Changes In Beliefs Research Articles

Personalized assessment of eating disorder cognitions during treatment: A new measure of cognitive pathology change

ObjectiveModifying cognitive distortions, or thinking errors, is crucial in eating disorders (ED) treatment. To address the lack of a personalized measure for ED cognitions, the Thought Inventory was developed. The study aimed to establish its feasibility and validity, identify thinking error contents and types, examine changes in belief of irrational thoughts, and investigate associations with change in ED symptoms. Hypotheses, procedure, and planned analyses were pre-registered to ensure transparency. MethodsParticipants (N = 55) completed the Thought Inventory, the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, the Eating Pathology Symptom Inventory, the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire at pre-and post-ten weeks of treatment. Using the Thought Inventory, participants collaborated with study therapists to identify ED-related thinking errors and rate the degree of belief in these thoughts on a scale of 0 to 100 %. ResultsCognitions primarily contained self-judgments, food rules, and concern over shape, while catastrophizing/fortune telling, emotional reasoning, and should/must statements were the most common types of thinking errors. Belief in cognitions significantly decreased over treatment and change in thought belief was positively associated with change in ED symptoms. ConclusionThe Thought Inventory shows promise as a personalized measure. Future research should explore whether ED cognitions, assessed in this manner, are a mechanism of change in ED treatment.

성장마인드셋이 자기효능감에 영향을 미침에 있어서 그릿의 매개효과: 중국 하이난성 무용전공 대학생을 대상으로

Objectives The purpose of this study is to reveal the structural relationship among growth mindset, self-efficacy, and grit to increase self-efficacy of university students majoring in dance, and to verify the mediating effect of grit in the effect of growth mindset on self-efficacy. Methods The subjects of this study are 239 university students majoring in dance at Q Normal University in Hainan of China, and reliability, average differences, correlations, and regression analysis are conducted using the SPSS 25.0 program. And to find out the mediating effect of grit between the growth mindset and self-efficacy, simple regression analysis of grit according to the growth mindset is performed, simple regression analysis of self-efficacy according to the growth mindset, and multiple regression analysis of self-efficacy according to the growth mindset and grit is performed. Results There is a positive(+) correlation between the growth mindset, grit, and self-efficacy. The effect of intelligence change beliefs and personality change beliefs, which are sub-variables of the growth mindset, on self-efficacy explains 58% of the total variance of self-efficacy. As a result of analyzing the effect of grit on self-efficacy, grit explains 50% of the total variance of self-efficacy. Predictors of 'sub-variables of the growth mindset' and grit explain 68% of the total variance of self-efficacy. The effect of intelligence change beliefs and personality change beliefs, which are sub-variables of the growth mindset, on grit is analyzed, and the growth mindset explains 36% of the total variance of grit. There is a partial mediating effect by grit in influence of growth mindset on self-efficacy of university students majoring in dance. Conclusions In this study, it is confirmed that the growth mindset and grit is a causal variable that increases self-efficacy, and the grit partially mediates the positive effect of the growth mindset on self-efficacy. Therefore, in order to cultivate the self-efficacy of university students, it is necessary to promote the growth mindset and grit. On the other hand, each variable of social support and self-expression will affect the self-efficacy of university students majoring in dance. And so, it will be necessary to conduct a study on the self-efficacy of university students majoring in dance according to the variables of social support and self-expression in future studies.

Decolonialisation of education: the pre-service teacher turn

ABSTRACT Utilising the critically conscious teacher preparation framework and social constructivism, this qualitative case study conducted in 2021 set out to explore how pre-service teachers make the turn towards decolonialisation of education. The research site was a large South African contact-based, research-intensive university situated in the Gauteng province. Data comprised a mix of an online survey and semi-structured interviews. Forty-one pre-service teachers responded to the survey. Twelve pre-service teachers were interviewed. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Findings reveal that pre-service teachers held divergent and nuanced conceptions of decolonialisation of education which seeped into their practice. Pre-service teachers are constituted of multiple identities. Changes in beliefs, values, attitudes and mindsets are prerequisites for meaningful educational change. A glimmer of hope surfaced from the few pre-service teachers who ‘turned towards’ becoming transformative intellectuals and agents of change as they navigated through the road less travelled: the inclusive agentic route.

