Channel Changes Research Articles

Temporal trends in sand bars and water bodies on the right side of the world's largest fluvial island - Javaés River

Bananal Island is the largest river island in the world, located in the Araguaia River basin in central-western Brazil. Studies on the Araguaia River have shown that changes in the main channel are linked to the increase in sediment input due to agricultural expansion in the Cerrado. However, very little is known about the Javaés River, on the opposite margin of Bananal Island. This study analyzed the temporal trends of sand bars and water masses in the Javaés River from 1985 to 2021. Annual mosaics of Landsat images were generated to identify the classes of water masses and sand bars. The Mann Kendall and Sen's Slope tests were used to identify trends and statistical significance of changes over time. The results indicated an increase of 57% (6.5 km²) in the areas of sand bars and a reduction of 39% (15.2 km²) in water bodies. The tests revealed significant trends with an increase in bars and a decrease in water bodies. It was observed that changes in the distribution and rates of regional precipitation, along with the expansion of anthropogenic occupation, are contributing to an increase in sediment input, in a cascade effect, affecting the balance between erosion and deposition in the Javaés River.

Beta bursts question the ruling power for brain–computer interfaces

Objective: Current efforts to build reliable brain–computer interfaces (BCI) span multiple axes from hardware, to software, to more sophisticated experimental protocols, and personalized approaches. However, despite these abundant efforts, there is still room for significant improvement. We argue that a rather overlooked direction lies in linking BCI protocols with recent advances in fundamental neuroscience. Approach: In light of these advances, and particularly the characterization of the burst-like nature of beta frequency band activity and the diversity of beta bursts, we revisit the role of beta activity in ‘left vs. right hand’ motor imagery (MI) tasks. Current decoding approaches for such tasks take advantage of the fact that MI generates time-locked changes in induced power in the sensorimotor cortex and rely on band-passed power changes in single or multiple channels. Although little is known about the dynamics of beta burst activity during MI, we hypothesized that beta bursts should be modulated in a way analogous to their activity during performance of real upper limb movements. Main results and Significance: We show that classification features based on patterns of beta burst modulations yield decoding results that are equivalent to or better than typically used beta power across multiple open electroencephalography datasets, thus providing insights into the specificity of these bio-markers.

Research on thermal management system of lithium-ion battery with a new type of spider web liquid cooling channel and phase change materials

Phase change materials (PCM) possess outstanding temperature control capabilities; however, it is difficult for pure PCM to satisfy the thermal management requirements under high discharge rates (4C-5C) in electric vehicles. This study designs and numerically simulates a Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) that combines PCM with a spider web liquid cooling channel and compares it to pure PCM cooling. The results reveal that the new hybrid BTMS exhibits exceptional heat dissipation performance. Compared to pure PCM cooling, the hybrid cooling structure can maintain the Tmax of the battery module below 40 °C. Under a 5C discharge rate, the Tmax and ΔTmax of the battery module can be controlled at 39.6 °C and 4.9 °C. Based on this, the study analyzes the effects of coolant inlet Reynolds number, inlet temperature, and ambient temperature on the battery's Tmax, ΔTmax, coolant pressure drop, and PCM phase change rate under different discharge rates. This study aims to control the liquid phase rate at around 80 % and to minimize the pressure drop in the coolant as much as possible while meeting thermal management requirements. Finally, in a low temperature environment of −30 °C, with an inlet Re of 300 and an inlet temperature of 7 °C, the heating rate of the battery module with the newly designed hybrid cooling structure can reach 3.67 °C/min.

EEG emotion recognition based on Ordinary Differential Equation Graph Convolutional Networks and Dynamic Time Wrapping

Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) has been extensively utilized to extract relations among electroencephalography (EEG) electrode channels for its strong ability to handle non-Euclidean data. However, GCN still has some issues when it comes to extracting features from EEG signals: (1) GCN with more layers may experience over-smoothing, restricting its ability to mine longer dependency relations. (2) At the moment, most GCNs used to process EEG signals construct adjacency matrices by Euclidean distance, only considering the correlations on the feature domain while ignoring changes of signals over the entire time window. To address the issues above, we introduce an Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) based GCN, which can perfectly eliminate the over-smoothing problem of the traditional GCN. Besides, we also propose a method based on Dynamic Time Wrapping (DTW) algorithm to construct an adjacency matrix in the time domain. To handle adjacency matrices calculated by Euclidean distance and DTW distance respectively, we apply a temporal–spatial model composed of two parallel modules each containing an ODE-based GCN and Long short-term memory neural networks (LSTM) network in turn. We conducted experiments on three public datasets. The results show that our methods have achieved an improvement of 2.19%/2.77%/2.13%/2.01% on Arousal/Valence/Dominance/Liking on DEAP dataset, 1.43% on SEED dataset and 3.06%/3.27% on Arousal/Valence on DREAMER dataset compared with state-of-the-art (SOTA) baseline methods. It demonstrates that our method can effectively approve the performance to handle the relations between EEG channels. The premise of the ODE-based GCN is that signal changes of all EEG channels should be continuous rather than abrupt. We believe that it conforms to the EEG mode, as it is activated by the same emotion stimulation while being collected.

