Changes In Body Shape Research Articles

Quality of Life and Recovery of Arm Function Applying Physiotherapy After Breast Cancer Surgery

Research background. Breast cancer is the most common female malignancy. Different types of surgery are performed after assessing stage of the disease, tumour morphology, and other dimensions. Dysfunction of hand after surgery may affect physical, emotional and sexual function and quality of life more than body shape changes (Guan et al., 2012). The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of life, shoulder range of motion, arm pain, circumference of arm, and hand muscle strength after breastconserving surgery after mastectomy. Methods. The study included 30 women, 15 of them were after breast conserving surgery, and 15 – after mastectomy. All subjects participated in the same physiotherapy program ‒ stretching and muscle strengthening exercises, shoulder girdle, neck and hand massage, lymph drainage massage (sleeve), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Duration of rehabilitation was two weeks. Quality of life, shoulder range of motion, arm pain and circumference, hand muscle strength of the affected side were measured before and after rehabilitation. Results. Regardless of the type of surgical intervention, the range of motion of shoulder flexion, extension and abduction in both groups after physiotherapy increased signifcantly, but for the patients who had undergone breast conserving surgery the ranges of motion were signifcantly higher (flexion – 163.20 ± 11,7°; extension – 48.53 ± 5.5°; abduction – 145.27 ± 13.6°) than for those who undergone mastectomy (flexion – 141.20 ± 13.2°; extension – 33.13 ± 4.9°; abduction – 130.33 ± 14.9°). It was found that circumference of the arm reduced significantly in both groups, but comparing one group to another no signifcant differences were found. Pain intensity after physiotherapy in patients with mastectomy and patients who had undergone breast conserving surgery signifcantly decreased, but pain reduction was signifcantly higher in patients after breast conserving surgery (6.00 ± 1.1 points) compared to mastectomy group (3.67 ± 1.5 points). Muscle strength of hand of the affected side after physiotherapy increased signifcantly in both groups, but signifcantly more (up to 15.03 ± 2.1 kg) in patients after the breast conserving surgery compared to patients who had undergone mastectomy (up to 12.77 ± 2.0 kg). In addition, most of the functions of quality of life in patients who had undergone breast conserving surgery were signifcantly better than those in patients who had undergone mastectomy. Conclusions: 1. Regardless of the surgery type, shoulder range of motion and hand muscle strength increased signifcantly, and arm circumference and the pain reduced signifcantly after physiotherapy. 2. Shoulder range of motion and hand strength of the affected side were signifcantly higher while pain was signifcantly lower in patients who had undergone breast-conserving surgery compared to patients who had undergone mastectomy. 3. three components of the quality of life ‒ role, emotional and social functions – were signifcantly higher, but symptom scale scores were better in patients who had undergone breast-conserving surgery compared to those who had undergone mastectomy.Keywords: physiotherapy, breast cancer, mastectomy, breast-conserving surgery

How the body shape changes by the habitat hydrological factors in freshwater benthic fishes; case study on the genera Cobitis (Cobitidae) and Ponticola (Gobiidae)

Benthic fish groups with low mobility are often restricted to a narrow range of a stream course, and their morphological characters tend to be affected substantially by the environmental conditions in their habitat. Due to morphological affectability of fishes by many factors in lotic ecosystems, a landmark-based hypothesis was used to investigate the effects of habitat hydrological conditions on morphological characteristics in freshwater benthic fishes; a case study on the genera Ponticola and Cobitis . A total of 216 gobies and 128 spined loaches specimens were caught from six rivers with different hydrological conditions, along the southern Caspian Sea basin. In discriminant function analysis (DFA), the overall assignment of gobies and loaches into their original groups were 95.7% and 80.5%, respectively. Discriminant analysis for pairwise groups shows a longer snout, shallow body/head, and elongated body for populations living in the large slope channel with faster water velocity versus relatively short snout and deep body/head for those living in small slope channel with slower water velocity. The results confirm the possibility of changes in the morphological characters of the benthic gobies and loaches, which should be considered in taxonomical and biological studies.

Vertebral evolution and ontogenetic allometry: The developmental basis of extreme body shape divergence in microcephalic sea snakes.

