Changes In Family Income Research Articles

Parents’ Psychological Distress During COVID-19: Correlates and Relations with Parents’ Engagement in Early Education

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a wide range of psychological problems among parents and posed significant challenges to their mental health. However, there is a lack of research exploring the antecedents and consequences of parents’ psychological distress during the pandemic. This study investigated the familial and individual antecedents and childrearing outcomes of psychological distress (depression, anxiety, worry, and loneliness) among 504 parents of preschool children in Zhengzhou, China. Research Findings: The results showed that both familial (family socioeconomic status, changes in family income during the pandemic, family physical health, and household chaos) and individual (resilience) factors were related to parents’ symptoms of psychological distress. Loneliness was negatively related to parents’ involvement in children’s education, and feelings of worry were positively associated with increases in the parents’ time spent engaging with children indoors (e.g. helping children with homework and disciplining children). Practice or Policy: The findings underscore the significance of identifying the risk factors of parents’ psychological distress during the pandemic. They also have important implications for the design of parent- and family-based interventions to alleviate the adverse effects of the pandemic on parents’ psychological distress and childrearing practices.

How might changes to family income affect the likelihood of children being in out-of-home care? Evidence from a realist and qualitative rapid evidence assessment of interventions

Interventions that change family income include any policy or practice that directly or indirectly changes the amount of money a family have. Although theory regarding the relationship between poverty and child maltreatment is well established, theories of how family income change affects the likelihood of children being in out-of-home are not well developed. This realist rapid evidence assessment provides an overview of the process of how interventions that change family income affect the rate of children in out-of-home care. The study population is families at risk of their children entering care and families whose children are in care and are pursuing reunification. Ten studies were identified from an earlier scoping review. Intervention effect results are described and qualitative evidence about mechanisms and moderators is presented as an initial “programme theory”. The review makes an initial suggestion of four pathways through which a change in family income can alter the risk of child abuse and neglect and thus affect the rate of children in out-of-home care. These are: 1) the impact of employment; 2) changes to the home environment; 3) risk/prevention of homelessness; 4) building trusting relationships with social workers. National or local policies which increase a family’s income, for instance through tax and benefits regimes or the provision of free childcare, could potentially reduce the rate of children in out-of-home care. There is also a role for social workers in providing direct material help to families. More work is needed to develop intervention theories and better understanding of the process of using material resources to help families at risk of their children being in out-of-home care.

HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE NORTH SURABAYA REGION

The current COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected all areas of human life, especially in the economic sector, which in turn will affect household consumption, and nutrition. The purpose of this study was to determine the status of family food security in the northern Surabaya area during the covid 19 pandemic, job changes, changes in family income and the efforts made to deal with changes in income. This research is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional study design. The population of this study is the entire population who live in the area of ​​North Surabaya. The research sample was calculated using the Slovin formula, a minimum sample of 100 samples, to anticipate dropouts, it was added to 120 samples which were then divided evenly into five sub-districts in the North Surabaya area, namely Semampir, Krembangan, Kenjeran, Bulak, and Pabean Cantian. Data collection on food security using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) instrument, data on changes in employment and family income using a questionnaire. Most of the respondents in North Surabaya are from food-insecure families (56.67%) and 20.83% of them are severe food insecure families. As many as 12.50% of the fathers in the respondent's families experienced a job change during this pandemic and more than half of the head of the family (56.67%) experienced a lower-income change. Most respondents try to deal with changes in income by making savings. Keywords: Food security, Household food security, Covid-19 pandemic

Literature review on the impact of welfare policy design on children and youth

AbstractWe review the empirical literature on the causal effects of welfare‐to‐work policies on the employment of low‐income parents and the intergenerational impacts on their children. We focus on welfare policies that change benefit levels, activity requirements, time limits, and in‐work benefits. These policies may affect children through several mechanisms, including changes in family income, time spent with parents, and attitudes towards work or welfare. To unpack these mechanisms and understand the net effects of these policies, we assess how the impact on children varies across outcomes, home environments and institutional settings. Overall, the literature shows that income tax credits are an attractive policy, simultaneously increasing employment and improving child development outcomes. In contrast, other policies that boost employment either have no or negative impacts on child development.