Temperature dependent stereodynamics in surface scattering measured through subtle changes in the molecular wave function.

A magnetically manipulated molecular beam technique is used to change the rotational orientation of H2 molecules which collide with a stepped Cu(511) surface and explore how the polarisation dependence of molecules scattering into the specular channel changes as a function of surface temperature. At all temperatures, H2 molecules that are rotating like cartwheels are more likely to be scattered into the specular channel than those that are rotating like helicopters. Furthermore, the scattered molecules are more likely to be rotating like cartwheels, regardless of their state before the collision. Increasing the temperature of the Cu(511) surface causes the polarisation effects to become stronger, with the scattering becoming more selective for H2 with cartwheel like rotation. Therefore, scattering a molecular beam of H2 from a Cu(511) surface and taking the molecules scattered into the specular channel provides a method to create a rotationally polarised beam of H2, where the polarisation can be tuned by changing the surface temperature. In contrast, the rotational orientation dependence observed for specular scattering from a flat Cu(111) surface is independent of surface temperature within the same temperature range.

Research on Dynamic Tracking and Choreographic Techniques of Modern Dance Based on Computer 3D Modeling Technology

Abstract In this paper, we propose an improved 3D modeling method based on RecurDyn dynamics Theory to address the poor efficiency of traditional modeling techniques in dance dynamics tracking. Solid manipulation of the virtual scene is realized by geometric transformation, and singular value decomposition is applied to solve the transformation. Simulation experiments were designed to explore the tracking effect. When the MS moves at a more significant speed, the larger the Doppler frequency corresponding to the dynamic tracking and choreography technique of modern dance, the more rapidly the channel changes, and the more quickly the channel correlation decreases, such as when the MS moves at a speed of 13m/s and the correlation coefficient drops to 0.1, which corresponds to the number of sampling points within 6. From the Analysis of the ablation experiments, the errors of the three models are reduced by 9.6%, 11.2%, and 5.9%, respectively. From the first qualitative test analysis, frames 1-13 should be less spatial and 14-24 should be more spatial. From the Analysis of the first qualitative test, according to the numerical value, the average moving speed of the arm in the 53rd-68th frames is the largest, and the average moving speed of the arm in the 87th-100th frames is the smallest. Therefore, the improved algorithm can be accurately applied to modern dance dynamic tracking and choreography techniques.

Detecting Abrupt Channel Changes for IRS-Assisted MIMO Communication

Detecting Abrupt Channel Changes for IRS-Assisted MIMO Communication

Signed expressions spotting and recognition in an assistive technology system

An algorithm for processing the continuous stream of incoming video data to detect and recognize signed expressions is proposed. The aim is to improve an assistive technology system. The method is based on the dynamic flow of expression models between a repository of inactive models and pools of active and completed models. When modeling signed expressions, so-called visemes are used. These are units smaller than words - the equivalent of phonemes known from speech recognition. Visemes are extracted by clustering descriptors of the holistic skeletons. The sequential-simultaneous nature of gestures is considered, and the modeling is carried out in four parallel channels related to the position and shape of both hands. The conditions for activation, deactivation, and recognition of the model as completed are formulated, assuming asynchronous changes in individual channels. The method is successfully tested on a demanding dataset recorded by potential users.

