Changes In Body Fat Research Articles

Association between weight and body composition changes with falls risk in the Malaysian Elders Longitudinal Research (MELoR) study

ObjectiveBoth changes in body composition and increased fall risk occur with increasing age. While weight management may be considered a component of falls prevention, the long-term consequences of changes in...

The dynamic increment of epicardial adipose tissue is associated with reverse remodeling after guideline-directed medical treatment in dilated cardiomyopathy patients

Abstract Background/Introduction Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) accumulation is associated with adverse prognosis in patients with HFpEF and a better prognosis in HFrEF patients. Whether EAT is playing a protective role in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients have been described sparingly. Purpose Aim to explore whether the epicardial fat would change along with the dynamic changes in cardiac function and volumes after receiving guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) in patients with DCM. Methods We prospectively enrolled 232 DCM patients who underwent complete baseline and follow-up Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) examinations. The measurement of the epicardial fat composition includes epicardial fat thickness, paracardial fat thickness, and paracardial fat volume, while the measurement of body fat composition includes subcutaneous and visceral abdominal fat, while We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression to evaluate the association between different body and cardiac fat depots with the changes in bi-ventricular structure (delta indexed EDV) and function (delta EF). Results The study included 232 patients (mean age 46.1±14.1 years, 157 (67.7%) males). After GDMT, we found that the visceral fat thickness and EAT (thickness and volume) tend to significantly increase. The increase in the (left ventricular reverse remodeling) LVRR group was significantly higher compared with the non-LVRR group. Independently with the changes of BMI and body fat depots, the increment of EAT was associated with the improvement in bi-ventricular function and volumes (significantly positively correlated with the improvement of LVEF (r = 0.499, p < 0.001), and RVEF (r = 0.482, p < 0.001), negatively correlated with delta LVEDVi (r = -0.407, p < 0.001), delta RVEDVi (r = -0.305, p < 0.001)). Conclusions After GDMT, the increment of EAT was positively correlated with the improvement of bi-ventricular structure and function, independent of the changes in BMI and body fat depots.Graphic Abstract

Body fat or muscle underneath body mass index in heart failure patients: characteristics and prognostic values

Abstract Background Body Mass Index (BMI) has been recognized as a prognosticator for heart failure (HF) in that higher BMI relates to lower mortality. However, limited data are available whether body composition underneath BMI would further differentiate patients with a better or worse outcome, especially in those with lower or normal BMI. Purpose To investigate the characteristics of body fat and body muscle in HF patient groups with different BMI, and their impact on prognosis. Methods Between July 2021 and July 2022, hospitalized HF patients who were suitable for the examination underwent body composition analysis by using bioelectrical analyses (BIA) in the stable state after decongestion therapy and before discharge. Percentage of body fat (PBF) and percentage of body muscle (PBM) were calculated by dividing the mass of body fat, or body muscle, respectively. Patients were divided into underweight (<18.5kg/m2), normal weight (20-24.9 kg/m2), overweight/obese (≥25kg/m2) based on BMI, who were followed for 180 days for all-cause death. Results 127 consecutive patients with obtained data were finally enrolled (60±15 years, 70% males), including 20 (15.75%) underweight, 75 (59.06%) normal weight, and 32 (25.19%) overweight/obese. As shown in Table 1, As shown in Table 1, the body fat mass and muscle mass varied with BMI, though they showed a different rate of change. Compared with patients with normal weight, the fat and muscle mass in those overweight/obese was 81.8% and 12.4% higher; whereas it was 39.2%, and 23.1% lower in those underweight, respectively. As results, the overweight/obesity group had a higher PBF, but a lower percentage of PBM. Consequently, the overweight/obesity group had a higher PBF, a lower PBM and a decreased muscle mass/fat mass ratio (MFR); conversely, the underweight group had a lower PBF, a higher PBM and an increased MFR. During 180-day follow-up, 17 (13.4%) died for all cause. By Cox regression analysis, MFR independently predict all-cause death (HR, 1.273, 95% CI: 1.056-1.534, p=0.011) after adjusted for age, BMI, ejection fraction and NT-proBNP. Of note, in patients with normal weight, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis suggested the capability of MFR (AUC=0.780, p=0.003) as well as its superiority over BMI in association with all-cause mortality (Figure 1). Conclusions The change of body fat or muscle mass with BMI displayed a different rate in HF patients, so that the MFR was higher in underweight but lower in overweight/obese when compared to normal weight group. Apart from BMI, MFR emerged as a predictor of mortality, in particular in patients with normal weight.