Insomnia episodes, new-onset pharmacological treatments, and other sleep disturbances during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Brazilian health care professionals.

To evaluate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on insomnia and other sleep disturbances in health care professionals. A survey was distributed using social media and organizational emails to Brazilian active health care professionals during the COVID-19 outbreak. We explored potential associated factors including age, sex, occupation, workplace, work hours, income, previous infection with COVID-19, recent/current contact with COVID-19 patients, regional number of incident deaths, anxiety, and burnout. We evaluated new-onset/previous insomnia worsening episodes (primary outcome), new pharmacological treatments, sleep quality, duration, nightmares, and snoring (secondary outcomes). A total of 4,384 health professionals from all regions of the country were included in the analysis (44 ± 12 years, 76% females, 53.8% physicians). Overall, 55.7% were assisting patients with COVID-19, and 9.2% had a previous COVID-19 infection. The primary outcome occurred in 32.9% of respondents in parallel to 13% new pharmacological treatments for insomnia. The sleep quality worsened for 61.4%, while 43.5% and 22.8% reported ≥ 1-hour sleep duration reduction and worsening or new-onset nightmares, respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.008; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.001-1.015), females (OR: 1.590; 95% CI 1.335-1.900), weight change (decrease: OR: 1.772; 95% CI 1.453-2.161; increase: OR: 1.468; 95% CI 1.249-1.728), prevalent anxiety (OR: 3.414; 95% CI 2.954-3.948), new-onset burnout (OR: 1.761; 95% CI 1.489-2.083), family income reduction > 30% (OR: 1.288; 95% CI 1.069-1.553), and assisting patients with COVID-19 (OR: 1.275; 95% CI 1.081-1.506) were independently associated with new-onset or worsening of previous insomnia episodes. We observed a huge burden of insomnia episodes and other sleep disturbances in health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drager LF, Pachito DV, Moreno CRC, etal. Insomnia episodes, new-onset pharmacological treatments, and other sleep disturbances during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Brazilian health care professionals. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(2):373-382.

Predictors and consequences of school mobility in middle childhood

In this prospective longitudinal study (N = 1094, M age = 5.6 years to M age = 11.1 years), we examined family factors associated with school mobility and then asked if either a move during the previous year or cumulative moves across elementary school were related to child functioning. Family factors were not linked to a recent move or a single move, but changes in family income and household structure did predict higher odds of two or more moves in elementary school. There was no evidence that a recent move or a single move was related to children's academic or social functioning. Effects of two or more moves on child functioning were not significant after controlling for the number of analyses that were conducted. Taken together, school mobility during elementary school did not appear to be a pervasive risk although we were unable to study very high rates of school mobility because of very small sample sizes.

Socio-economic resources and adult mental health in Canada: controlling for time-invariant confounders and investigating causal directionality.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether family income and education have a causal effect on psychological distress among Canadian adults. We executed fixed-effects regression analyses using data from the Longitudinal and International Study of Adults (LISA). We investigated whether changes in family income and education from wave 2 (2014) to wave 3 (2016) corresponded with changes in psychological distress during this same time period. We also investigated whether changes in these socio-economic resources from wave 1 (2012) to wave 2 (2014) corresponded with lagged changes in psychological distress from wave 2 (2014) to wave 3 (2016). These models controlled for all time-invariant confounders with time-invariant effects, as well as the time-varying factors age, marital status, household size, and employment status. Obtaining a postsecondary degree corresponded with lagged decreases in psychological distress among women ages 18 to 32 (b = -1.97; 95% CI = -3.53, -0.42) and men over the age of 32 (b = -1.86; 95% CI = -3.57, -0.15). The effect of postsecondary education was stronger when considering adults who stayed married throughout the three waves (b = -2.29; 95% CI = -4.37, -0.21). Completing postsecondary education may have a lagged causal effect on psychological distress, and the life course timing for when postsecondary completion reduces distress is different for women and men.