Belief in divine (versus human) control of earth affects perceived threat of climate change

Religious characteristics are predictive of Americans’ skepticism toward climate-related science and policy. Though attributable to a variety of interrelated factors, we propose specific religious beliefs help explain the dynamic in part. Specifically, we theorize that belief in divine (versus human) control over Earth’s climate likely engenders skepticism toward scientific claims that human behavior is leading Earth toward environmental crisis. Regression analyses with national survey data (N = 5321) demonstrate that believing “God would not allow humans to destroy the Earth” is associated with lower concern about climate change. Next, a pre-registered survey experiment (N = 3345) finds that manipulating belief in God’s—vis-à-vis humans’—control of Earth’s climate reduced the perceived severity of climate change and need for policy intervention. Our manipulation also reduced demand for climate-related information from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association. These results establish an important causal link between a religious belief and climate change attitudes in the U.S. public.

Effect of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia on sleep quality among college students: the role of hyperarousal and dysfunctional beliefs

ABSTRACT Background Although cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is an effective treatment for sleep disorders, little is known about the role of hyperarousal (especially trait arousal) in CBT-I interventions. Therefore, this study investigated the role of trait arousal in the maintenance of sleep problems using cross-sectional and longitudinal methods. Methods Study 1, 1209 Chinese university students (63.9% female) completed the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep (DBAS-16), Pre-sleep Arousal Scale (PSAS), Arousal Predisposition Scale (APS), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The study calculated the moderating role of trait arousal in the relationship between dysfunctional beliefs about sleep and sleep quality. In study two, 89 participants completed the questionnaire used in Study 1 during pre-and post-treatment. A within-subjects mediation analysis examined the indirect effects of dysfunctional beliefs about sleep pre-sleep arousal (cognitive and somatic) on sleep quality. A within-subjects moderation analysis was used to investigate whether baseline trait arousal moderated sleep quality. Results Cross-sectional findings indicated that pre-sleep cognitive arousal mediated the effects of dysfunctional beliefs about sleep on sleep quality and that trait arousal moderated the first half of the mediating pathway described above; longitudinal analyses indicated that changes in dysfunctional beliefs about sleep and pre-sleep cognitive arousal mediated changes in sleep quality, and that, in addition, trait arousal moderated changes in sleep quality. Conclusion Trait arousal correlates with the maintenance of sleep problems, and participants with higher trait arousal benefited less from CBT-I. Enhancement programs that incorporate mindfulness may be a direction for future research.

The Relationship Between 10-Year Changes in Cognitive Control Beliefs and Cognitive Performance in Middle and Later Adulthood.

The present study used a cross-lagged panel design with longitudinal data to test if there is a reciprocal relationship between cognitive control beliefs and cognition (e.g., executive functioning and episodic memory) over 10-years, whether frequency of engaging in stimulating cognitive activities mediated this relationship, and if these relationships varied by age. Data were collected as part of the second (M2, 2004-05) and third (M3, 2013-14) waves of the Midlife in the United States Study (MIDUS). The analysis sample included 2,532 participants with all variables at M2 and M3. Participants' ages ranged from 33 to 83 (M=54.92, SD=11.13) at M2. There was a reciprocal relationship between cognitive control beliefs and executive functioning. Higher executive functioning was related to greater maintenance of cognitive control beliefs for older, not younger, adults. Higher cognitive control beliefs were related to less decline in executive functioning. Though cognitive control beliefs predicted 10-year changes in episodic memory, the inverse relationship was not supported. Frequency of engaging in stimulating cognitive activities mediated the relationship between executive functioning and 10-year changes in cognitive control beliefs, but not cognitive control beliefs and 10-year changes in cognition. Cognitive control beliefs are a promising mechanism to help protect against age-related declines in both executive functioning and episodic memory. Moreover, executive functioning also impacts cognitive control beliefs. Specifically, those with higher executive functioning engage more frequently in stimulating cognitive activities, which helps maintain higher cognitive control beliefs.