Effects of Sulfonylureas and Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors on Percentage Body Fat Change in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients on Metformin at 4 and 12 Weeks.

Introduction Anti-diabetic drugs used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a unique effect on the body weight and fat distribution of a patient. This study aimed to find out the change inpercentage body fat and body composition with the addition of sulfonylureas or dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors to metformin monotherapy. Methods An observational 12-week follow-up study was conducted with a sample size of 52 patients. All patients enrolled in the study were evaluated forbaseline percentage body fat and body composition parameters including total body weight, total body water, and skeletal muscle mass using the ACCUNIQ BC300, added on to either sulfonylureas or DPP-4 inhibitors over a stable dose of metformin; repeat assessment performed at 4 weeks and 12 weeks, and change in values was noted. Results Of the 52 patients, 28 patients were on sulfonylureas and 24 were on DPP-4 inhibitors. In the sulfonylurea group, there was an increase in percentage body fat from 31.97 ± 8.77% at baseline to 32.65 ± 8.94% at 12 weeks (p = 0.041), while in the DPP-4 inhibitor group, there was a decrease in percentage body fat from 31.87 ± 7.41% at baseline to 31.24 ± 8.5% at 12 weeks (p = 0.102). In the sulfonylurea group, there was a decrease in body weight from 67.25 ± 14.79 kilograms (kg) at baseline to 66.97 ± 14.62 kg at 12 weeks (p = 0.429). In the DPP-4 inhibitor group, there was a decrease in body weight from 66.56 ± 10.82 kg at baseline to 65.76 ± 12.56 kg at 12 weeks (p = 0.079). In the sulfonylureagroup, total body water decreased from32.54 ±6.65 L at baseline to 32.06 ±6.51 L at 12 weeks (p = 0.084), while in the DPP-4 inhibitor group, the total body water decreased from 32.46 ±5.39 L at baseline to 32.18 ±5.48 L at 12 weeks (p = 0.741).Skeletal muscle mass decreased from 24.78 ±5.12 kgto 24.4 ±5.04 kg (p = 0.041) in the sulfonylurea group and from 24.74 ±4.2 kgto 24.53 ±4.25 kg(p = 0.666) in the DPP-4 inhibitor group. Conclusion Our study shows that sulfonylureas are associated with an increase in percentage body fat, while there were no significant changes associated with DPP-4 inhibitors when given in addition to metformin. There are no significant changes in body weight associated with sulfonylureas or DPP-4 inhibitors in addition to metformin. Also, sulfonylureas are associated with a decrease in skeletal muscle mass after 12 weeks.

Percent Body Fat and Weight Status of Youth Participating in Pediatric Weight Management Programs in the Pediatric Obesity Weight Evaluation Registry.

Factors associated with change in percent body fat (%BF) of children in pediatric weight management (PWM) care may differ from those associated with change in weight status. Objective: To describe %BF and weight status at initial visits to 14 PWM sites, identify differences by sex, and evaluate factors associated with change over 6 months. Methods: Initial visits of 2496 males and 2821 females aged 5-18 years were evaluated. %BF was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results: Sex-specific logistic regressions [806 males (32.3%), 837 females (29.7%)] identified associations with primary outcomes: lower %BF and metabolically impactful ≥5-point drop in percent of the 95th BMI percentile (%BMIp95) over 6 months. At the initial visit, males had lower %BF and higher %BMIp95 than females. Over 6 months, males had significantly (p < 0.001) greater median drop in %BF (-1.4% vs. -0.4%) and %BMIp95 (-3.0% vs. -1.9%) and a higher frequency of decreased %BF (68.9% vs. 57.8%), but similar percentage with ≥5-point %BMIp95 drop (36.5% vs. 32.4%; p = 0.080). For males, factors significantly associated with decreased %BF (older age, ≥6 visits, lack of developmental or depression/anxiety concerns) were not related to having a ≥5-point %BMIp95 drop. For females, lack of depression/anxiety concern was significantly associated with decreased %BF but was not associated with ≥5-point %BMIp95 drop. Conclusions: There are differences by sex in initial visit %BF and %BMIp95 and in characteristics associated with changes in these measures. PWM interventions should consider evaluating body composition and sex-stratifying outcomes.

