Changes In Concentrations Of Vitamin Research Articles

Combined Effects of Drought and Soil Fertility on the Synthesis of Vitamins in Green Leafy Vegetables

Green leafy vegetables, such as Vigna unguiculata, Brassica oleraceae, and Solanum scabrum, are important sources of vitamins A, B1, and C. Although vitamin deficiencies considerably affect human health, not much is known about the effects of changing soil and climate conditions on vegetable vitamin concentrations. The effects of high or low soil fertility and three drought intensities (75%, 50%, and 25% pot capacity) on three plant species were analysed (n = 48 pots) in a greenhouse trial. The fresh yield was reduced in all the vegetables as a result of lower soil fertility during a severe drought. The vitamin concentrations increased with increasing drought stress in some species. Regardless, the total vitamin yields showed a net decrease due to the significant biomass loss. Changes in vitamin concentrations as a result of a degrading environment and increasing climate change events are an important factor to be considered for food composition calculations and nutrient balances, particularly due to the consequences on human health, and should therefore be considered in agricultural trials.

Antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant activity in two soursop selections (Annona muricata L.) from Nayarit,Mexico stored at 15 °C

Abstract The changes in concentration of vitamin C, enzymatic and antioxidant activity during the ripening of two soursop selections (G1 and G2) at room temperature (22 ºC) and refrigeration (15 ºC) with an HR 85% were evaluated. The content of soluble protein, the activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), the concentration of vitamin C, as well as the antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods. The initial soluble protein concentration of the G1 and G2 selections diminished at 22 and 15 °C during ripening. Fruits stored at 22 °C showed the highest CAT activity. The maximum activity of SOD was recorded on the sixth and fourth day in fruits stored at 22 and 15 ºC, respectively. Fruits stored at 22 °C recorded the highest amount of vitamin C. Fruits stored at 22 and 15 ºC showed the highest antioxidant activity on the fourth day. The fruits stored at 15 ºC was able to increase the shelf life up to 8 days without affecting the ripening process. Therefore, the enzymatic and antioxidant activity has an important role in the possible alteration that the fruit might suffer during its fruit ripening.

Changes of vitamin E level in adolescent girls with uterine hypoplasia against the background of hypomenstrual syndrome during follow-up study

Objective — to assess changes of vitamin E level in adolescent girls with uterine hypoplasia against the background of hypomenstrual syndrome (HMS) during follow-up study.Materials and methods. We examined 40 adolescent girls, aged 14–18 years, with HMS against the background of uterine hypoplasia, particularly those with oligomenorrhea (OM) and secondary amenorrhea (SA), vitamin E level in whose blood serum we had determined before and after the 2 weeks of treatment. Patients were subjected to background therapy and ultraphonophoresis (UP) of vitamin E.Results and discussion. In the process of follow-up study we identified a correction of tocopherol level in blood serum of patients with HMS: increase in frequency of normal indices and decrease in that of low ones. Moreover, during background therapy this is observed mostly in girls with OM, while during treatment with UP of vitamin E it is evident mostly in those with SA. With background therapy positive dynamics of change in tocopherol level are more frequently registered in girls with ineffective treatment, while in case of using UP of vitamin E they are more often registered in patients with effective treatment.Conclusions. Using non-hormonal methods in treatment of adolescent girls with HMS against the background of uterine hypoplasia leads to positive dynamics of change in concentration of vitamin E, which in turn contributes to emergence of menstruations in every third girl in case of background therapy and in 61% of them in case of UP of vitamin E.

Vitamins A and E in liver, kidney, and whole blood of East Greenland polar bears sampled 1994–2008: reference values and temporal trends