Teachers' professional growth in teaching students’ social scientific reasoning

This exploratory study investigates how the use of subject-specific educative curriculum materials in a professional development program contributes to the professional growth of Dutch social science teachers in teaching social scientific reasoning. Teachers' professional growth (N = 10) was examined using pre- and post-interviews and questionnaires. The analysis focused on changes in teachers' knowledge, beliefs, and instructional practice. The results indicate that teachers developed a deeper understanding of the complexity, difficulty, and subject-specific nature of social scientific reasoning. The subject-specific educative curriculum materials served as a catalyst for teachers’ professional growth in teaching social scientific reasoning.

Assessing farmers’ intention to adopt drought insurance. A combined perspective from the extended theory of planned behavior and behavioral reasoning theory

Agriculture in Mediterranean climates, such as that of southern Spain, is highly vulnerable to climate change, and particularly to hydrological drought. Financial instruments such as weather index-based insurance have been developed in response to increasing climate risks. In previous studies of intention to adopt this type of insurance, little attention has been paid to farmers’ underlying psychological motivations related to their perceptions of climate change, reasons for or against insurance adoption, attitudes toward insurance, subjective norms, or perceived control over the instrument. To comprehensively address this gap, a combined exploratory model based on the theory of planned behavior and behavioral reasoning theory is proposed. Specifically, the aim of this research is to analyze the psychological factors that determine farmers' intention to adopt drought insurance. The conceptual model is tested on a sample of 146 farmers from an irrigated area in the lower Guadalquivir region of Andalusia. The data are analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Contrary to expectations, the results of the study suggest that belief in climate change does not significantly influence the reasons for or against insurance adoption, nor the attitudes toward or perceived control over it. The recommendations drawn from this study can contribute to the design of more effective policies and communication strategies that address farmers' psychological perceptions and motivations, thereby helping to boost the adoption of drought insurance.

Do policy instruments that restrict social identity expression increase economic cooperation?

Recent public and corporate policies restricting social identity expression, such as the face-covering restrictions in many European countries, presume that prominent signals of our social identity differences drive division even when inference about social identity is unaffected. Social identity theory predicts that limiting identity expression could positively or negatively affect how groups interact. We use an experiment to test whether a treatment that bans displaying an identity pin affects cooperation in public goods provision. Our subjects are U.K. residents who were in favor of leaving or remaining in the European Union. Each subject is simultaneously in two different yet economically identical environments that are distinguished only by the social identities of the group members. They play two simultaneous one-shot public goods games, one with others who share their identity (in-group public good), and one with a mixture of Leavers and Remainers (mixed-group public good). The political identities of all subjects and the structure of each group are known by everyone. Our treatments vary whether there exists a ban on displaying a Leaver/Remainer identity pin to others and whether Leavers or Remainers are the majority identity in the mixed groups. We find that banning pinning increases contributions to the mixed group when Leavers are the majority. These increases can be explained by changes in beliefs rather than the notion that shared group identity per se affects behavior. These setting- and identity-specific results suggest that policies designed to promote integration should be examined in the context in which they will be applied.

Group metacognitive therapy for children and adolescents with anxiety and depression: A preliminary trial and test of proposed mechanisms

Preliminary research supports the feasibility of metacognitive therapy (MCT) in children with generalized anxiety, but the effectiveness of MCT in treating children with other anxiety and depressive disorders largely remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects associated with MCT in targeting symptoms of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents and to investigate mechanisms proposed by the metacognitive model. Ninety-seven participants aged 10–17 years (M = 12.9 ± 1.9, 82.5 % females) with anxiety and depressive disorders received eight sessions of group MCT. Participants were diagnostically assessed at pre- and post-treatment and completed symptom and process measures before, during, and after treatment, and again at three- and six-month follow-up. Multilevel models were conducted to investigate treatment-related and mediation effects. Results showed large reductions in total symptoms following treatment (d = 1.28). These reductions were associated with, and temporally preceded by changes in cognitive attentional syndrome (CAS), metacognitive beliefs, and self-reported attention control, but not objective attention control. Treatment gains were maintained at six-month follow-up (d = 1.18). Our results indicate that MCT may be a promising treatment for children and adolescents with anxiety and depression and provide preliminary evidence of changes in CAS, metacognition, and perceived attention control as potential drivers of treatment effects.