Keeping Kids in Care: Reducing Administrative Burden in State Child Care Development Fund Policy

Abstract With limited federal requirements for block grants, states have developed very different welfare policies, often with onerous recertification or reporting requirements, creating barriers to continuous program enrollment. Examined through the framework of Administrative Burden, our study examines how changes to burdensome policies in states’ Child Care Development Fund (CCDF) programs affect the length of children’s continuous enrollment in child care through the CCDF program, known as subsidy “spells.” We exploit state-level changes in three key policies during a 10-year period (2004–13) that capture administrative burden: (1) length of eligibility redetermination; (2) reporting requirements for income changes; and (3) grace period for care before termination. Using state fixed effects analyses in a sample of 38 states using data from the Administration for Children and Families and multiple other sources, we find that administrative burdens meaningfully and robustly affect continuous enrollment in CCDF; switching to a 12-month redetermination period, as required 2014 Child Care and Development Block Grant reauthorization, increases children’s continuous enrollment in CCDF care (i.e., state median spell length) by 30%. In contrast, requiring all changes in family income to be reported while enrolled in CCDF decreases spell length by 7%. Results underscore the importance of reducing administrative burdens related to compliance costs to better support low-income citizens, especially those with young children, and improve child development.

가족소득과 가족구조의 변화에 대한 자녀의 통시적 경험이 학업성취 및 우울 증세에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 생애과정론(life course theory)에 근거한 접근을 통해 아동기 및 청소년기 가족소득과 가족구조의 변화 추이에 대한 통시적 경험이 학업성취와 정신건강에 미치는 영향을 탐색한다. 기존 연구는 가족소득과 가족구조 요인들을 공시적으로 파악하거나 양 요인들의 시간가변성(time-variability)으로 인한 교란성(confounding)과 과도통제성(overcontrolling)의 문제를 간과하는 경향을 보여 왔다. 이와 같은 기존 연구의 취약성을 극복하기 위해 이 연구는 가족소득 및 가족구조와 관련된 자녀의 경험 지속성과 두 요인 간의 시간적 상호성에 주목한다. 이러한 차원들을 고려하기 위해 본 연구는 아동청소년패널의 초1 패널과 초4 패널 자료를 한계구조모형(marginal structural model)을 통해 분석한다. 분석결과에 따르면, 장기간 저소득 가정에서 자라거나 가족구조의 변화를 경험한 자녀들은 낮은 학업 성취도를 보이며 이러한 효과는 아동기와 청소년기를 아우르는 초기 생애 단계 전반에 걸쳐서 나타난다. 반면 한부모 가정에서 성장한 자녀는 청소년기에 낮은 학업 성취도와 높은 우울 증세를 보인다. 이와 같은 결과는 가족소득과 가족구조라는 아동 및 청소년 발달의 주요 요인들이 서로를 결정짓는 경쟁 관계라기보다는 각각 독립적으로 아동발달에 영향을 미치는 공존 관계임을 시사한다. 또한 이들 요인 각각의 효과는 생애 단계별로 달라질 수 있음을 의미한다.

Mothers' Job Loss and Their Sensitivity to Young Children's Development.

As the economy diversifies and stratifies, more mothers of young children experience job instability. To advance understanding of the implications of this trend, this study examines the role of job instability in maternal sensitivity, an important component of child development, during their children's first 3years of life. Structural equation models with longitudinal multimethod data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (n=1,211; 1991-1994) revealed that mothers' involuntary job loss, but not other job transitions, was negatively associated with sensitivity. This association was most pronounced among mothers with less education. Mediation analyses found that the association was explained by changes in family income and maternal depression, pointing to policy-relevant mechanisms for reducing inequalities among children.