Snakes exhibit a diverse array of body shapes despite their characteristically simplified morphology. The most extreme shape changes along the precloacal axis are seen in fully aquatic sea snakes (Hydrophiinae): "microcephalic" sea snakes have tiny heads and dramatically reduced forebody girths that can be less than a third of the hindbody girth. This morphology has evolved repeatedly in sea snakes that specialize in hunting eels in burrows, but its developmental basis has not previously been examined. Here, we infer the developmental mechanisms underlying body shape changes in sea snakes by examining evolutionary patterns of changes in vertebral number and postnatal ontogenetic growth. Our results show that microcephalic species develop their characteristic shape via changes in both the embryonic and postnatal stages. Ontogenetic changes cause the hindbodies of microcephalic species to reach greater sizes relative to their forebodies in adulthood, suggesting heterochronic shifts that may be linked to homeotic effects (axial regionalization). However, microcephalic species also have greater numbers of vertebrae, especially in their forebodies, indicating that somitogenetic effects also contribute to evolutionary changes in body shape. Our findings highlight sea snakes as an excellent system for studying the development of segment number and regional identity in the snake precloacal axial skeleton.

Menopausal status and disordered eating and body image concerns among middle‐aged women

Eating disorders are present among middle-aged women, yet most eating disorder knowledge comes from adolescents and young adults. There is arguably a need for research specific to middle-aged women and eating pathology. One biological factor that may contribute to eating disorder symptoms and is unique to middle-aged women is menopause, given the changes in body shape and weight that direct women's bodies away from the young, thin beauty standard. This study explored group differences in disordered eating and body image by menopausal status. Participants were 310 middle-aged women between the ages of 40 and 68. They completed an online survey about their menopausal status, disordered eating, and body image concerns. We compared disordered eating behaviors and attitudes across three groups: premenopausal women, perimenopausal women, and postmenopausal women. Results indicated no group differences on either disordered eating or body image concerns by menopausal status. These findings suggest the perimenopausal period may not be a window of vulnerability for women in general. Given these mixed findings, future research should examine moderators to determine when there are menopausal status group differences on eating pathology.

Toxic and biological evaluation of frozen fish meat in the presence of antibi-otic residues

Nowadays antimicrobial drugs of different pharmacologic classes are widely used in aquaculture all over the world. Therefore, in accordance with EU Regulation 37/2010 “On pharmacologically active substances and their classification in regard to maximum allowable amounts in nourishing food of animal origin”, there are certain amount of antimicrobial drugs acceptable in fish. The aim of the work was to determine toxico-biological assessment of flesh of frozen fish where there are residues of antimicrobial drugs on the culture of infusorias Tetrachymena pyriformis. The availability of residual amounts of antimicrobial drugs was carried out by screening method for antibiotics in products of animal origin РХ/МС/МС and microbiological method. Toxico-biological assessment of flesh of frozen fish was determined in accordance with “Methodological recommendations on toxico-biological assessment of flesh, flesh products and milk with infusoria Tetrachymena pyriformis”. It was found that samples of frozen fish containing residues of antimicrobial drugs of aminoglycosides, penicillic and fluoroquinolonic class were not toxic for Tetrachymena pyriformis cultures. Since infusorias were active, natural movement – progressive and circular, inhibition of growth or change of body shape were not showed compared to infusorias within control group. It was shown that in the fish flesh with residues of tetracycline antibiotics, there was observed the inhibition of growth and decreased activity and mobility of infusorias Tetrachymena pyriformis up to 20% compared to control without antibiotics. However, unnatural movements (affected or oscillatory) and pathological changes in the shape of infusoria cultures were not detected. This flesh fish was characterized as moderate toxic. It was stated that relative biological value of frozen fish flesh with antibiotic residues of aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolonic class was lower by 0,27–0,73% compared to relative biological value of control fish flesh without antibiotics. At the same time relative biological value of fish flesh with the presence of residues of tetracycline antibiotics was by 4.12% lower compared to control fish flesh. Consequently, conducted studies indicate the need to control the residues of antimicrobial drugs in frozen fish which is imported to Ukraine. In case of detection the exceeding permissible amount of antibiotic residues in frozen fish it should be discarded, as it exhibits a moderately toxic effect.