Vitamins A (retinol) and E (α-tocopherol) are dietary vitamins, essential for, e.g., growth and development, reproduction, and immune function. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been found to be related to vitamin A and E metabolism. However, few investigations have been published on this health issue in polar bears (Ursus maritimus). The aim of this study was thus to provide reference values for concentrations of vitamin A in liver, kidney cortex, and whole blood and vitamin E in kidney cortex and whole blood from 166 East Greenland polar bears, as well as to assess the relationship between POPs and vitamin concentrations. In addition, vitamin concentrations were analyzed for temporal trends (1994–2008). Results showed vitamin A in liver to be higher in adult bears and the concentrations of vitamin E in kidney and blood to likewise be generally higher in adult bears. In addition, all analyzed contaminant groups were correlated with at least one of the vitamin parameters, predominantly in a negative way. Finally, vitamin A liver concentrations as well as concentration of vitamin E in kidney and blood showed a temporal increase. Together, these results add to the weight of evidence that POPs could be disrupting polar bear vitamin status. However, while the observed temporal increases in vitamin concentrations were likely POP related, the question remains as to whether they stem from influence of contaminants only or also, e.g., changes in prey species. Further studies are needed to tease apart the causes underlying these changes in vitamin concentrations.

Vitamin concentrations 5 years after gastric bypass.

Few studies have investigated the effects of bariatric surgery on vitamin status in the long term. We examined changes in vitamin status up to 5 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Using a retrospectively maintained database of patients undergoing weight loss surgery, we identified all patients operated with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass at our tertiary care hospital during July 2004-May 2008. Data on vitamin concentrations and patient-reported intake of dietary supplements were collected up to July 2012. Linear mixed models were used to estimate changes in vitamin concentrations during follow-up, adjusting for age and sex. All patients were recommended daily oral multivitamin, calcium/vitamin D and iron supplements and 3-monthly intramuscular B-12 after surgery. Out of the 443 patients operated with gastric bypass, we included 441 (99.5%) patients with one or more measurements of vitamin concentrations (75.1% women; mean age 41.5 years, mean body mass index 46.1 kg/m(2) at baseline). At 5 years after surgery, the patients' estimated mean vitamin concentrations were either significantly higher (vitamin B-6, folic acid, vitamin B-12, vitamin C and vitamin A) or not significantly different (thiamine, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and lipid-adjusted vitamin E) compared with before surgery. Use of multivitamin, calcium/vitamin D and vitamin B-12 supplements was reported by 1-9% of patients before surgery, 79-84% of patients at 1 year and 52-83% of patients 5 years after surgery. In patients who underwent gastric bypass surgery, estimated vitamin concentrations were either significantly increased or unchanged up to 5 years after surgery.

Change in Concentration of Vitamin D<sub>2</sub> in Oyster Mushrooms Exposed to 254nm and 365nm UV-light During Growth

The sun emits ultraviolet radiation in form of ultraviolet-A (UV-A), ultraviolet-B (UV-B), and ultraviolet-C (UV-C) bands. Ultraviolet light has the potential to boost vitamin D2 production in mushrooms which human bodies cannot synthesize. The ergosterol in mushrooms, a component of fungal cell membranes which serves the same function as cholesterol in animal cells, can be converted into vitamin D2 by exposure to controlled ultraviolet light. However mushrooms are conventionally grown in the dark, necessitating artificial ultraviolet irradiation. This study investigated the effects of UV-A (365nm) and UV-C (254nm) light exposure time during mushrooms growth, on the concentration of vitamin D2 in oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus species) after harvest. Mushrooms samples exposure times were varied from 10-60 minutes per day at intervals of 10 minutes, and irradiation done for three days. UV spectroscopy was used to determine the amounts of Vitamin D2. It was found that the absorbance of vitamin D2 for UV-A light ranged from 0.18-0.49 for the 10-60 minutes of irradiation respectively, while for UV-C light the vitamin D2 content absorbance was 0.38-0.81 for the 10-60 minutes of irradiation respectively. There was a linear relationship between time of irradiation and absorbance vitamin D2 content up to 50 minutes for UV-A and 40 minutes for UV-C.