Markov-Switching Model of Family Income Quintile Shares

This paper examines the impact of unemployment and inflation on family income shares. Unemployment and inflation are decomposed into their structural (long-term), cyclical (short-term), anticipated and unanticipated components, respectively. I propose a new framework to analyze family income quintile shares by using a two-state Markov-switching model, also known as Hamilton’s regime-switching model. The benefit of using a Markov-switching model is that it permits capturing complex dynamic behavior of non-linear time series macroeconomic variables. The switching mechanism follows a first-order Markov chain of unobservable state variables and subsequent estimated conditional transition probabilities. This paper applies a two-state regime-switching process to capture the asymmetrical effects of unemployment and inflation on family income shares. The two states of family income quintile shares are state 1 (lower income) and state 2 (upper income). This approach differs from previous studies because it examines income inequality within each quintile rather than between quintiles. It is well documented in the literature that there is income inequality between lower and higher income quintiles. Therefore, the analysis of income inequality within the quintile allows for greater insight into changes in family income share corresponding to changes in the state variables. The general findings are that unemployment has adverse effects on lower income shares while inflation acts like a progressive tax on higher income shares.

Family income from birth through adolescence: Implications for positive youth development

This study took a life course approach to examine associations among family income from birth to age 15, and adolescent health and well-being. Utilizing latent growth mixture modeling, we identified four distinct family income trajectories based on changes in low-income status (family income ≤200% of the federal poverty line) over 15 years, which in turn related to their outcomes in adolescence. More specifically, youth living in a consistent state of higher income from birth to age 15 (Consistent Higher Income) reported better health and behavioral outcomes than youth in the Consistent Low Income, Increasing Income, or Decreasing Income groups. Furthermore, despite tending to have relatively high-income levels at the beginning of life, the Decreasing Income group showed several risky behavioral and health patterns, including more sexual risk-taking and high blood pressure. Results underscore the importance of studying changes in family income across childhood and adolescence.

Does the earned income tax credit increase children's weight? The impact of policy-driven income on childhood obesity.

I exploit substantial increases in the earned income tax credit to study how a policy-driven change in family income affects childhood obesity. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, my difference-in-differences estimates indicate that the probability of being obese increased by 3 percentage points among children whose families experienced a greater income shock. A further investigation suggests that a reduction in maternal time with children played a greater role in children's weight gain than income. The paper's finding shows that a program that is not designed for health purposes, such as earned income tax credit, can have unintended effects on health outcomes.

Intergenerational Effects of Education on Risky Health Behaviours and Long-Term Health

This paper estimates the causal effects of parental education on their children's risky health behaviours and health status. I study the intergenerational effects of a compulsory schooling reform in Germany after World War II. Implemented across federal states at different points in time, the reform increased the minimum number of school years from eight to nine. Instrumental variable estimates and difference-in-differences estimates reveal that increases in maternal schooling reduce children's probability to smoke and to be overweight in adolescence. The effects persist into adulthood, reducing chronic conditions that often result from unhealthy lifestyles. No such effects can be identified for paternal education. Increased investments in children's education and improvements in their peer environment early in life are important for explaining the effects. Changes in family income, family stability, fertility and parental health-related behaviours are less relevant empirically. The intergenerational effects of education on health and health-related behaviours exceed the direct effects. Studies neglecting the intergenerational perspective substantially understate the full causal effects.

Kebutuhan Tipe Hunian Berdasarkan Umur Dan Status Kepala Keluarga

The availability of tendency information was selected by the type of dwelling households based on increasing age and sosial status, economic and cultural families, better known by dwelling type propensities very helpful to solve the problem of housing. Getting an idea of dwelling type propensities in Indonesia, conducted a case study in Depok, Cirebon and Pekanbaru with the technique of taking multistage sampling was taken in 1200 families, used a software program excel and Statistical Package Special Sciences (SPSS) to analyzes all faktors, regression analysis and descriptive analysis. The career of housing in all three samples of the city's most visible change in the age range ≤ 34 years, in line with the magnitude of changes in family income towards the more established and increase the number of families, accompanied by changes in the ownership of dwellings to change the size of the floor area toward larger, the highest achievement in the primary age range of 40 years of age 45 years. On average people in Depok work at the age of 22 years with an average senior high school, taking dwellings with contract status, average income of Rp. 1.3885 million, - (under MSE = Rp. 1,453,875, -). The average of age almost 23 years began to be separated from their parents and live independently, the average income of Rp. 1.613 million, - inhabit the house with residential status contracting (0.25%) and 0.08% belongs to take the house status. The percentage of families take a house belonging to a sharp rise began when school-age children up to 55 years (69.23%) and tend to take a permanent dwelling place in one location.