A systematic review of physical activity and nutritional interventions for the management of normal weight and overweight obesity

AimsNormal Weight Obesity (NWO) and Overweight Obesity (OWO) are prevalent conditions, yet knowledge of management is limited. This review aims to assess the effectiveness of physical activity and nutritional interventions in the management of NWO and OWO (together defined as BMI <30 kg/m2 with raised body fat). Data synthesisClinical trials including any physical activity or nutritional interventions, published between 2012 and 2022, evaluating body fat change were selected. Seven trials met inclusion criteria, including one single arm intervention, and six RCTs. A high intensity interval training intervention (high risk of bias) had the largest effect on reducing percentage body fat (MD: −6.8%, SE: 0.06). High protein intake interventions were also found to be effective (MD: −2.8%, SE: 0.27, MD: −2.0%, SE: 0.05). These three interventions led to greater increases in fat free mass. Two energy restricted interventions resulted in the highest mean weight loss (MD: −3.10 kg, SD: 0.87 (intervention only), MD: −2.90 kg, SE: 0.06), but also loss of fat free mass, resulting in low reductions in percentage body fat (MD: −1.10%, SD: 0.57 (intervention only), MD: −0.8%, SE 0.30). There was considerable heterogeneity between studies. ConclusionsThere are physical activity and nutritional interventions that could be efficacious for the management of NWO and OWO. However, there was considerable heterogeneity between studies. The most promising nutritional intervention is high protein intake and the least is energy restriction (without increased protein intake). More high-quality trials are needed to evaluate interventions, and to determine the best tools to measure adiposity.

The Influence of Body Fat Dynamics on Pulmonary Immune Responses in Murine Tuberculosis: Unraveling Sex-Specific Insights.

The World Health Organization (WHO) highlights a greater susceptibility of males to tuberculosis (TB), a vulnerability attributed to sex-specific variations in body fat and dietary factors. Our study delves into the unexplored terrain of how alterations in body fat influence Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) burden, lung pathology, immune responses, and gene expression, with a focus on sex-specific dynamics. Utilizing a low-dose Mtb-HN878 clinical strain infection model, we employ transgenic FAT-ATTAC mice with modulable body fat to explore the impact of fat loss (via fat ablation) and fat gain (via a medium-fat diet, MFD). Firstly, our investigation unveils that Mtb infection triggers severe pulmonary pathology in males, marked by shifts in metabolic signaling involving heightened lipid hydrolysis and proinflammatory signaling driven by IL-6 and localized pro-inflammatory CD8+ cells. This stands in stark contrast to females on a control regular diet (RD). Secondly, our findings indicate that both fat loss and fat gain in males lead to significantly elevated (1.6-fold (p ≤ 0.01) and 1.7-fold (p ≤ 0.001), respectively) Mtb burden in the lungs compared to females during Mtb infection (where fat loss and gain did not alter Mtb load in the lungs). This upsurge is associated with impaired lung lipid metabolism and intensified mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation-regulated activity in lung CD8+ cells during Mtb infection. Additionally, our research brings to light that females exhibit a more robust systemic IFNγ (p ≤ 0.001) response than males during Mtb infection. This heightened response may either prevent active disease or contribute to latency in females during Mtb infection. In summary, our comprehensive analysis of the interplay between body fat changes and sex bias in Mtb infection reveals that alterations in body fat critically impact pulmonary pathology in males. Specifically, these changes significantly reduce the levels of pulmonary CD8+ T-cells and increase the Mtb burden in the lungs compared to females. The reduction in CD8+ cells in males is linked to an increase in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and a decrease in TNFα, which are essential for CD8+ cell activation.