Lifestyle characteristics as moderators of the effectiveness of weight control interventions among semiconductor workers

BackgroundWorkers in high technology industry are experiencing stressful environment and have been ranked as a high risk group for adverse health effects. The effectiveness of worksite health promotion is important for occupational health. This study is to investigate the effect of health interventions on body measurement changes while examining the role of their lifestyle factors. MethodsA total of 904 participants aged over 30 years were recruited from 14 semiconductor worksites in Taiwan from 2011 to 2015. A multi-settings, quasi-experimental study was conducted that assigned participants into two intervention programs, including exercise program and diet-plus-exercise program. The outcomes include the changes of body weight, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), and biophysiological indicators. Lifestyle variables include alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and regular exercise. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to test the association. ResultsThe findings have demonstrated that one kilogram body weight reduction is associated with a decrease of 0.58 mmHg SBP (p < 0.001), 0.29 mmHg DBP (p < 0.001), 3.33 mg/dL triglyceride (p < 0.001), 0.96 mg/dL total cholesterol (p < 0.001), and 0.68 mg/dL LDL (p < 0.001). The diet-plus-exercise group had more significant effect on both weight changes and biophysiological changes than exercise-only group (p < 0.001). Lifestyle factors, including cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and regular exercise, were significant moderators of the effectiveness of health interventions. ConclusionsBoth exercise and diet interventions are important to the effectiveness of health promotion in occupational sectors. Lifestyle modifications are vital for weight control programs in improving body shape changes and biophysiological indicators.

Da Vinci BodyBoard 운동이 성인비만여성들의 체형변화와 혈중활성산소에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of Da Vinci Bodyboard exercise on changes in body shape and blood oxygen levels in adult obese women. The subjects were 12 adult obese women who had not experienced Da Vinci Bodyboard exercise and who wanted to participate in this exercise program. They were selected as exercise group for 3 times a week and 50 minutes a day for 8 weeks. Body composition and blood oxygen saturation were analyzed before and after participation. The following conclusions were obtained. Da Vinci Bodyboard. Changes in body shape of obese women who participated in exercise decreased in body weight and body fat percentage and were statistically significant. The changes in blood reactive oxygen of adult obese women participating in the Da Vinci Bodyboard exercise were found to be statistically significant after exercise. Taken together, Da Vinci Bodyboard exercise has a positive effect on body shape change and blood oxygenation in adult obese women. It is thought that exercise that can prevent and improve various diseases by improvement of obesity.

Relaxation Processes in Ti-Al Composite Material after Rolling

In the result of application of the load in different sections of the structure elastic or plastic deformation may occur. In its turn, the removal of the applied load can lead to the development of relaxation processes, caused by the intention of the material to return to equilibrium. There is a subtle change of body shape (warping), which depends on its properties, the type of deformation and its nature in the flow of time. In this regard, the consideration of this factor is necessary in the manufacture of various parts and components of LCM using the methods of metal forming (stamping, bending, calibration, etc.) [1-6].

Transcultural aspects of eating disorders and body image disturbance‡

Background: Unlike the majority of ‘culture-bound syndromes’, eating disorders are one of the few mental disorders initially conceptualized as ‘culture-bound’ to North America/Europe. Social norms vary massively within cultures-class, ethnicity and gender. Over time there have been substantial changes in body shape preferences.Aim: To describe some key areas in the transcultural aspects of eating disorders (ED) and body image disturbance (BID).Method: This lecture describes a different and complementary manner of understanding eating disorders, specifically anorexia nervosa (AN), from a cultural, social and psychoanalytic perspective.Results: Social norms vary massively within cultures, social strata, ethnicity and gender. Social norms also vary over time leading to substantial changes in body shape preferences and the epidemiology of eating disorders.Conclusions: Understanding eating disorders requires integration of psychological factors into a cultural and epidemiological context.

Graphene‐Based Light‐Driven Soft Robot with Snake‐Inspired Concertina and Serpentine Locomotion

AbstractAs a kind of reptile that can move in a sophisticated environment by periodic changes in body shape, a snake's locomotion mode has inspired the design of several novel robots. Yet, most of those conventional robots are constructed by rigid components and powered by electricity. Herein, a novel snake‐inspired soft robot by fabricating triple‐layer reduced graphene oxide and polydopamine is reported. Such soft material is capable of bidirectional deformation while near‐infrared (NIR) light is projected at different regions. It allows the robot to move continuously by periodically changing body shape on demand without external forces or torques. The designed robot can achieve two locomotion modes like a snake, i.e., concertina locomotion and serpentine locomotion modes, corresponding to external NIR light stimulation. It paves a new way for the fabrication and control of soft robot which can be applied to medical treatment, rescue operation, and so on in the future.