The effect of Cirsium arvense extract on antioxidant status in quail

1. The herb Creeping Thistle, Cirsium arvense (C. arvense), has been used in folk medicine due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.2. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary C. arvense extract supplementation on performance, egg quality, nutrient digestibility and antioxidant status in quail.3. Quails (n = 150) were allocated randomly to one of the three dietary treatments: basal diet and basal diet enriched with 100 and 200 mg C. arvense extract per kg diet.4. Dietary enrichment with C. arvense extract altered neither performance and egg quality parameters nor nutrient digestibility. Although there were no changes in concentrations of vitamin A and E in serum, liver and egg yolk, supplemental C. arvense extract decreased MDA concentrations in serum, liver and egg yolk by 39.3, 40.5 and 51.5%, respectively, in a dose-response manner. As supplemental C. arvense extract increased to 200 mg/kg, the activity of hepatic SOD, CAT and GSH-Px increased by 14.5, 17.4 and 35.5%, respectively.5. Addition of C. arvense extract up to 200 mg to per kg diet enhanced antioxidant status in laying quail and their eggs, without affecting performance and other egg quality parameters.6. Future studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism behind the antioxidant effects of C. arvense extract.

VITAMIN D LEVELS DO NOT PREDICT CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN STATIN-TREATED PATIENTS WITH STABLE CORONARY DISEASE

Results Vitamin D deficiency (b15 ng/mL) or insufficiency (15- b30 ng/mL) was present in 108 (7.2%) of 1,509 and 625 (41.4%) of 1,509 of patients, whereas 46 (3.0%) of 1,509 had elevated vitamin D. There was no relationship between baseline vitamin D levels or change in vitamin D levels and cardiovascular events or mortality. Modeling of events with vitamin D as a continuous variable similarly showed no relationship of vitamin D to events. These findings held true after adjustment for seasonal variations in vitamin D and other confounders. Conclusion In statin-treated patients with stable coronary heart disease, vitamin D levels did not predict cardiovascular risk. Changes in plasma concentrations of vitamin D after 1 year of treatment made no contribution to the efficacy of atorvastatin therapy. (Am Heart J 2012;164:387-93.)

Intramuscular fat deposition in principal muscles from twenty-four to thirty months of age using identical twins of Japanese Black steers

The changes in i.m. fat deposition in the principal muscles [M. semitendinosus, M. semimembranosus, M. psoas major, M. latissimus dorsi, LM (7th to 8th and 10th to 11th thoracic vertebrae), and M. supraspinatus] from 24 to 30 mo of age were investigated using identical twins of Japanese Black steers. Four sets of identical twins of Japanese Black steers were used in this study. Animals were fattened from 10 to 24 or 30 mo of age for each pair of identical twins. Body weights of twin steers slaughtered at 24 and at 30 mo of age were similar at 10 mo of age and thereafter up to 24 mo of age. The changes in serum concentration of vitamin A, glucose, total cholesterol, albumin, and total protein were similar in each pair of twins during the first fattening stage (10 to 24 mo). Fat contents of LM (7th to 8th thoracic vertebrae) at 24 and 30 mo of age were 37.0 and 42.4%, respectively (P < 0.05). Moreover, in the principal muscles, except M. semimembranosus and M. supraspinatus, fat content at 30 mo of age was greater than at 24 mo of age (P < 0.05). The proportional increase in fat content from 24 to 30 mo of age was greatest in M. semitendinosus (+58.7%) and least in M. supraspinatus (+6.1%). These results demonstrate that i.m. fat continues to increase after 24 mo of age, and the rates of i.m. fat deposition and the ages when i.m. fat is deposited are different for every muscle.

Effect of Lipid-Hydroperoxide-Induced Oxidative Stress on Vitamin E, Ascorbate and Glutathione in the Rabbit Retina

Background: It is possible that oxidative stress causes several retinal diseases. However, the natural biogenic role of antioxidants in the retina is not clear. Purpose: This study investigates the change in concentration of vitamin E (VE), ascorbate and glutathione (GSH) in the retina following vitreous injection of 600 µg 18:2 linoleic acid hydroperoxide (LHP) in male New Zealand rabbits. Method: LHP was injected above the retinal surface. The animals were sacrificed and the eyes enucleated before LHP injection, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 h and 4 and 7 days after LHP injection. Retinas were removed, VE and ascorbate measured by HPLC, and GSH determined by a fluorometric method. Results: The concentration of VE in the retina decreased from pretreatment levels of 154.6 ± 29.7 nmol/g wet weight (n = 7) and was lowest at 6 h (61.1 ± 18.1 nmol/g wet weight, n = 4, p < 0.05), then increased gradually, returning slowly to pre-LHP levels by 7 days. The concentration of ascorbate in control retinas decreased at 6 h from pretreatment levels of 7.33 ± 0.93 µmol/g wet weight (n = 7) to 2.74 ± 0.16 µmol/g wet weight (n = 4, p < 0.05) and returned to pretreatment levels rapidly by 24 h after injection. The concentration of GSH in retinas decreased from baseline levels of 109.53 ± 8.19 µg/g wet weight (n = 9), was lowest at 12 h (72.40 ± 11.17 µg/g wet weight, n = 5, p < 0.05) and returned to pretreatment levels by 7 days. Conclusion: The results suggest that intravitreous LHP injection is a contributor to oxidative stress in the rabbit retina by causing a reduction in antioxidant capacity.