The Impact of Parental Involvement in the Prevention and Management of Obesity in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Obesity in children is a critical public health issue in developed countries and developing countries. The establishment of health-related behaviors in childhood, significantly influenced by parental involvement, underscores the need for effective intervention measures. This original research is a systematic review and meta-analysis that aimed to investigate the impact of parental involvement on the prevention and management of childhood obesity, focusing on outcomes such as BMI z-score, exercise levels, screen time, dietary self-efficacy, and percentage body fat. Adhering to the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) identified through comprehensive searches of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, including RCTs involving children aged 2-18 years with parental or caregiver participation, reporting on the specified outcomes. Data analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3, employing a random effects model. A total of 5573 participants were included. The meta-analysis revealed a significant reduction in BMI z-score (MD = -0.06, 95% CI: -0.09 to -0.02, p = 0.005, I2 = 58%), a non-significant increase in exercise levels (SMD = 0.26, 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.52, p = 0.05, I2 = 52%), and a significant reduction in screen time (MD = -0.36 h per day, 95% CI: -0.61 to -0.11, p = 0.005, I2 = 0%). Dietary self-efficacy also improved significantly (MD = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.12 to 1.05, p = 0.01, I2 = 0%). However, changes in percentage body fat did not reach statistical significance (MD = -1.19%, 95% CI: -2.8% to 0.41%, p = 0.15, I2 = 0%). Parental involvement in childhood obesity interventions significantly impacts BMI z-score, exercise levels, screen time, and dietary self-efficacy but not percentage body fat. These findings highlight the importance of engaging parents in obesity prevention and management strategies.

Secular trends and determinants of ad libitum energy intake measured in a research setting from 1999-2020.

Historically, secular and seasonal trend analyses have been examined using self-report measures of intake. Rarely are objective measures and known determinants of dietary intake used in these analyses. Our objective was to quantify the seasonal and secular differences in an objective ad libitum intake paradigm while considering the contribution of determinants, such as fat-free mass (FFM) index and spontaneous physical activity (SPA) limited to the restricted space of a whole-room calorimeter. For this study, recruitment of N = 292 healthy, diabetes free, adults occurred from 1999 to 2020. Assessment during their 10-day stay included body composition (by DXA), SPA (by an approximately 24-h stay in whole-room calorimetry), and ad libitum intake (by a vending machine for 3 days). This secondary analysis used general linear models (GLM) to investigate secular and seasonal differences while adjusting for sex, age, FFM index, FM (fat mass) index, SPA, and race/ethnicity. FFM index and SPA were positively associated with all intake measures (p < 0.05). In all adjusted seasonal models, season did not affect intake. Adjusted secular trends models (kcals/year) demonstrated a decrease in total kcals (β = -55), intake as percent weight maintaining energy needs (β = -2), protein kcals (β = -10), fat kcals (β = -27), and carbohydrates kcals (β = -22) (all p < 0.05). After further adjustment for SPA, significance remained in all intake measures (p < 0.05). Secular trends in body composition revealed no changes in weight, BMI, and percent body fat (all p > 0.20). Our results indicate that over time, ad libitum intake decreased in this controlled research setting and remained significant even after accounting for positive determinants of intake. A significant ad libitum decrease, coupled with no change in body composition, may highlight a participant bias toward calorie restriction in a controlled setting over time and deserves further investigation.

Variance as a predictor of health outcomes: Subject-level trajectories and variability of sex hormones to predict body fat changes in peri- and postmenopausal women

Variance as a predictor of health outcomes: Subject-level trajectories and variability of sex hormones to predict body fat changes in peri- and postmenopausal women