Assessment of alterations of river flow regimes using hydro-geomorphological parameters

Climate change and anthropogenic activities can alter the streamflow regime by modifying critical elements of the flow regime. The aim of this work is to determine, by means of characteristic indices of rates of change and variability, the stage of alteration of the streamflow regime in a mountain catchment. On the basis of the daily mean streamflow, recorded over the period 1994-2020, a series of hydrological indices (Richards-Baker flashiness index, coefficient of variation, k index) were quantified, by means of which the rates of change and variability of the flow can be assessed. The results obtained show that the temporal and spatial variation of the streamflow is mainly due to natural causes, such as climatic variability and some geomorphological characteristics of the drainage basins. Thus, a clear positive correlation was observed between the Richards-Baker flashiness index and the magnitude of flood events. In the longitudinal profile, an increase in the mean values of Richards-Baker flashiness index was observed, indicating a higher variability of streamflows downstream. The higher Richards-Baker flashiness index values in the lower reaches were reflected in changes in the river channel, particularly after 2004.

Водозаборное сооружение для целей орошения земель в горных условиях Северного Кавказа

Purpose: to develop a water intake structure for land reclamation purpose under the conditions of water withdrawal from mountainous natural water sources. Materials and methods. The paper is based on the theoretical analysis of the river hydrological and geological characteristics, which made it possible to calculate the minimum flow required for the stable operation of water intake structure and guaranteed water withdrawal during the growing seasons. The design parameters of the water intake structure were developed using the method of expert assessment with non-parametric statistics by comparing several dependent variables. Having determined the required qualities for a water intake structure, the design of a reclamation facility adapted for the conditions of the mountain and foothill zones of the North Caucasus was developed. Results. To achieve this goal, a static method for analyzing water intake structures was adapted, and statements with a factorial rating scale for expert assessment were developed. Kendall's concordance coefficient was 0.726, the data were consistent, the significance level P was less than 0.05, the differences between the factors were significant. The layer-by-layer latticed type of water intake structure has maximum efficiency. The design of a bottom-type water intake structure has been developed on the basis of the river hydrological regime and the method of water supply to the system. This type of structure demonstrates high efficiency in conditions of difficult terrain and unstable water source regimes during the growing seasons, ensuring stable water intake with minimal impact on the ecosystem. Conclusions. The proposed design of a water intake structure can be adapted to different types of water resources and their fluctuations, which makes it acceptable for mountainous areas with variable water levels in natural water sources. Minimal impact on the ecosystem is ensured by a high degree of water purification without significant changes in river channels.

Effect of Financial Technology on Financial Performance of Deposit Money Banks in Southwest, Nigeria

Financial Technology in the recent times, has significantly intensified competition in Nigerian Banking Industry, hence Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) face persistent pressures from a wide and diverse range of competitors, while the regulatory environment becomes less protective of the financial institutions. This study therefore examined the effect of financial technology on the financial performance of deposit money banks in southwest, Nigeria. The study employed an Ex-Post Facto research design to establish functional relationship among customers and employees of the DMBs branches in the South West geopolitical zone in Nigeria. The descriptive statistics, which involved the current levels of financial performance on deposit money banks showed an improvement in the return on assets due to the deployment of financial technology with the weighted average of 216 or 35.94% while more than 97% of respondents perceive the level of improvement in equities of banks in Nigeria as moderate followed by the rate of improvement in net income margin of banks with weighted mean of 192 or 31.9%. The empirical results showed that the deployment of automated teller machine, mobile banking, internet banking and point of sales on the financial performance of banks have significantly and positively improve banks’ return on asset, equity and the net income. This is an indication that the financial performance of Nigerian banks’ are highly sensitive to changes in the alternative banking channels as 1%, rises in automated teller machine increase the return on asset by 0.18%. In the same vein, increase in mobile banking to the tune of 1% raised the level of return on asset by 0.29%. Thus the study concludes that the deployment of mobile banking and internet bank drive virtually all the indicators of bank financial performance in Nigeria. However, the paper recommends that, the deployment of mobile banking was more pronounced, and particularly in the area of banks’ return on equity although all the alternative banking channels contributes to bank financial performance in Nigeria.

Fluorogenic platinum(IV) complexes as potential predictors for the design of hypoxia-activated platinum(IV) prodrugs.