Plasma Antioxidants Changes after Acute Cadmium Intoxication in Rats

home Acta Veterinaria Brno Journal of the University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Czech Republic Search:

Changes in Vitamin C Concentrations in Plasma and Milk from Dairy Cows After an Intramammary Infusion of Escherichia coli

Plasma and milk concentrations of ascorbic acid and dehydro-L-ascorbic acid (DHAA) were measured before and after 21 Holstein cows (approximately 26 DIM) were given an intramammary infusion of Escherichia coli. Blood, milk from the unchallenged quarters, and milk from the challenged gland were sampled immediately before challenge (d 0) and 24 h and 7 d postchallenge. Plasma vitamin C (ascorbic acid + DHAA) concentrations decreased 39%, and concentrations of vitamin C and ascorbic acid in milk from the challenged quarter decreased 52 and 62%, respectively, in samples taken 24 h postchallenge. No change was observed in vitamin C concentrations in milk from unchallenged quarters. The concentration of DHAA in milk from challenged quarters increased 67% 24 h postchallenge. The duration of clinical mastitis, peak body temperature, number of colony-forming units of E. coli isolated from the infected gland, and loss in milk yield were associated with a change in concentration of vitamin C in milk from the challenged quarter. Increased severity of clinical signs was associated with large decreases in concentration of vitamin C in milk from the challenged quarter. Similar, but statistically weaker, relationships were observed for changes in plasma vitamin C concentrations.

Serum homocysteine increases after therapy with fenofibrate or bezafibrate

A 44% and 17.5% increase of homocysteine occurred in patients treated either with fenofibrate or bezafibrate. The increase was not explained by changes in vitamin concentrations but may be related to renal function.

Research Note: Efficacy of Various Flavonoids and Simple Phenolics in Prevention of Nutritional Myopathy in the Chick

A 33-day feeding experiment was conducted with 3-day-old broiler chicks to assess the efficacy of various flavonoid and simple phenolic antioxidants in preventing nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD) resulting from vitamin E deficiency. None of the flavonoids or simple phenolics at a dietary concentration of 1,000 ppm completely prevented NMD but quercetin reduced (P < .05) its incidence and quercetin, morin, and ferulic acid reduced (P < .05) the severity of the disorder. The low-selenium, low-vitamin E diet also promoted the development of a mild exudative diathesis (ED) in many of the birds, which was inhibited (P < .05) by the rutin and silymarin treatments, but exacerbated (P < .05) by quercetin, morin, and ferulic acid. Changes in concentrations of vitamin E in plasma, liver, or muscle, caused by the various treatments (other than vitamin E), were not related to protection against NMD or ED.

Absorcion Intestinal en Escolares Asintomático Portadores de Giardia Lamblia

Fourteen children, aged 6.2 to 1 3.6 years, asymptomatic Giardia Jamblia's carriers, were studied. An tro pome trie evaluation and the following laboratory test, were done before and after treatment with Tinidazole and Mebendazole: hematocrit, blood hemoglobin; plasma total protein, and albumin concentration; basal scrum carotene concentration; vitamin A and D-xylose intestinal absortion test. Significant differences in tricep skinfold, hematocrit, hemoglobin and total plasmatic protein were found between pre and post treatment values. Blood xylose figures were 38.8 ± 8.9 and 57.5 ± 10.8 mg/dl pre and post treatment respectively (p<0.005). Plasma vitamin A levels after a priming dose were 60.5 ± 26.0 and 213 ± 113.0 /^g/dl and change in concentration of vitamin A, 32.7 ± 25.3 and 152.7 ± 115.8 pg/dl before and after treatment respectively (p <C 0.005). This data arc consistent with a significant increment in intestinal absortion rates after apropriate treatment of Giardia lamblia's asymptomatic infections. (