정상 체중 비만 성인의 체지방 감량을 위한 한약 처방의 활용: 후향적 차트 리뷰

Objectives Normal weight obesity (NWO) is defined as a normal body weight according to Body Mass Index (BMI) but with a high body fat percentage. NWO is associated with metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular risk factors, thereby emphasizing the importance of body fat loss. The objective of this study is to evaluate changes in weight and body fat with NWO who were prescribed Korean herbal medicine. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted for subjects with NWO, within the normal weight range but with over 30% body fat percentage. These subjects were prescribed herbal medicine for a 12-week between March 2021 and May 2023. Weight (kg), body fat mass (kg), body fat percentage (%) and % Fat Free Mass (FFM) loss/weight loss (%FFML) were assessed before and after the period. Reported adverse events were evaluated for severity, causality, and system-organ classes. Results A total of 42 subjects were included (mean±SD, weight 57.38±3.45 kg, body fat percentage 33.65±2.12%). The average weight loss rate was 6.99±3.22% with a reduction of 4.08±1.95 kg, while the body fat loss rate averaged 18.00± 0.08% with a decrease of 3.54±1.73 kg. The average of %FFML was 21.89±0.16%. Most adverse events reported were mild (90.9%) in severity, and the likelihood of events being 'Unlikely' increased from 48.8% to 64.3% as the program progressed. Conclusions The administration of Korean herbal medicine can be considered an appropriate method to alleviate normal weight obesity, without causing serious adverse reactions. Further well-designed controlled trials and clinical studies with the analysis of hematological indicators are needed to validate its efficacy.

Body fat and circulating leptin levels in the captive short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus)

It is possible that the reproductive strategy of the short-beaked echidna is related to seasonal changes in fat deposition and energy availability, regulated by seasonal changes in endocrine function. We predicted that circulating leptin levels would be directly proportional to adiposity during most of the year, but that a change in this relationship would occur during the pre-breeding season to allow increased fat deposition. To test this hypothesis, we made use of a captive colony of echidnas to describe and quantify changes in fat distribution and the adipostatic hormone leptin. First we assessed seasonal changes in circulating leptin levels, body mass and adiposity for three male and three female adult echidnas maintained on a standard diet. Second, we explored the relationship between circulating leptin levels and increased caloric intake for an additional five adult female echidnas that were provided with supplemented nutrition. Third we visualised fat distribution in male and female adult echidnas using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and after the breeding season, to determine where fat is deposited in this species. For echidnas maintained on the standard diet, there were no seasonal changes in body mass, body fat or plasma leptin levels. However, female echidnas provided with supplemented nutrition had significantly elevated plasma leptin levels during the breeding season, compared to the pre-and post- breeding periods. MRI showed substantial subcutaneous fat depots extending dorso-laterally from the base of the skull to the base of the tail, in both sexes. Pre-breeding season, both sexes had considerable fat deposition in the pelvic/rump region, whilst the female echidna accumulated most fat in the abdominal region. This study shows that male and female echidnas accumulate body fat in the pelvic/rump and the abdominal regions, respectively and that circulating leptin may promote fattening in female echidnas during the breeding season by means of leptin resistance. However, further research is required to evaluate the precise relationship between seasonal changes in leptin and adiposity.

Quarterly Percentual Change in Height, Weight, Body Fat and Muscle Mass in Young Football Players of Different Categories

Quarterly Percentual Change in Height, Weight, Body Fat and Muscle Mass in Young Football Players of Different Categories

Changes in Dynamic Balance Ability Among Firefighter Recruits: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Cornell, DJ, Gnacinski, SL, and Ebersole, KT. Changes in dynamic balance ability among firefighter recruits: A longitudinal cohort study. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): 734-741, 2024-It has been suggested that enhanced balance ability may mitigate the high musculoskeletal injury (MSKI) rate among firefighters, but the longitudinal changes in dynamic balance ability within this tactical athlete population have yet to be characterized. The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in dynamic balance ability of a cohort population of firefighter recruits completing a training academy and their probationary period as active-duty firefighters. Twenty-seven male firefighter recruits completed the modified Star Excursion Balance Test (mSEBT) at the beginning (W1) and at the end of their training academy (W14) and after completing their probationary period as active-duty firefighters (W38). After controlling for age and changes in body fat (BF) over time, significant changes in mSEBTANT ( p < 0.001), mSEBTPL ( p = 0.015), mSEBTPM ( p < 0.001), and mSEBTCOMP ( p = 0.003) were observed across time. Although mSEBTPL performance significantly increased ( p = 0.033) in from W1 to W14, significant decreases in all mSEBT reach directions were observed from W14 to W38 ( p < 0.05), with mSEBTANT ( p < 0.001) and mSEBTCOMP ( p = 0.002) also significantly decreasing from W1 to W38. However, the frequency of right vs. left asymmetries (>4 cm) did not significantly change over time in any mSEBT reach direction ( p > 0.05). Irrespective of age or changes in BF, minimal changes in the dynamic balance ability of firefighter recruits were observed during their training academy, but significant decreases in balance ability were noted by the end of their probationary period.

