Changes In Family Structure Research Articles

The association between financial support of adult children to their parents and informal care provision in China and its differences in household registration, residence arrangement and community-based care services: 2008 ~ 2018

BackgroundThe changes in demographic and family structures have weakened the traditional norms of filial piety and intergenerational relationships dramatically. This study aims to examine the dynamic association between financial support of adult children to their parents and informal care provision in China and its differences in household registration, residence arrangement and community-based care services.MethodsData was derived from the 2008–2018 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), which is a longitudinal survey of a nationally representative sample of individuals aged 60 and over. Random effects model was used to assess the association between financial support and informal care provision of adult children to their parents.ResultsIt was found that financial support showed an upward trend while informal care provision showed a download trend from 2008 to 2018. The result indicated a significant and negative association between financial support and informal care provision of adult children to their parents (B = -0.500, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.761 to -0.239). And the association was significant among elderly people who were from urban areas (B = -0.628, 95% CI = -0.970 to -0.287), co-resided with adult children (B = -0.596, 95% CI = -0.939 to -0.253), and had community-based services (B = -0.659, 95% CI = -1.004 to -0.315).ConclusionFinancial support was negatively associated with informal care provision of adult children to their parents in China, and the association has differences in household registration, residence arrangement and community-based care services. It is suggested that policymakers should prioritize planning interventions for elderly care services and establish a family caregiver support system.

Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Family Structure in Nigeria

Purpose: The study sought to analyze the impacts of industrial revolution on the family structure in Nigeria
 Methodology: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
 Findings: The results show that there has been a change of family structure since the pre industrialization era and the post industrialization era. The historical process of industrialization changed the ways in which families were structured and interacted. Family bonding are decreasing and divorce rate is increasing rapidly. These shift not only affected the roles of spouses and parents but also those of children. Industrialization changed gender roles and Enlightenment philosophies that inspired new ideals of equality, personal freedom, and individualism.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The modernization theory, Talcott Parsons’ theory and the classic sociological theory may be used to anchor future studies in the sociology sector. The study results will also benefit other stakeholders such as the policy makers as well as researchers and scholars from different parts of the world. The top management of both public and private industries in the country will also use the study findings to improve families and ensure high and stable performance in all their activities and programs. The study recommends that the adoption of effective social protection development policies in the family structure will help to improve efficiency in their major operations and activities.

Naar een nieuw geïntegreerd gemengd financieringsmodel voor de huisartspraktijk

A new integrated mixed payment model for general practitioners in Belgium Belgian primary care faces a number of challenges, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic: an increasing percentage of elderly people, changing family structures, a shrinking labour market, health inequities, rapid and sometimes costly technological innovations, etc. The ‘quintuple aim’ was set as a goal to organise equitable and cost-effective, high-quality care to secure the health of citizens and the well-being of healthcare workers. There’s a growing consensus that a dominantly fee-for-service system is not fit to respond to the challenges. This article proposes a third mixed payment model, besides the 2 existing models, i.e. a fee for service and a capitation model. In this new model, the general practitioner’s income will be based for 60/70% on capitation and for 40/30% on fee for service. The income via capitation will depend on the characteristics of the patient population (age, socioeconomic status and maybe gender). Important conditions to implement this new model are a complete registration of all citizens in a primary care practice as well as monitoring of the number of consultations and home visits. Importantly, all forms of teleconsultations will be paid under the capitation part and the face-to-face encounters under the fee-for-service system. This new mixed model may cause some income shifts between general practitioners. Therefore, a thorough simulation at practice and care provider level is necessary before implementation.

Patterns of home care and community support preferences among older adults with disabilities in China: a latent class analysis