Negative emotions, income, and welfare: Causal estimates from the PSID

I use instrumental variables to estimate the causal effect of family income on the frequency with which individuals experience negative emotions. Doubling income reduces the experience of negative emotions by 0.26 SD on average. Percentage changes in income have a constant effect on negative emotion for family incomes below $80,000. Above $80,000, the effect of percentage changes declines, reaching zero at $200,000. A dollar change in family income has an eight times larger effect at the 20th percentile of income than the 80th percentile. Effects of income are similar on the high levels of negative emotion characteristic of mental illness, except there is no satiation.

Economic Restructuring and Children's Education: Lessons from China's State-Owned Enterprises Reform

China's state-owned enterprises (SOEs) reform in the mid-1990s has greatly changed the distribution of labor earnings and family incomes in urban areas. This paper studies the impact of the reform-induced family income changes on children's educational attainment. I approach this question by exploiting variations in children's exposure to the policy change and in the shock intensity across sectors where these children’s parents initially worked. The empirical results show that after the shock, the earning gap between SOEs and non-SOE public organizations (hereinafter referred to as non-SOEs) was enlarged, and that SOE children were less likely to attend high school and college, compared with their non-SOE peers. Using additional geographical variations in economic structure, I find evidence of a negative externality, i.e., the impact of the shock was magnified in cities with a higher percentage of SOE workers before the reform. Furthermore, SOE children whose parents have fewer siblings were even more adversely affected.

Change in Parenting Behaviors from Infancy to Early Childhood: Does Change in Family Income Matter?

The current study intended to answer two main questions: First, do parenting behaviors change as family income changes? Second, if changes in family income are associated with changes in parenting behaviors, is this association different for families of various poverty statuses and ethnicities? Secondary data analyses were conducted using data from Phases I and II of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. The authors found family income increase to predict decreased maternal detachment and negative regard but bears no relation to maternal sensitivity or stimulation of development. Changes in family income also predicted changes in parenting behaviors especially strongly for poor, Hispanic and White families. Implications for parenting research and public policy are discussed.

Fathers’ Commute to Work and Children’s Social and Emotional Well-Being in Germany

Using the German Socio-Economic Panel study, we addressed the main question: Is fathers’ commute to work associated with increases in child social and emotional well-being as measured in Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires? If so, would this association be mediated by reduced time spent with children or moderated by change in family income due to commuting? The findings show that fathers’ daily commute to work was associated with more peer relationship problems, and it also appeared to be linked to more emotional symptoms and greater hyperactivity in children. Fathers’ weekly commute was also linked to child emotional problems. The likelihood of having peer relationship problems in children increased with the distance of fathers’ daily commute to work. This is one of only two studies on this important topic and much further research is warranted.

Eligibility Recertification and Dynamic Opt-In Incentives in Income-Tested Social Programs: Evidence from Medicaid/CHIP

Conventional labor supply studies assume constant eligibility monitoring of income-tested program participants, but this is not true for most programs. For example, states can allow children to enroll in Medicaid/CHIP for 12 months regardless of family income changes. A long recertification period reduces monitoring costs but is predicted to induce program participation by temporary income adjustments. However, I find little evidence of strategic behavior from the 2001 and 2004 Survey of Income and Program Participation. Given the lack of dynamic responses, I propose a framework to compute the optimal recertification period and find 12 months to be its lower bound.