Assessment of Changes in Body Composition After 3 Months of Dulaglutide Treatment.

Changes in body composition accompanied by glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) induced weight loss have drawn much attention. However, fewer studies have reported body composition changes in patients receiving dulaglutide therapy in Chinese population. A total of 70 overweight/obese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients who received dulaglutide therapy were included. Clinical data were collected. Visceral fat area (VFA) and body composition were also measured. Changes in clinical indicators and body composition of patients before and after intervention were also analyzed. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression model were used to evaluate the association between hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) and body composition. The results showed that body weight (BW), VFA, body fat (BF), lean body mass (LBM), skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and water content were reduced after 3 months dulaglutide intervention. The lean body mass percentage (LBMP) and skeletal muscle mass percentage (SMMP) significantly increased. Moreover, there was no significant difference in bone mineral quality (BMQ) after the intervention. The multiple linear regression model revealed that the % change in BF was independently associated with % change in HbA1c (β = 0.449, t = 3.148, p=0.002). These results indicate that dulaglutide intervention does not cause muscle and bone mass loss while inducing weight loss, and % change in BF was independently associated with improved glucose control during dulaglutide therapy. This study offers some positive results to support the clinical application of dulaglutide.

Association between body fat decrease during the first year after diagnosis and the prognosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: CT-based body composition analysis

BackgroundThe prognostic role of changes in body fat in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remains underexplored. We investigated the association between changes in body fat during the first year post-diagnosis and outcomes in patients with IPF.MethodsThis single-center, retrospective study included IPF patients with chest CT scan and pulmonary function test (PFT) at diagnosis and a one-year follow-up between January 2010 and December 2020. The fat area (cm2, sum of subcutaneous and visceral fat) and muscle area (cm2) at the T12-L1 level were obtained from chest CT images using a fully automatic deep learning-based software. Changes in the body composition were dichotomized using thresholds dividing the lowest quartile and others, respectively (fat area: -52.3 cm2, muscle area: -7.4 cm2). Multivariable Cox regression analyses adjusted for PFT result and IPF extent on CT images and the log-rank test were performed to assess the association between the fat area change during the first year post-diagnosis and the composite outcome of death or lung transplantation.ResultsIn total, 307 IPF patients (69.3 ± 8.1 years; 238 men) were included. During the first year post-diagnosis, fat area, muscle area, and body mass index (BMI) changed by -15.4 cm2, -1 cm2, and − 0.4 kg/m2, respectively. During a median follow-up of 47 months, 146 patients had the composite outcome (47.6%). In Cox regression analyses, a change in the fat area < -52.3 cm2 was associated with composite outcome incidence in models adjusted with baseline clinical variables (hazard ratio [HR], 1.566, P = .022; HR, 1.503, P = .036 in a model including gender, age, and physiology [GAP] index). This prognostic value was consistent when adjusted with one-year changes in clinical variables (HR, 1.495; P = .030). However, the change in BMI during the first year was not a significant prognostic factor (P = .941). Patients with a change in fat area exceeding this threshold experienced the composite outcome more frequently than their counterparts (58.4% vs. 43.9%; P = .007).ConclusionA ≥ 52.3 cm2 decrease in fat area, automatically measured using deep learning technique, at T12-L1 in one year post-diagnosis was an independent poor prognostic factor in IPF patients.

Effect of a prepartum and postpartum, complex interdisciplinary lifestyle and psychosocial intervention on metabolic and mental health outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (the MySweetheart trial): randomised, single centred, blinded, controlled trial

ObjectiveTo test the effect of a complex, interdisciplinary, lifestyle and psychosocial intervention on metabolic and mental health outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and in the post...