BackgroundAgeing in place is the preferred choice for most older adults worldwide. The role of the family as a core care resource has diminished as a result of changes in family structure, thus extending the responsibility for caring for older adults from within the family to outside it and requiring considerably more support from society. However, there is a shortage of formal and qualified caregivers in many countries, and China has limited social care resources. Therefore, it is important to identify home care patterns and family preferences to provide effective social support and reduce government costs.MethodsData were obtained from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Study 2018. Latent class analysis models were estimated using Mplus 8.3. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was adopted to explore the influencing factors with the R3STEP method. Lanza’s method and the chi-square goodness-of-fit test were used to explore community support preferences among different categories of families of older adults with disabilities.ResultsThree latent classes were identified based on older adults with disabilities’ characteristics (degree of disability, demand satisfaction), caregivers’ characteristics (length of providing care, care performance) and living status: Class 1- mild disability and strong care (46.85%); Class 2- severe disability and strong care (43.92%); and Class 3- severe disability and incompetent care (9.24%). Physical performance, geographic region and economic conditions jointly influenced home care patterns (P < 0.05). Home visits from health professionals and health care education were the top two forms of community support that were most preferred by the older adults with disabilities’ families (residual > 0). Families in the Class 3 subgroup preferred personal care support more than those in the other two subgroups (P < 0.05).ConclusionHome care is heterogeneous across families. Older adults’ degrees of disability and care needs may be varied and complex. We classified different families into homogeneous subgroups to reveal differences in home care patterns. The findings can be used by decision-makers in their attempts to design long-term care arrangements for home care and to adjust the distribution of resources for the needs of older adults with disabilities.

Autism and ADHD: A Literature Review Regarding Their Impacts on Parental Divorce.

The change in family structure as a consequence of divorce can be a traumatic event for a child that can undermine his or her emotional security. For this reason, it becomes a major health concern. Many divorce-related risk factors have been identified, including attention deficits or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children. The aim of this review is to evaluate if and how a diagnosis of ASD or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children is associated with an increase in divorce within families. Searches were performed in two databases evaluating studies focusing on articles pertaining to the topic. A total of 20 articles were found, but only 8 were included in the study according to the criteria. The results showed that divorce does not appear to be specifically related to a diagnosed pathology of the child, but rather presents itself as a risk factor in certain situations. In particular, this occurs when the coping strategies required to deal with the diagnosis are dysfunctional. However, it would appear that families in which there are children with ADHD have a greater chance of divorce than families in which there is a child with a diagnosis of ASD. It may be hypothesised that in the latter case, parents receiving a diagnosis early in the child's life have more time to develop adaptive strategies to cope with the condition than parents with children with ADHD who mostly find themselves having to deal with their child's behavioural problems at a school age. Moreover, ASD is a disorder more likely genetic than environment-related, so parents receive more socio-medical support, and they are less likely to blame themselves or be blamed by others.

The Challenge of Chinese Children’s Emotion Regulation: Child Number, Parental Emotion Regulation, and Its Relationship with Reactions to Children’s Negative Emotions

In the context of China’s three-child policy, more and more families have been changing from a one-child family to a two-child or three-child family. Both changes of family structure and the increase in child number may bring new challenges to children’s social development, emotion regulation, and parent–child relationship. This study aims to deal with the comparison of children’s emotion regulation for families with different child numbers and its relationship with parental emotion regulation and parental reactions to children’s negative emotions. We examined children’s emotion regulation, parental emotion regulation, and parental reactions to children’s negative emotions through a questionnaire survey. A total of 7807 parents from Guangdong Province in China participated in this study. The results show that: (1) A significant difference exists in children’s emotion regulation for families with different child numbers. Both one-child and two-child families present significantly higher children’s emotion regulation than three-child families; (2) There is a significant difference in parental emotion regulation, and supportive and non-supportive reactions in these families. The more children in each family, the worse the parental emotion regulation, the less supportive the reaction, and the more non-supportive the reaction; (3) Parental emotion regulation exerts a significant positive impact on children’s emotion regulation, and both supportive and non-supportive reactions play the partial mediating role. The findings emphasize more potential risks for children’s emotion regulation with the increase in family’s child number and suggest that special attention should be paid to children’s and parental emotion regulation in three-child families.