Hypoxia (low-oxygen) is one of the most common characteristics of solid tumours. Exploiting tumour hypoxia to reductively activate Pt(IV) prodrugs has the potential to deliver toxic Pt(II) selectively and thus overcome the systemic toxicity issues of traditional Pt(II) therapies. However, our current understanding of the behaviour of Pt(IV) prodrugs in hypoxia is limited. Here, we evaluated and compared the aryl carbamate fluorogenic Pt(IV) complexes, CisNap and CarboNap, as well as the previously reported OxaliNap, as potential hypoxia-activated Pt(IV) (HAPt) prodrugs. Low intracellular oxygen concentrations (<0.1%) induced the greatest changes in the respective fluorescence emission channels. However, no correlation between reduction under hypoxic conditions and toxicity was observed, except in the case for CarboNap, which displayed significant hypoxia-dependent toxicity. Other aryl carbamate Pt(IV) derivatives (including non-fluorescent analogues) mirrored these observations, where carboplatin(IV) derivative CarboPhen displayed a hypoxia-selective cytotoxicity similar to that of CarboNap. These findings underscore the need to perform extensive structure activity relationship studies on the cytotoxicity of Pt(IV) complexes under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.

Morphometric changes in the blood and lymphatic channels during inflammation

When the abdominal cavity is inflamed, the lymphatic channel, i.e. the system of lymph vessels and lymph nodes, which play an important role in protecting the body from infections and ensuring proper metabolism, may be affected. Inflammation of the lymphatic channel can lead to its enlargement, soreness and even the formation of purulent foci. The study of morphometric changes in the lymphatic channel during inflammation is an important task for a more detailed understanding of inflammatory processes occurring in the body. The results of our experiments showed that during inflammatory processes of the abdominal cavity there are changes in the blood and lymphatic vessels. Relative volumes of vessels of different types per unit significantly decreased compared to the indicators of the control group. In submucosa and muscularis the morphometry data confirm the fact of arterial vessels spasm, lymphatic vessel reduction and simultaneous persistent venous vessels expansion. In rats with the developed inflammatory process in lymphatic vessels the expansion of lymphatic slits and significant thickening of the wall of large lymphatic vessels was found, which is associated with an increase in the volume of blood plasma, increasing the load on lymphatic vessels as a drainage system of the body.

Potential to use free satellite imagery to retrieve the past bathymetry of large rivers

Information on bathymetric changes in large rivers is useful for flood planning, navigation, and predicting channel change. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential for measuring bathymetry of rivers from satellite images, but such studies have used high-resolution, expensive data applied to ideal river conditions, such as low turbidity. Many of the large rivers of the world are located in countries that cannot afford the carefully planned field surveys and commercial satellite images used in these studies. In this study we investigate whether past bathymetry of large rivers could be retrieved by using readily collated free satellite images, combined with the limited cross-sectional surveys that are typically available in less wealthy countries. We tested the method in the heavily regulated Han River of central China. The Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 image-derived depth could quantitatively match in situ depths along cross-sections up to depths of 13.9 m, where the suspended sediment concentration was low due to dam regulation. However, in most of the river where turbidity was high, the method was less successful. The image-to-depth quantile transformation (IDQT) approach could improve passive bathymetry retrieval in cases like the Han River, where there was some spatial and temporal misalignment between in situ data and remote-sensing data. The lateral depth pattern up to the 2.5 m depth contour could also be qualitatively and visually interpreted over an extended length (15 km). These results suggest that there is potential to use free satellite imagery to derive bathymetry in many large rivers, but this potential can only be achieved in very limited (low turbidity) conditions, and with image to depth correlation analysis and band selection.

MECHANISMS OF DEVELOPMENT AND MODERN DIRECTIONS OF TREATMENT OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY (literature review)

Background. Despite the significant achievements in understanding the mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy (DR), the active search for new approaches and testing directions for its treatment continues today.&#x0D; Aim: To determine the current state of understanding of the mechanisms of development and directions of treatment of diabetic retinopathy.&#x0D; Materials and methods. An information search for the results of scientific research was conducted in the online databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar using keywords. The search depth is 10 years. The search was performed by two independent authors. 178 sources were selected for analysis, of which 53 that met the search criteria were used.&#x0D; Results. From a pathophysiological point of view, DR is a complex of progressive changes in the microcirculatory channel, which lead to ischemia, neovascularization, increased permeability of the hematoretinal barrier, and macular edema. At the same time, the predominantly inflammatory nature of the damage with a sluggish chronic course and damage to retinal neurons and microvascular disorders was established. The universal mechanism of DR can be considered oxidative stress, which connects all biochemical and molecular pathways induced by hyperglycemia. Important mechanisms are loss of pericytes, changes in gene expression, activation of signaling cascades Ras/Raf-1/MEK/ERK, p38-MAPK, endothelial dysfunction and recruitment of leukocytes and monocytes, activation of NF-κB, HIF-1 and VEGF pathways, activation of apoptosis and pyroptosis. Existing methods of DR treating require significant expansion with the use of targeted therapy aimed at specific pathogenetic pathways.&#x0D; Conclusion. The discovery of new mechanisms of DR and the search for new directions of targeted therapy is an urgent task of modern ophthalmology.