Body composition changes during breast cancer preventive treatment with anastrozole: Findings from the IBIS-II trial

BackgroundUptake to anastrozole for breast cancer prevention is low, partly due to women’s concerns about side effects including gains in weight and specifically gains in body fat. Previous evidence does not link anastrozole with gains in weight, but there is a lack of data on any effects on body composition i.e. changes in fat and fat free mass. Here we assess association of anastrozole with body composition changes in a prospective sub-study from the second international breast intervention trial (IBIS-II). MethodsParticipants had DXA scans at baseline and for five years of anastrozole/placebo and beyond (between March 2004 and September 2017. Primary outcomes were changes in body weight, body fat and fat free mass at 9–18 months. A linear model was used to estimate the size of a differential effect in these outcomes by randomised treatment allocation adjusted for baseline value and time since last scan, age, 10-year breast cancer risk, smoking and HRT status. Results203 postmenopausal women were recruited (n = 95 anastrozole, n = 108 placebo), mean age 58 years (SD = 5.4), BMI 28.0 kg/m2 (SD = 5.5). There was no evidence of a strong association between anastrozole or placebo and endpoints at 9–18 months; effect size (95 %CI) for anastrozole minus placebo for body weight (per/kg) −0.11 (−1.29–1.08); body fat 0.11 (−0.75–0.96) and fat free mass −0.30 (−0.79–0.19). ConclusionsThere is unlikely to be a clinically significant change to body composition with anastrozole for breast cancer prevention.

The effect of regular running on body weight and fat tissue of individuals aged 18 to 65

BackgroundAge and reduction in performed physical activity cause physiological changes that include an increase in body fat (BF) and visceral fat (VF) during aging. These parameters, together with increased body mass (BM), are some of the risk factors of several noninfectious diseases. However, changes in body composition can be influenced by regular physical activity. Running is a suitable, accessible, and the most effective physical activity cultivating people. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of long-term, regular PA, specifically recreational running, on changes in body composition among recreational adult runners covering a weekly distance of at least 10 km, compared with inactive adult individuals within the same age bracket.MethodsThe study included 1296 runners and inactive individuals (691 male and 605 female), divided into 5 age groups: 18–25, 26–35, 36–45, 46–55, and 56–65 years. Runners are as follows: ran ≥ 10 km/week, and inactive is as follows: did not follow the WHO 2020 physical activity recommendations. The measured parameters included BM, BF, and VF. To check statistical significance, the Mann–Whitney U-test was used. Practical significance was assessed using the effect of size.ResultsAll age groups of runners were selected to include individuals who run at least 10 km per week. In fact, they ran, on average, from 21.6 to 31.4 km per week in relation to age and showed significantly lower values of BM, BMI, BF, and VF (p < 0.05) than inactive individuals. Exceptions included insignificant differences (p > 0.05) in BM and BMI in males in the age category of 18–25 and in females in the age category of 18–25 and 26–35.ConclusionThe selected runners had to run at least 10 km per week. Their actual average volume was significantly higher (from 21.6 to 31.4 km/week), and the results showed that it could lead to significantly better body composition values. It may lead to significant changes in body mass, body fat, and visceral fat. It may meet the contemporary societal expectations for physical activities that are both achievable and effective at the lowest possible volume.

Associations between Power Training-Induced Changes in Body Composition and Physical Function in Older Men: A Pre-Test-Post-Test Experimental Study.

It is well-established that cross-sectional measurements of poor body composition are associated with impaired physical function and that power training effectively enhances total lean mass and physical function in older adults. However, it is unclear if power training-induced changes in body composition are associated with improved physical function in older adults. The present study investigated associations between body composition and physical function cross-sectionally and with power training-induced changes in older men. Forty-nine older men (68 ± 5 yrs) completed a 10-week biweekly power training intervention. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Physical function was assessed as a composite Z-score combining measures from Sit-to-stand power, Timed up-and-go time, and loaded and unloaded Stair-climbing time (15 steps). Linear and quadratic regression analyses were performed to assess associations between body composition and physical function. At baseline, total (R2 = 0.11, p < 0.05) and percentage body fat (R2 = 0.15, p < 0.05) showed a non-linear relationship with physical function. The apex of the quadratic regression for body composition was 21.5% body fat. Furthermore, there was a non-linear relationship between changes in body fat percentage and physical function from pre- to post-intervention (R2 = 0.15, p < 0.05). The present study's findings indicate that participants with a body composition of ~20% body fat displayed the highest level of physical function at baseline. Furthermore, despite small pre-post changes in body fat, the results indicate that those who either preserved their body fat percentage or experienced minor alterations observed the greatest improvements in physical function.