Prevalence and factors associated with anxiety and depression among community-dwelling older adults in Hunan, China: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundOlder adults’ psychological health is a public health issue that cannot be ignored, especially when these psychological health problems and related factors change across different social backgrounds because of rapid changes in traditions and family structures and the epidemic responses after the outbreak of COVID-19 in China. The aim of our study is to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression and their associated factors among community-dwelling older adults in China.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from March to May 2021 with 1173 participants aged 65 years or above from three communities in Hunan Province, China who were selected using convenience sampling. A structured questionnaire including sociodemographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), the 7-Item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Item (PHQ-9) was used to collect relevant demographic and clinical data and to measure social support status, anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms, respectively. Bivariate analyses were conducted to explore the difference in anxiety and depression based on samples’ different characteristics. The multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to test for significant predictors of anxiety and depression.ResultsThe prevalence of anxiety and depression were 32.74% and 37.34%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that being female, being unemployed before retirement age, lacking physical activity, having physical pain, and having three or more comorbidities were significant predictors for anxiety. Subjective social support and support utilization were significant protective factors. Regarding depression, religion, lacking physical activity, having physical pain, having three or more comorbidities were found to be significant predictors. Support utilization was a significant protective factor.ConclusionsThe study group showed a high prevalence of anxiety and depression. Gender, employment status, physical activity, physical pain, comorbidities, and social support were associated with psychological health problems of older adults. These findings suggest that governments should focus on the psychological health problems of older adults by raising community awareness of issues related to older adults’ psychological health. They should also screen for anxiety and depression among high-risk groups and encourage individuals to seek supportive counseling.

Chinese culture became more individualistic: Evidence from family structure, 1953-2017

Previous research has indicated that some aspects of Chinese culture became more individualistic. However, prior studies have suggested a decrease in individualism in other aspects of China. Thus, it was unclear whether China became more individualistic. Therefore, the current research investigated whether Chinese culture became more individualistic by examining historical changes in family structure. Specifically, I analyzed temporal shifts in the divorce rate and household size, which have been confirmed as valid representative indicators of individualism. Results showed that the divorce rate increased between 1978 and 2017 and household size decreased between 1953 and 2017, indicating a rise in individualism. Moreover, analyses suggested that the one-child policy was unlikely the sole and major factor in the decrease in household size. Additionally, the aggregated score of divorce rate and household size demonstrated a clear increase in individualism. Therefore, the present research provided further evidence of the rise in individualism in China.

The positive and negative parenting attitudes of parents Depression and Depression in the Effects of Academic Helplessness Mediating effects of self-esteem

Background: Parents' parenting attitudes according to family structural changes affect adolescents' academic achievement, which is predicted to be important mediating factors such as depression and self-esteem. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to verify the relationship between depression and self-esteem between parents' parenting attitudes and adolescents' academic work skills. Methodology/Approach: In this study, the SPSS 23.0 program and the Amos 23.0 program were used to verify the suitability of the research model, and the suitability indices of the X2, GFI, AGFI, NFI, CFI, TLI, RMSEA, and RMR values were used to verify the suitability of the model. In addition, significance was verified through the Bootstrapping procedure to verify the mediating effect. Findings/Conclusions: As a result of the research model, first, as a result of path analysis, it was found that positive parenting had a negative (-) effect on academic work skills and depression and a positive (+) effect on self-esteem. Parents' negative parenting attitudes had a positive (+) effect on academic work skills, depression, and self-esteem, and self-esteem had a positive (+) effect on depression, but self-esteem did not affect academic work skills. Second, in the mediating effect verification, the positive parenting attitude of parents partially mediated the academic work ability, and self-esteem and depression were found to be double mediated. Third, in the comparison of indirect effects, the indirect effect was found to be significant for the partial mediating effect of depression between academic work skills in the positive and negative parenting attitude of parents, and the indirect effect was also significant in the double mediating effect of self-esteem and depression. Implications: In order not to give adolescents a school work experience, they set new goals with their parents, who are the main caregivers, and suggested ways to achieve a smooth life by improving their learning motivation.

Impact of Building Regulations on Architectural Space: A Case Study of Apartments in Delhi

Housing is a vital element of the urban fabric; it is the most basic infrastructure of any city. The Design of housing components is governed by regulations and policy frameworks which are prescribed keeping in view the building structure and overall space needs of the inhabitants. With the change in family structure and daily routine of people, there is a change in the requirement for space, however, building regulations have not yet responded to the new way of living and are considered outdated. With the changing role of government from provider to facilitator, most of the housing complexes in the city are provided by private players. The current provisions of housing and habitable spaces have loopholes that are being exploited towards maximising saleable space. As a consequence usable psychological spaces are neglected. Byelaws were developed to set a minimum architecture standard and ensure the provision of such spaces. However, with the scarcity of spaces in the urban scenario, these byelaws are creating restrictions on the creativity &amp; freedom of architects. Keeping these concerns in mind, this study examined the contributions of byelaws to ensure primary usable spaces in apartment designs. Since regulations are territorial, therefore, the study is based in Delhi adopting a case study approach prescribed by Robert Yin. An analysis of the designs is done to discover shortcomings and the study attempts to provide recommendations towards effective building regulations.