Development of Swimming Abilities in Squid Paralarvae: Behavioral and Ecological Implications for Dispersal.

This study investigates the development of swimming abilities and its relationship with morphology, growth, and nourishment of reared Doryteuthis opalescens paralarvae from hatching to 60 days of age. Paralarvae (2.5–11 mm mantle length – ML) were videotaped, and their behavior quantified throughout development using computerized motion analysis. Hatchlings swim dispersed maintaining large nearest neighbor distances (NND, 8.7 ML), with swimming speeds (SS) of 3–8 mm s-1 and paths with long horizontal displacements, resulting in high net to gross displacement ratios (NGDR). For 15-day-old paralarvae, swimming paths are more consistent between jets, growth of fins, length, and mass increases. The swimming pattern of 18-day-old paralarvae starved for 72 h exhibited a significant reduction in mean SS and inability to perform escape jets. A key morphological, behavioral, and ecological transition occurs at about 6 mm ML (>35-day old), when there is a clear change in body shape, swimming performance, and behavior, paths are more regularly repeated and directional swimming is evident, suggesting that morphological changes incur in swimming performance. These squid are able to perform sustained swimming and hover against a current at significantly closer NND (2.0 ML), as path displacement is reduced and maneuverability increases. As paralarvae reach 6–7 mm ML, they are able to attain speeds up to 562 mm s-1 and to form schools. Social feeding interactions (kleptoparasitism) are often observed prior to the formation of schools. Schools are always formed within areas of high flow gradient in the tanks and are dependent on squid size and current speed. Fin development is a requisite for synchronized and maneuverable swimming of schooling early juveniles. Although average speeds of paralarvae are within intermediate Reynolds numbers (Re < 100), they make the transition to the inertia-dominated realm during escape jets of high propulsion (Re > 3200), transitioning from plankton to nekton after their first month of life. The progressive development of swimming capabilities and social interactions enable juvenile squid to school, while also accelerates learning, orientation and cognition. These observations indicate that modeling of the lifecycle should include competency to exert influence over small currents and dispersal patterns after the first month of life.

오버헤드 스쿼트 운동이 초등학생들의 자세교정에 미치는 영향

In this study, two times of exercises a week for 8 weeks were implemented by selecting a total of 30 students, 10 students of squat group, 10 students of overhead squat group and 10 students of control group from 30 male students in grade 4 to 6 in an elementary school located in Gyeongsangbuk-do, in order to investigate the effect of overhead squat exercise on body shape change of elementary school students. The analysis results before and after exercise were as follows: The cervical angle from the side view: The overhead squat group showed a statistically significant difference after exercise(p.001). In scapula height from the back side view(p.05) in the squat group, but there was a statistically significant difference found in the overhead squat group(p.05). It is considered that this study helps better understand what kind of positive effects the overhead squat exercise will bring in children’s body shape change and it can be provided as a basic data for the development of a body correction exercise program for growing children.

Light sheet theta microscopy for rapid high-resolution imaging of large biological samples

BackgroundAdvances in tissue clearing and molecular labeling methods are enabling unprecedented optical access to large intact biological systems. These developments fuel the need for high-speed microscopy approaches to image large samples quantitatively and at high resolution. While light sheet microscopy (LSM), with its high planar imaging speed and low photo-bleaching, can be effective, scaling up to larger imaging volumes has been hindered by the use of orthogonal light sheet illumination.ResultsTo address this fundamental limitation, we have developed light sheet theta microscopy (LSTM), which uniformly illuminates samples from the same side as the detection objective, thereby eliminating limits on lateral dimensions without sacrificing the imaging resolution, depth, and speed. We present a detailed characterization of LSTM, and demonstrate its complementary advantages over LSM for rapid high-resolution quantitative imaging of large intact samples with high uniform quality.ConclusionsThe reported LSTM approach is a significant step for the rapid high-resolution quantitative mapping of the structure and function of very large biological systems, such as a clarified thick coronal slab of human brain and uniformly expanded tissues, and also for rapid volumetric calcium imaging of highly motile animals, such as Hydra, undergoing non-isomorphic body shape changes.

Viscotaxis: Microswimmer Navigation in Viscosity Gradients.