ECHO OEM virtual community of learning for primary care.

Health issues caused and/or exacerbated by work are common in patients seeking primary health care. Yet, primary care providers generally receive little or no training in the assessment and management of occupational injuries and illnesses. To conduct a pilot project to develop, implement and evaluate a programme to teach occupational and environmental medicine to primary healthcare providers. We followed the Extensions for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) model to connect primary healthcare providers with experts in Occupational and Environmental Medicine (OEM). We employed an observational pre-post study design to assess changes in self-efficacy, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs towards OEM. From September 2021 to June 2022, we offered two cycles of 12 sessions each. Participants came from medicine, nursing, psychology, occupational and physical therapy, chiropractic, kinesiology, social work, and pharmacy. Sixty-seven participants completed both pre- and post-ECHO questionnaires. Self-efficacy and knowledge ratings significantly increased after attendance at ECHO compared to the pre-ECHO responses. Attitudes and beliefs were unchanged in most of the items assessed. Participants rated their satisfaction with ECHO between 59% and 97%. Our pilot study demonstrated the challenges in implementing the first ECHO OEM in Canada. Findings show acceptability and satisfaction, improved self-efficacy, and small increases in knowledge, but not overall attitudes and beliefs. There is a need to understand barriers to participation and to target participants with less knowledge and experience in occupational and environmental medicine.

Math motivational belief development during high school by race/ethnicity: Teachers and parents as predictors of changes.

The changes in adolescents' math motivational beliefs (i.e., expectancies for success, interest, and utility value) across Grades 9-11 and the associations between these changes and adolescents' experiences with socializers (i.e., perceived teacher unfairness and parent-adolescent discussions) were examined within each of the four largest racial/ethnic groups in the United States using the High School Longitudinal Study, a nationally representative data set (n = 19,010; 50% female; 9% Asian; 11% Black; 18% Latine; 62% White; Mage = 14.53 in Grade 9). Cross-tabulation analyses suggested that similar developmental trends emerged within each racial/ethnic group (which were tested separately). Many adolescents maintained their high or low expectancies, interest, and utility values across Grades 9-11. Some patterns varied by belief; for example, several adolescents switched from high to low interest by Grade 11, whereas several adolescents switched from low to high utility value. Parent-adolescent discussions predicted positive changes among Asian and Latine adolescents, whereas perceived teacher unfairness predicted negative changes among Black adolescents. The findings from the present study highlight the diverse developmental trends in adolescents' motivational beliefs and the potential role of socializers as sources of strength or challenge in their motivational belief development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Effects of system-sanctioned framing on climate awareness and environmental action in the United States and beyond

Despite growing scientific alarm about anthropogenic climate change, the world is not on track to solve the crisis. Inaction may be partially explained by skepticism about climate change and resistance to proenvironmental policies from people who are motivated to maintain the status quo (i.e., conservative-rightists). Therefore, practical interventions are needed. In the present research program, we tested an experimental manipulation derived from system justification theory in which proenvironmental initiatives were framed as patriotic and necessary to maintain the American “way of life.” In a large, nationally representative U.S. sample, we found that the system-sanctioned change intervention successfully increased liberal-leftists’ as well as conservative-rightists’ belief in climate change; support for proenvironmental policies; and willingness to share climate information on social media. Similar messages were effective in an aggregated analysis involving 63 countries, although the overall effect sizes were small. More granular exploratory analyses at the country level revealed that while the intervention was moderately successful in some countries (e.g., Brazil, France, Israel), it backfired in others (Germany, Belgium, Russia). Across the three outcome variables, the effects of the intervention were consistent and pronounced in the United States, in support of the hypothesis that system justification motivation can be harnessed on behalf of social change. Potential explanations for divergent country-level effects are discussed. The system-sanctioned change intervention holds considerable promise for policymakers and communicators seeking to increase climate awareness and action.