Assessing the Impact of the “Two-child Policy” in China: The Effects of the Second Child on the Growth of Teenagers

Purpose: China’s new universal two-child policy has brought a baby boom of the second child in 2016. With the changing family structures, elder children in adolescence may have more and more emotional and even psychological problems such as “two-child syndrome”. This paper aims to explore the “influence factors and mechanism of the second child on the growth of teenagers” and has great practical significance to promote the physical and mental health of teenagers and the harmony of two-child families. Design/methodology/approach: By means of literature analysis, in-depth interview, questionnaire survey and statistical analysis, the elder children aged 12 to 18 in the two-child family were taken as the main body of the survey, and an empirical research based on NLP understanding hierarchy theory was carried out. Major Findings: (1) The most significant influence on the growth of teenagers is the attitude of parents, and then the gender of the first child. (2) Parents’ favouritism towards the second child would lead to decline in the first child’s academic performance. (3) The higher the family income, the less the influence on the first child’s life. (4) When the age difference is large, the first child and the second child are not easy to have conflicts. Practical implications: Parents should try to treat any children equally. Parents should pay attention to the sibling relationship of their two children with small age gap. Parents who have two children with a large age gap should properly guide the elder child to help take care of the younger brother or sister. Originality/value: This study contributes to the growing literature focusing on the influence factors and mechanism of the second child on the growth of teenagers in the context of China’s new universal two-child policy. It adds some early empirical insights on the physical and mental health of teenagers in twochild families.

An analysis of the cases of teenagers dying in taverns in South Africa: Some Biblical and African considerations

According to the Holy Scriptures, parents must care, teach, and guide their children to lead a Godly life. Comparably, the African traditional religion expects parents to do so too. On the morning of 26 June 2022, South Africa woke up to the harrowing news of the death of twenty-one young people in a tavern in East London, in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Later, the number of deaths rose to twenty-two. Young people, the youngest being thirteen years old, lost their lives on this fateful day. First, this research seeks to reflect on the lessons the country should learn from this unfortunate ordeal so that such incidents do not occur again. Secondly, this research draws wisdom from the Christian teachings on parenting and African indigenous knowledge system that has anchored African communities for millennia. The research seeks to draw lessons from the teaching of the Bible and African indigenous knowledge system, exploring a Setswana proverb, Ngwana sejo o a tlhakanelwa, meaning a child is a food around which we all gather, implying that a child's upbringing is a communal responsibility. This research also argues that the Enyobeni Tavern incident reflects that Black African families, communities, and the Church’s societal role have changed over the years and how these changes harm their social fabric. The research uses a literature review as a research method to formulate the data and conclusion of the study. The research concludes that, with the change in Black African family structure and communities, some biblical and African considerations drawn from the proverb Ngwana sejo o a tlhakanelwa are relevant to mitigate various social challenges Black African communities face in South Africa.

The “Quiet Revolution” and the cesarean section in the United States

This paper estimates how changes in family structure and women’s labor market attachment during the last fifty years have affected the incidence of cesarean delivery in the United States. Both sets of factors are strongly related to cesarean utilization, and have generally changed so as to increase the rate of cesarean delivery over time. Altogether, changes in these factors, complemented by demographic changes, raised the U.S. cesarean section rate by eleven percentage points since the late 1970s, nearly two-thirds of the increase over that period. Today’s elevated cesarean section rate is in part a social phenomenon.