The survival of many microorganisms, like Leptospira or Spiroplasma bacteria, can depend on their ability to navigate towards regions of favorable viscosity. While this ability, called viscotaxis, has been observed in several bacterial experiments, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We provide a framework to study viscotaxis of biological or synthetic self-propelled swimmers in slowly varying viscosity fields and show that suitable body shapes create viscotaxis based on a systematic asymmetry of viscous forces acting on a microswimmer. Our results shed new light on viscotaxis in Spiroplasma and Leptospira and suggest that dynamic body shape changes exhibited by both types of microorganisms may have an unrecognized functionality: to prevent them from drifting to low viscosity regions where they swim poorly. The present theory classifies microswimmers regarding their ability to show viscotaxis and can be used to design synthetic viscotactic swimmers, e.g., for delivering drugs to a target region distinguished by viscosity.

Supporting women with eating disorders during pregnancy and the postnatal period

The transition to motherhood can be challenging for many women due to the changes that are common to pregnancy, such as changes in appetite and body shape and weight. These challenges can be particularly pronounced for women with eating disorders. There is growing evidence that eating disorders can be associated with adverse maternal and infant outcomes; and given the elevated risks, early identification and tailored antenatal and postnatal care are highly important. This article examines the role of the health visitor in supporting women with eating disorders during pregnancy and the postnatal period.

A Survey into Maternity Purchase and Satisfaction according to Trimester of Pregnancy

This study improves maternity clothes worn by pregnant women across each trimester. A total of 164 survey results from pregnant women living in the metropolitan area around Seoul, South Korea were received from November 2015 to July 2017. The results of this study were as follows. First, Internet shopping purchases were significantly lower during the first trimester of pregnancy than during the mid-trimester and third trimester (p<.001). Further, satisfaction levels with most items purchased online were significantly lower in the first trimester of pregnancy. Regarding the purchase price, there was no difference according to the pregnancy trimester. During the first trimester of pregnancy less body shape changes occur than in the mid- trimester and third trimester; however, the first trimester shows the lowest satisfaction levels for each item of maternity clothing and most body parts when worn. There were also no differences according to pregnancy trimester in terms of preferred maternity clothes purchased, but there were significant differences according to occupational status. Working pregnant women generally preferred not to reveal their body shape.

3D surface-imaging for volumetric measurement in people with obesity.

Current methods for tracking the progress of people with obesity towards a weight loss goal appear simple and potentially misleading. A technique to quantify change in body shape whilst visualising areas of the body where weight loss occurs would be advantageous, and has the potential to be used as a motivational tool. Three-dimensional (3D) surface-imaging would serve as a good basis for such a technique, however current systems are prohibitively expensive. Highlight the use of a cheaper alternative 3D surface-imaging system for volumetric measurement in people with obesity. A recently developed low-cost 3D surface-imaging system was used, having previously being validated in a healthy population. A total of 61 people with obesity, enrolled on a weight-loss programme, were surface-imaged using the system. The findings suggest the low-cost system can obtain 3D surface-images of an obese human body, from which numerical parameters could be calculated and further analysis conducted. Further studies will focus on the validity and reliability of such analyses and the potential of the system to be considered as a long-term instalment in primary healthcare settings as a weight loss aid.

Comparison of Two Biometric Methods for Nonlethal Sex Determination of Alligator Gars

AbstractMcDonald et al. () proposed a morphometry‐based method for nonlethal sex prediction of the Alligator Gar Atractosteus spatula. Their method correctly predicted the sex of 93% of the males and 72% of the females tested, but failed to predict the sex of 21% of the fish. The authors noted that the method was primarily developed using immature fish from a single Texas population and recommended further validation and refinement using fish of diverse sizes from a broad range of systems. We tested the McDonald et al. () method using 149 fish (standard length, 707–1,920 mm) collected from seven Texas populations. Sex prediction based on the McDonald et al. () method improved for both sexes (98% of males and 86% of females); however, sex still could not be predicted for 29% of the fish. As a result, we explored the use of a cross‐validated, discriminant function analysis (DFA) using the morphometric ratios developed by McDonald et al. () to improve our ability to predict the sex of sampled fish. The DFA facilitated probability‐based predictions of all fish sampled and had an overall accuracy of 84% for males and 89% for females. Logistic regression based on the success of the DFA suggested that fish &gt;1,100 mm SL are easier to identify using the morphometric ratios (&gt;90% accuracy), likely because changes in body shape are associated with sexual maturity. In addition to predicting the sex of all of the fish sampled, the DFA approach facilitated calculation of the probability of correct discrimination for each fish. Due to these advantages, along with its comparable accuracy, we recommend the use of the DFA approach over the method proposed by McDonald et al. () for predicting the sex of Alligator Gars.