Rate of Absorption of Carotene and of Vitamin A from the Alimentary Tract of Dairy Calves. II. Effects of Methods of Dispersion and of Administration

Summary Different dispersions and methods of administration of vitamin A-active supplements on their apparent absorption by calves were studied. Vitamin A in an oily menstruum, an homogenized emulsion, and an aqueous dispersion—and carotenoids—in an oily solution and an emulsion—were mixed in a filled milk and fed via nipple. Vitamin A supplements, as an oily medium and as an aqueous dispersion, also in milk, were administered by a stomach tube. The rate of administration was 1,000 I.U/lb body weight. Changes in concentrations of vitamin A and of carotenoids in blood plasma, collected at 3-hr. intervals during a 15-hr. period after feeding the supplements, were the criteria of absorption. Concentrations of vitamin A in blood plasma increased and subsequently decreased more rapidly than did those of carotenoids. Emulsifying oily supplements in milk by homogenization significantly enhanced the apparent absorption of carotenoids but did not improve markedly the absorption of vitamin A. Aqueous dispersion of vitamin A effected more rapid passage into the blood and a higher maximum level than did either the emulsion or the oily solution. Ingestion of vitamin A by nipple resulted in more rapid absorption and higher concentrations in the plasma than did administration by stomach tube.

B‐VITAMIN CHANGES DURING GROWTH OF CUCURBIT AND TOMATO FRUITS

IN AN EARLIER paper (Withner, 1949) the changes in concentration of B-vitamins during the growth of cucurbit and tomato leaves were described. This paper continues that study by presenting data on the B-vitamin changes during the growth of the fruits from the same plants. As noted previously, the general purpose of this investigation has been a biochemical approach to the problem of the control of growth in plants. Past studies (Sinnott, 1945) of growth rates of cucurbit fruits have shown that during early development growth occurs at approximately equal exponential rates for both large and small-fruited varieties. The rate falls off markedly several days before the maturity of the fruit. Size difference results from the fact that the large-fruited strains continue exponential growth for a few days longer than the smaller varieties. An explanation of the processes which allow the exponential rate to continue longer in the large fruits, or to cease earlier in the small fruits, is a problem of primary significance. In more general terms, what are the biochemical factors that actually control growth, which enable some cells to go on dividing while others of a similar nature no longer do so, which determine how much building material will enter a growing organ? By determining the part played by the vitamins in the physiological ontogeny of fruits and the possible relationship of the vitamin concentrations to the problem of fruit size a start toward the understanding of these questions has been made. At this laboratory Mrs. Wilson (1947) made the first investigations of changes in vitamin concentrations in the fruits of several lines of cucurbits which differed genetically in fruit size. She analyzed them for riboflavin, niacin, and thiamin. The present study extends her work on two of the cucurbit lines by including ten B-vitamins and bv including tomato varieties as another fruit type for comparison.

Effect of Vitamin A on Proliferation of Fibroblasts

The purpose of the experiments reported here was to ascertain whether or not vitamin A is one of the substances needed by fibroblasts for their life and proliferation in vitro. Two previous investigators have already attempted to answer this question. Unfortunately, however, they arrived at opposite conclusions. Thus, Burrows1 compared the change in concentration of vitamin A in chick embryos, as they increased in age, with the change occurring simultaneously in the growth-promoting power of the juice of the embryos. He concluded that vitamin A inhibited growth. Bisceglie,2 on the other hand, added a trace of the “A factor” to hanging drop cultures of liver and spleen and found it to be growth stimulating. No information was given as to the source of the “A factor”, or the extent to which it had been purified.In the present investigation, crystalline carotene was first tried as a source of vitamin for the cells. No increase in growth was obtained.∗ Vitamin A was, therefore, prepared from halibut liver oil...