The Promise of Artificial Intelligence in Supporting an Aging Population

The aging of the population is a great achievement but also poses challenges for society, families, and older adults. Because of age-related changes in abilities, many older adults encounter difficulties that threaten independence and well-being. Further, the likelihood of developing a disability or a chronic condition increases with age. Currently, family members provide a significant source of support for older adults. However, changes in family and social structures raises questions regarding how care will be provided to future cohorts of older adults. There is clearly a need for innovative strategies to address care needs of future generations of aging individuals. Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications hold promise in terms of providing support for older adults. For example, applications are available that can track and monitor vital signs, health indicators, and cognition; or provide support for everyday activities. This paper highlights, with examples, the potential role of AI in providing support for aging adults to enhance independent living and the quality of life for both older adults and families. Challenges associated with the implementation of AI applications are also discussed and recommendations for needed research are highlighted.

Intersections between the culture ofXiao(孝) and caring for older relatives in China: perspectives of United Kingdom-based Chinese students on future care for their parents

AbstractEmphasis placed onXiao(孝; filial piety) in Chinese culture highlights parents' investment in their children with the expectation of being cared for when older. An increasing number of Chinese students come to the United Kingdom (UK) to study, with the majority returning home and likely to become future care-givers for their parents. Little attention has been paid to the implications of transnational mobility of Chinese students on the reciprocal aspects of future care responsibility. With the uniquely changing family structure due to consequences of the One-Child Policy, we conducted proactive research on the opportunities and challenges that Chinese transnational students anticipate they may face in future care-giving for elderly parents. Hence, this study's aim was to make a novel contribution to knowledge through exploration of the perspectives of Chinese students in England on intergenerational ties and filial obligations. Adopting a social constructivist philosophical position, we conducted three focus groups with 19 UK-based Chinese students, using a semi-structured topic guide with informed consent. Interviews were translated, transcribed and analysed using reflective thematic analysis, capturing semantic and latent meanings, and employed a descriptive and interpretative approach. Six themes were discovered, revealing a ‘culture of duty’ where familial obligation and societal expectations were prominent. Prospective care-givers anticipated a future dilemma between balancing work commitments and providing care as mandated byXiao. Furthermore, it appeared that lack of preparedness might further exacerbate barriers faced when accessing support. We surmised that the changing demographics and absence of formal support could compound stressors over time, especially if cognitive dissonance arises as realities of life do not fit with societal expectations. Our findings imply that policy makers, practitioners and the government will need to adequately support prospective family care-givers who are returnees in caring for older generations.

“There is no joy in the family anymore”: a mixed-methods study on the experience and impact of maternal mortality on families in Ghana

BackgroundMaternal mortality has a multifaceted impact on families, especially in low- and middle-income countries, where rates of maternal mortality are high and resources can be lacking. The objective of this study was to explore the ways that maternal mortality influences the physical and emotional wellbeing, financial stability, and caregiving structure of families, and identifies sources of and gaps in support.MethodsOur study used a mixed-methods design. All maternal mortalities in an 18-month period at a tertiary hospital in Ghana were identified using death certificates. Participants were 51 family members (either husbands or other heads of households) in families affected by maternal mortality. A questionnaire assessed demographic characteristics and changes in family health, income, and family structure. Two validated scales assessing psychological wellbeing were administered: the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the Inventory of Complicated Grief. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to assess impact on family wellbeing.ResultsQuantitative and qualitative results converged to highlight large, negative impacts of maternal mortality on four areas of family wellbeing: 1) mental health and emotional wellbeing; 2) physical health; 3) family structure; 4) financial stability and security. On the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, 54% (27/50) of participants reported elevated depressive symptoms, with 14% (7/50) of scores falling in the moderately severe or severe ranges. On the Inventory of Complicated Grief, 38% (19/50) exceeded the cutoff for significant impairment in functioning. Worsened family health was associated with greater complicated grief (b = 21.41, p = .004); there were no other significant predictors of depressive symptom severity or complicated grief. Effects on family health centered on concerns about the nutritional status and health of the surviving infant. Family structure was primarily affected by fracturing of the central family unit by sending children to live with relatives. Immense economic strain resulted from hospital bills, funeral expenses, and loss of income. The majority of participants received helpful support from their family (41/51, 80.4%), the community (32/51, 62.7%), and their religious institution (43/51, 84.3%); however, support often stopped soon after the death.ConclusionsMaternal mortality has profound negative impacts on families in Ghana. Impacts are experienced by husbands and heads of households, as well as surviving children. Both immediate and sustained support is needed for families following a maternal death, especially mental health and financial support.