Association of Anthropometric Measurements with pre and post Menopausal women: A survey based cross sectional study

Anthropometric measurements are the litmus during the transition of any woman from normal menstrual cycle to menopause. Several changes occur in the body during this transition from change of body shape to hormonal fluctuations, from social status to psychological and neurological alterations. The present study thus explored the pre and post menopausal changes in the anthropometric indicators and its significance level. Methodology: A survey based cross sectional study was carried out. Total 190 female aged 40-60, were randomly selected from the district Hyderabad. Results: age, weight, BMI and WC (in rural, urban and accumulative) in post menopausal women are significantly less (p=0.0001, p=0.01, p=0.004 and p=0.01 respectively) than those who were having normal menstrual cycles. Waist to height ratio (WHtR), height, Bicep and triceps measurements were not significantly different in the aforementioned groups. Conclusion: In a representative study of woman, the natural transition is strongly associated with decrease in BMI (Body Mass Index), WC (Waist circumference) and weight.

Early Hormonal Treatment Affects Body Composition and Body Shape in Young Transgender Adolescents

BackgroundTransgender adolescents aspiring to have the body characteristics of the affirmed sex can receive hormonal treatment. However, it is unknown how body shape and composition develop during treatment and whether transgender persons obtain the desired body phenotype. AimTo examine the change in body shape and composition from the start of treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) until 22 years of age and to compare these measurements at 22 years with those of age-matched peers. Methods71 transwomen (birth-assigned boys) and 121 transmen (birth-assigned girls) who started treatment from 1998 through 2014 were included in this retrospective study. GnRHa treatment was started and cross-sex hormonal treatment was added at 16 years of age. Anthropometric and whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry data were retrieved from medical records. Linear mixed model regression was performed to examine changes over time. SD scores (SDS) were calculated to compare body shape and composition with those of age-matched peers. OutcomesChange in waist-hip ratio (WHR), total body fat (TBF), and total lean body mass (LBM) during hormonal treatment. SDS of measures of body shape and composition compared with age-matched peers at 22 years of age. ResultsIn transwomen, TBF increased (+10%, 95% CI = 7–11) while total LBM (−10%, 95% CI = −11 to −7) and WHR (−0.04, 95% CI = −0.05 to −0.02) decreased. Compared with ciswomen, SDS at 22 years of age were +0.3 (95% CI = 0.0–0.5) for WHR, and 0.0 (95% CI = −0.2 to 0.3) for TBF. Compared with cismen, SDS were −1.0 (95% CI = −1.3 to −0.7) for WHR, and +2.2 (95% CI = 2.2–2.4) for TBF. In transmen, TBF decreased (−3%, 95% CI = −4 to −1), while LBM (+3%, 95% CI = 1–4) and WHR (+0.03, 95% CI = 0.01–0.04) increased. Compared with ciswomen, SDS at 22 years of age were +0.6 (95% CI = 0.4–0.8) for WHR, and −1.1 (95% CI = −1.4 to −0.9) for TBF. Compared with cismen, SDS were −0.5 (95% CI = −0.8 to −0.3) for WHR, and +1.8 (95% CI = 1.6–1.9) for TBF. Clinical ImplicationsKnowing body shape and composition outcomes at 22 years of age will help care providers in counseling transgender youth on expectations of attaining the desired body phenotype. Strengths and LimitationsThis study presents the largest group of transgender adults to date who started treatment in their teens. Despite missing data, selection bias was not found. ConclusionsDuring treatment, WHR and body composition changed toward the affirmed sex. At 22 years of age, transwomen compared better to age-matched ciswomen than to cismen, whereas transmen were between reference values for ciswomen and cismen.Klaver M, de Mutsert R, Wiepjes CM, et al. Early Hormonal Treatment Affects Body Composition and Body Shape in Young Transgender Adolescents. J Sex Med 2018;15:251–260.