Vascular growth factors of the placenta, apoptosis of blood neutrophils in pregnant women with post-COVID syndrome

Research objectives: to determine the activity of vascular placental growth factors, apoptosis and necrosis of neutrophils in the blood of pregnant women with post-COVID syndrome.Methods and materials. 30 pregnant women (the main group) with SARS-CoV-2, positive Ig A, M or G to SARS-CoV-2 at 30–34 weeks of pregnancy took part in the study. The control group consisted of 30 women with physiological pregnancy.Blood neutrophils were studied by flow cytofluorometry. The proportion of neutrophils that were at the stage of apoptosis and necrosis was determined. The correlation of these indicators with the uncomplicated course of the gestational process during the physiological course of pregnancy and with the development of gestational complications against the background of post-COVID syndrome was determined.In the third trimester of pregnancy, we collected blood samples to determine the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on placental angiogenesis. We evaluated a panel of biomarkers: vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor PlGF, and interleukin-32α (IL-32α).Results. In pregnant women of the main group with a complicated course of pregnancy accompanied by post-COVID syndrome, apoptosis was at the level of 24.30 ± 0.50% of neutrophil cells, which was significantly different from the control group (4.45 ± 0.25%) (р &lt; 0.001). The level of late apoptosis, necrosis of neutrophils increased 4 times – from 4.20 ± 0.65 to 16.80 ± 0.54% (р &lt; 0.001). The concentration of IL-32α in pregnant women of the control group was 67.27 ± 5.63 pg/ml. Post-COVID syndrome caused an increase in this indicator in the main group by 2.8 times compared to the control group (188.36 ± 25.22 pg/ml) (p &lt; 0.001). In the III trimester, the concentration of VEGF reached maximum values in the main group and was 192.20 ± 10.02 pg/ml, which is 2 times higher than in the control group at the same time (95.30 ± 5.65 pg/ml), (p &lt; 0.001). In the control group the level of PIGF at full-term pregnancy was 144.53 ± 15.55 pg/ml. In women with postpartum syndrome, PIGF significantly decreased and was 43.92 ± 4.81 pg/ml, which was only 30% of the PIGF value in women with an uncomplicated pregnancy (p &lt; 0.001).Conclusions. The development of metabolic disorders and apoptotic changes in the placental tissue are confirmed at the morphological level in the form of destructive and necrotic changes in the microcirculatory channel of the placenta. An increase in the level of annexin-positive neutrophils and activation of the degree of neutrophil necrosis is accompanied by fetoplacental dysfunction, by violation of the balance of placental growth factors and is an important marker for predicting of fetal growth retardation in pregnant women with post-COVID syndrome.

The natural territorial structure of the landscape of the Prut River within the Chernivtsi region, its anthropogenic transformations and features of the functioning of the flow-riverbed-flood system

The purpose of this publication is to reveal the main regularities of the territorial structure and hydromorphological features of the young river landscape using the example of the Prut River in natural conditions and under the influence of anthropogenic activity. To achieve the goal, a three-level taxonomic system of the territorial organization of river valley landscapes and the corresponding method of identification of territorial units were applied. The main operational unit of the study is the homogeneous sections of the riverbed and floodplains and the young river landscape formed on their basis. Various methods of analyzing anthropogenic impact on the functioning of the flow-channel-floodplain system (FCFS) have also been applied. The specificity of the development and territorial structure of the young river landscape in natural conditions is significantly related to the combination of the features of the river regime and the complex system of neotectonic movements. Based on the obtained database on the natural state of the young river landscape (YRL) and its anthropogenic changes, an assessment of the current state of the young river landscape was carried out. An analysis of the negative consequences of anthropogenic cutting of rivers, which affects the state of the young river landscape and river ecosystems, and requires objective periodic monitoring of its state, was also performed. The natural state of the young river landscape formed based on the riverbed and floodplain has been significantly affected by human activity. The main anthropogenic factors include the influence of engineering structures and the extraction of channel alluvium. The joint action of these factors led to significant changes in the riverbed and floodplain process, powerful anthropogenic downcutting of the river, compression of the long-term strip of channel formation and a number of negative consequences concerning both ecosystems and the anthropogenic landscape in general. We have developed the appropriate methodology and taxonomic system for the identification of the HARF, the young river landscape (YRL), which includes a geospatial analysis of the territorial structure of river valleys. First of all, sufficiently developed, main components of river-valley systems – «stem valleys» – are considered. It is worth noting that geomorphological and hydromorphological processes are important for explaining the genesis and identification, as well as geospatial analysis of river valley landscapes. The main factors of anthropogenic load on the hydromorphological base of the MRL include engineering influence and river alluvium extraction. The main types of engineering impact are coastal protection, flood dams and bridge crossings. The action of the mentioned factors has a cumulative effect and gradually led to the downcutting of the river, the narrowing of the long-term strip of channel formation, changes in channel and floodplain processes, and changes in the spatial structure of the river landscape. Thus, hydromorphological processes can significantly affect the state and functioning of the YRL in general, as well as negatively affect engineering structures and hydro-ecological risks in particular. Keywords: Prut river, riverbed, floodwater, young river landscape, territorial structure of the river landscape, homogeneous area of the riverbed and floodplain (harf), natural condition, anthropogenic influence.