Better care for older patients with complex multimorbidity and frailty: a call to action

Over the past few decades, the ageing of the population has led to profound changes in fundamental aspects of how our society is organised. These include changes in family structure and living conditions, economic priorities, social security, and health care. There are reasons to celebrate these transformations. Extended longevity comes from improved living conditions and medical treatments.1 The treatment of cardiovascular risk factors has benefited middle aged and older people, for example, and new more effective treatment of acute cardiovascular events has substantially reduced their morbidity and mortality.

The Earned Income Tax Credit, Family Complexity, and Children’s Living Arrangements

Demographic shifts over the last half-century have resulted in dramatic changes in family structure. These changes have implications for the social safety net because public assistance programs define families differently. This article focuses on a critical poverty-alleviation policy, the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), to document family complexity in the United States. We find that more than 60 percent of children in lower-income families reside in households with ambiguity in tax filing and thus in claiming valuable credits. Tax filing ambiguity driven by family complexity is especially common among households with Black children, highlighting significant racial inequities in the tax treatment of complex families. We also consider two reforms to reflect the realities of families today: the childless EITC and a noncustodial parent EITC.

Rising living alone among the elderly in Iran: prevalence and associated factors

BackgroundThis study first examines the pattern and trend of elderly living alone during the last five censuses in Iran. Then, after describing the characteristics of the elderly who live alone, it determines how social, economic, and demographic characteristics relate to the solo living of the elderly.MethodsThe data for people aged 60 and above are from two sources, including the aggregate data from five successive Iranian censuses and the individual data of 2% of the 2016 Iranian census. To determine the relative importance of variables such as sex, age, education, and activity status of the elderly, a set of logistic regression models using STATA software has been used for individual data analysis of the 2016 census.ResultsThe proportion of older people living alone in 1986, 1996, 2006, 2011, and 2016 was 9.1, 9.0, 10.9, 14.5, and 14.9%, respectively. City residents are less likely to live alone than villagers, and women are more likely to live alone than men. The odds of living solo among Illiterate, Primary school, Secondary & High school and Holding a high school diploma elderly higher than those with university education. Being a student and homemaker increases solo living relative to employees, but pensioners reduce solo living relative to employees. Moreover, the odds of solo living of the elderly in the early and middle stages of old age is less than in late old age. Also, the variables included in the analysis explained 16% of the variation in solo living.ConclusionThe prevalence of elderly solo living is increasing. And this increase continues due to the fundamental decline in childbearing, changes in family structure, and the effects of culture and tradition. Also, due to the rise in life expectancy, which increases the number of years of life with the disease, and disability, the lack of relief organizations will create more difficult conditions for the older people living alone.

An analysis of the cases of teenagers dying in taverns in South Africa: Some Biblical and African considerations

According to the Holy Scriptures, parents must care, teach, and guide their children to lead a Godly life. Comparably, the African traditional religion expects parents to do so too. On the morning of 26 June 2022, South Africa woke up to the harrowing news of the death of twenty-one young people in a tavern in East London, in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Later, the number of deaths rose to twenty-two. Young people, the youngest being thirteen years old, lost their lives on this fateful day. First, this research seeks to reflect on the lessons the country should learn from this unfortunate ordeal so that such incidents do not occur again. Secondly, this research draws wisdom from the Christian teachings on parenting and African indigenous knowledge system that has anchored African communities for millennia. The research seeks to draw lessons from the teaching of the Bible and African indigenous knowledge system, exploring a Setswana proverb, Ngwana sejo o a tlhakanelwa, meaning a child is a food around which we all gather, implying that a child's upbringing is a communal responsibility. This research also argues that the Enyobeni Tavern incident reflects that Black African families, communities, and the Church’s societal role have changed over the years and how these changes harm their social fabric. The research uses a literature review as a research method to formulate the data and conclusion of the study. The research concludes that, with the change in Black African family structure and communities, some biblical and African considerations drawn from the proverb Ngwana sejo o a tlhakanelwa are relevant to mitigate various social challenges Black African Communities face in South Africa.