Understanding uncertainty shocks and the role of black swans

Uncertainty shocks can trigger business cycles, bank runs and asset price fluctuations. But how do those shocks translate into changes in beliefs and actions? What makes people suddenly become uncertain? This paper provides an explanation for subjective uncertainty shocks, estimated on real-time GDP data, that fits puzzling features of professional forecasts. The key ingredients are that agents do not know the true model governing the distribution of macroeconomic outcomes, but they believe that distribution to be potentially skewed. When agents estimate higher probabilities of extreme tail events, their uncertainty rises. Our estimates reveal that learning about probabilities of tail events – black swans – explains much of the fluctuations in subjective uncertainty.

Changes in essentialist beliefs about cognitive aging predicts changes in mental health: Evidence from a 10-year longitudinal study.

The belief that aging-related cognitive decline is inevitable is associated with impaired cognitive performance of older adults. Little is, however, known about the association between changes in essentialist beliefs about cognitive aging and mental health in the long term and among both younger and older adults. From a theoretical perspective, it would be expected that changes in essentialist beliefs about cognitive aging predict changes in mental health among older adults compared to younger adults. These differential associations have not yet been prospectively investigated. Using longitudinal data, the association between changes in essentialist beliefs about cognitive aging and mental health outcomes and the moderation effect of age were assessed. Mental health includes well-being and mental illness (depression, anxiety, and panic symptoms). Data from adult participants (n = 4,963 with a mean age of 55.41 years, range 28-84 years) in a U.S. national longitudinal study were analyzed. A series of two-wave latent change score models indicated that changes in essentialist beliefs about cognitive aging are associated with changes in well-being and mental illness. Age did not moderate the relationship between changes in essentialist beliefs about aging and changes in mental health (i.e., mental illness and well-being). The present study highlights change-to-change dynamics between essentialist beliefs about cognitive aging and mental health, regardless of age. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

A Community-Based Cervical Cancer Education and Navigation Program for Korean American Women.

In the United States (US), rates of cervical cancer screening among Asian American women (notably Korean American women) lag far behind other populations. Thus, guided by the Health Belief Model, we developed a multi-component intervention to enhance Korean American women's knowledge and beliefs about screening and to increase screening uptake. The intervention group (N=341) received a culturally-relevant cancer education program and navigation services. The control group (N=335) received a similar program on cervical cancer risk and screening, along with information about free/low-cost screening sites. Women's knowledge and beliefs were measured at baseline and post-program, and screening behavior was assessed at 12-months post-program. It was hypothesized that the intervention would lead to positive changes in health beliefs and knowledge about cervical cancer and screening, which were then evaluated as potential mediators of the intervention on screening behavior. From pre- to post-program, the intervention group reported significantly greater increases in knowledge (p<0.01) and perceived risk (p=0.02) and significantly greater decreases in perceived barriers (p<0.001) compared to the control group. However, changes in knowledge and health beliefs did not mediate intervention effects on screening behavior. Use of navigation services was associated with greater odds of obtaining screening (OR=3.15, 95% CI=2.28-4.01, p<0.001) and attenuated the significant effect of group assignment (intervention vs. control) on screening behavior to non-significance. In conclusion, although our intervention program was effective in improving women's knowledge and beliefs about screening, delivery of navigation services was the critical component in increasing cervical cancer screening rates in this underserved population.

Do early midlife work characteristics predict 20-year change in control beliefs?