RESEARCH ON POWER TRANSMISSION CHANNEL CHANGE DETECTION BASED ON MULTI-TEMPORAL POINT CLOUD DATA

Abstract. Airborne LiDAR can directly obtain 3D information of ground objects. By comparing the multi-temporal LiDAR data, ground objects change information of power transmission channel can be detected, providing data support for transmission line operation and maintenance. In this paper, an improved ICP algorithm based on multi-temporal LiDAR point cloud data power transmission channel ground object change detection method is proposed. Firstly, based on the classification of point cloud data, a two-level matching method of multi-temporal point cloud data considering the characteristics of power transmission channel was proposed to achieve accurate registration of point cloud data. Then, change detection and analysis of different types of ground feature point cloud data were carried out through elevation difference. Finally, cluster analysis was carried out on the changed ground feature points to generate multi-temporal relative ratio analysis report. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively detect power transmission channel changes.

Effect of animal venom toxins on the main links of the homeostasis of mammals (Review).

The human body is affected by environmental factors. The dynamic balance between the organism and its environment results from the influence of natural, anthropogenic and social aspects. The factors of exogenous origin determine development of adaptive changes. The present article summarises the mechanisms of animal venom toxins and homeostasis disruption in the body of mammals. The mechanisms underlying pathological changes are associated with shifts in biochemical reactions. Components of the immune, nervous and endocrine systems are key in the host defense and adaptation processes in response to venom by triggering signalling pathways (PI3kinase pathway, arachidonic acid cascade). Animal venom toxins initiate the development of inflammatory processes, the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators (cytokines), ROS, proteolytic enzymes, activate the migration of leukocytes and macrophages. Keratinocytes and endothelial cells act as protective barriers under the action of animal venom toxins on the body of mammals. In addition, the formation of pores in cell membranes, structural changes in cell ion channels are characteristic of the action of animal venom toxins.

Biofilm dynamic changes in drip irrigation emitter flow channels using reclaimed water

Reusing reclaimed water through drip irrigation offers an effective way to overcome freshwater scarcity. However, biofilm accumulation in the flow channel of drip emitters is the primary obstacle. So far, biofilm development in the emitters remains largely unknown. Here, industrial computed tomography was used to quantify the emitter biofilm developments. Results showed that biofilm typically accumulated in the inlet of the emitter flow channel and decreased toward the flow direction. Biofilm was also typically accumulated in dead areas having low flow velocities, such as edge, corner, and adjacent surface zones in flow channels. The dynamics of the emitter biofilm variation mechanisms were also elucidated. Specifically, particle and nutrient transport appeared to be dominant in shaping the initial biofilm formation (i.e., 5% emitter clogging degree), resulting in biofilm abundant in the inlet of the flow channel. However, it changed the hydraulic conditions in emitter flow channels, increased local water shear stress, which made the biofilm easier to be washed away in the inlet, and caused biofilm to grow faster in the middle and outlet regions of the flow channel at 20% emitter clogging degree. At 50% clogging degree, biofilm in inlet regions grew faster again. Finally, some biofilm control approaches such as water quality management and emitter flow channel structure optimization were proposed. This study provided a better understanding of biofilm formation mechanisms in the emitter flow channels, which is critical for designing appropriate biofilm control technologies and will facilitate the reuse of reclaimed water in agricultural irrigation.