05). The β coefficients decreased as follows: alveolar region > head and nasal region > tracheobronchial region > total lung region (p < 0.05). Our findings demonstrated that an increase in PM deposition in lung regions, especially in the alveolar region, could be associated with nocturnal changes in the fat percentage and fat mass of the right arm. PM deposition in the alveolar region could accelerate the body fat accumulation in OSA.