Previous research showed the importance of control beliefs for many life outcomes. The present study examines associations between subjectively perceived work environment and objectively measured work activities at the beginning of midlife as a central developmental phase in the context of work, with control beliefs across the subsequent 20 years. We analyzed four-wave longitudinal data from N = 374 participants (born 1950-1952; Mage baseline = 44 years, SD = 1; 44% women) from the Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study of Adult Development and Aging within a structural equation modeling framework. Over 20 years and overall, internal control beliefs were stable, while external control beliefs decreased. Individuals who reported higher task variety and better social integration at work at baseline also reported higher levels of control beliefs for positive life outcomes. In addition, higher social integration at work at baseline was related to lower levels of external control beliefs. Work characteristics at baseline were not associated with individual differences in change in control beliefs across the 20-year observational interval. In summary, our findings suggest that work experiences at the prime of job-related development around the midst of the fifth decade of life do not play a major role in subsequent control beliefs development across 20 years. However, investigations measuring control beliefs as well as work characteristics continuously over a long period of time are necessary to shed light on reciprocal influences between work and personality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Lifestyle Changes in the Anak Dalam Tribe Community in Tanah Tinggi Subdistrict, Bungo Regency, Jambi Province

The aim of this research is to describe the reasons behind lifestyle changes in the Anak Dalam Tribe community in Tanah Grow District, Bungo Regency, Jambi Province. Describe the forms of lifestyle change in the Anak Dalam Tribe community in Tanah Grow District, Bungo Regency, Jambi Province. The research method used is qualitative research. Data was collected through field observations, interviews and documentation. The theory used is the Theory of Social Change according to JL Gillin and JP Gillin (in Soekanto and Budi Sulistyowati, 2015: 261) and the Lifestyle Theory according to Wibowo and Riyadi (in Minarti, 2020: 12). The results of this research show that the background to lifestyle changes in the Anak Dalam Tribe community consists of external factors, namely the natural environment, government and reference groups, as well as internal factors, namely mindset, self-awareness and religion. The form of lifestyle change in the Anak Dalam Tribe community includes four aspects such as clothing, changing clothing from traditional to modern clothing. Residence, change of residence from the forest to a special house. Religion, change of belief from animism to Islam. Education, changes in education from those who did not know formal education to now they have had formal education and know writing.

Might I have to move due to climate change? The role of exposure to risk and political partisanship in anticipation of future relocation

Recently, the body of research that assesses belief in climate change has grown, as has the number of studies appraising how experience with the impacts of climate change might affect public opinion. However, less research has addressed the question of whether/how people believe climate change will manifest itself in their own lives, or how it might affect behavioral responses more generally. Using two rounds of national survey data from 2016 and 2020, we examine the associations between climate risk, political party affiliation, and one potential planned adaptation behavior, relocation. Our results suggest that both exposure to risk and political identification help shape respondents’ beliefs. Several measures of risk are associated with respondents’ reports that weather/climate might cause them to move in the future and there is evidence to suggest that their awareness of risk may have increased between the two surveys. Regarding political affiliation, we find in one set of analyses that Republicans interviewed in 2020 were less likely than other political subgroups, including Republicans interviewed in 2016, to say weather/climate could have a potentially strong influence on future relocation decisions. We also find strong effects of age in one set of analyses, where younger respondents were much more likely than those at middle or older ages to report that weather/climate could exert a strong to moderate influence on a future move.

서울지역 도시계획에 따른 마을신앙 공동재산의 변화

This paper is a study on the change of village faith common property by urban planning. Urban planning includes physical, economic, and social planning. Changes in village beliefs focused on the influx of foreigners and changes in the local economy, focusing on changes caused by 'urbanization'. Joint property is joint ownership, and village faith joint property should be understood as the concept of 'overall ownership' among the classifications of joint ownership. Joint ownership is a form of joint ownership of one object by multiple people with two or more people, and overall ownership is jointly owned, used, and disposed of. Community property of village beliefs is property owned by the village community in order to transmit village beliefs, and is classified as material, social, and intellectual property. The development of Seoul by urban space planning can be divided into three stages. The first stage was in the 1960s and 1970s when basic infrastructure was built. The second stage was in the 1980s and 1990s, when urban improvement and beautification policies were implemented. The third stage is the 2000-2020s, when underdeveloped areas were maintained and regenerated. The change in common property due to urban planning was examined by dividing physical, social, and intellectual common property. The change in material common property is the movement of the village faith space. The change in social common property is the reconstruction of the transmission community. Intellectual common property is undergoing the weakening and privatization of transmission knowledge.