Changes In Attitudes Research Articles

Divergence in Chinese Sexual Attitudes: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis.

A crucial component of comprehending societal change is understanding how sexual attitudes have evolved over time. The substantial and typical changes in China have created an ideal quasi-experimental design and a wealth of empirical data for tracking the evolution of sexual attitudes. However, existing research has failed to adequately analyze the temporal trends in Chinese sexual attitudes. This study employed an age-period-cohort framework to investigate changes in public sexual attitudes, including premarital sex, extramarital sex, and homosexuality. And it further delved into these attitudes in light of two unique aspects of Chinese society: urban-rural divide and political status. It explored the contributing elements and potential processes of changing public sexual attitudes in China using data from seven waves of national social survey conducted from 2010 to 2021. The findings indicated that public sexual attitudes became more conservative with age; the period effect exhibited a fluctuating upward trend, indicating a general increase in acceptance of the three sexual attitudes; notable differences in sexual attitudes among cohorts were identified. The divergence in sexual attitudes was significantly influenced by urban-rural divide and political status.

Ethnic-Racial Identity and Attitude Change: Assessments of Outgroup and Diversity Attitudes among Adolescents in Sweden.

Outgroup and diversity attitudes are important components of intercultural understanding and well-being. Despite the potential of ethnic-racial identity development as a means to foster positive outgroup and diversity attitudes, little is known about its effectiveness in rapidly diversifying contexts such as Sweden. This pre-registered study filled this gap by examining if adolescents taking part in an intervention focused on ethnic-racial identity exploration, the Identity Project, also reported change in outgroup and diversity attitudes, and whether migration background, education type, and ethnic-racial identity development predicted such change. Twenty-three tenth-grade classes in Sweden (N = 509; Mage = 16.28; SDage = 0.80; 66% female; 51% migration background) participated in the intervention and were assessed in four waves over a period of 26 weeks. Whereas ethnic-racial identity exploration and resolution increased for the intervention group, the adolescents reported no change in outgroup and diversity attitudes when compared to a control group. Increases in ethnic-racial identity exploration and resolution co-varied with increases in attitudes, but only at Time 3. The results do not provide support for the link between ethnic-racial identity development and positive outgroup and diversity attitudes, and challenge the notion of attitude change as a cascading effect of the Identity Project intervention in non-US sociocultural contexts. All aspects of the study were pre-registered on the Open Science Framework platform ( https://osf.io/f5896 ).

Pengaruh Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Kesehatan Gigi dan Mulut serta Gigi Tiruan Pada Lansia di Panti Werdha Berea Kedoya

Elderly are people aged 60 years or more. According to Riskesdas, the highest prevalence of tooth loss in Indonesia is in the age group over 60 years, specifically at 30.6%. Prosthodontic treatment can improve a patient's oral health, improve their masticatory and speech functions, and improve their aesthetics. However, the use of dentures requires proper care. The elderly need to be aware of how to maintain oral health and care for dentures to ensure its longevity. The purpose of this activity is to increase knowledge and change attitudes and behaviors concerning dental health care, denture care and oral hygiene in the elderly. In this activity, audio visual training techniques are applied by using powerpoint and videos as training tools to improve the retention of counseling materials by the elderly and avoid saturation. The delivery of materials is conducted using a language that is easily understood by the elderly. Based on the results of the pretest and posttest, this activity shows an increase in knowledge as well as the enthusiasm of the participants in asking questions about counseling and training related to maintaining oral health and the mouth as well as dentures. A good level of success can be achieved through this activity as it is supported by appropriate methods and good communication between the implementing team and the community.

Research on the Chinese Marriage Crisis - A Matching Perspective

This article examines the significant influence of parental attitudes on the mating choices of young adults in China. It highlights the stark dominance of Chinese parents in decision-making processes about their children's romantic lives, which can significantly influence the nation's marriage and divorce trends. Past articles revealed changes in parental attitudes towards their children's romantic relationships during university years, highlighting a shift from traditional opposition to increased support, potentially impacting financial assistance. Another stream of research focused on the ongoing marriage crisis in China, where declining marriage rates and rising divorce rates are influenced by socioeconomic changes, urbanization, and evolving marital values. They suggest that economic and cultural shifts play significant roles. This paper integrates sociocultural dynamics with a model of deferred acceptance in matchmaking to explore how shifts toward more progressive parental attitudes could be exacerbating the marriage crisis in China. By applying a matching algorithm, the study reveals that mismatches in parental expectations across different societal segments could lead to higher divorce rates and lower marriage rates. The paper proposes educational reforms and matchmaking optimizations as potential solutions to mitigate these effects.

Mechanical behavior of immersed tunnel under the influence of differential settlements: A case study of GZ tunnel

As a typical marine and underwater infrastructure, the joints stress state of immersed tunnels is complicated due to the differential settlement during operation. Based on the current attitude of the segmental elements, this study takes GZ Tunnel as an example to preliminarily discuss the influence of differential settlement on the mechanical behavior of immersed tunnels through field monitoring, on-site detection and numerical simulation. The result shows that: The differential settlements of immersed tunnels can be divided into longitudinal and transverse, specifically manifested as bending or torsion of elements. The maximum longitudinal settlement and maximum transverse settlement of immersed elements is 108.7 mm and 27.9 mm, respectively. Under the influence of differential settlement in different directions, and the shear keys of the central wall and the sidewall with larger settlements are subjected to greater forces. Numerical simulation shows that the maximum principal stress and minimum principal stress of GZ Tunnel can reach 20.87 MPa and 22.21 MPa, respectively, which is located at the joint between E2 element and the northern buried element. The failure mode of the shear keys is cracking near the inner corners and local concrete crushing. The failure reason can be summarized as the compressive or tensile shear caused by the misalignment and torsion of the elements. The reason of differential settlement of GZ tunnel is caused by construction and long-term operation. In studying underwater facilities such as immersed tunnels under the influence of differential settlement, it is suggested to consider the three-dimensional attitude change of the structure comprehensively.

‘The Subversion of Dialects’: Changing Attitudes towards Rural Varieties of Galician

The gheada and the seseo are the two pronunciations most stigmatised by the top-down standardising tradition of Galician from the mid-19th century. Social stereotypes of peasantry, ignorance, and vulgarity were built on them. Nowadays, those stereotypes are the basis for indexical pointing. These pronunciations were outlawed from schools in the past. Today, despite having been considered standard by The Royal Galician Academy since 1982, they are almost absent from the classrooms, including those of Galician language and literature. This situation is detrimental to the linguistic capital of its users as compared to that of standard speakers. Nonetheless, since the end of the 20th century, there has been a social resignification of the gheada and seseo, symbolically used to express authenticity, ethnolinguistic adherence, and/or socio-political and cultural resistance. Currently, the emergence of vernacular language ideologies (VLIs) counterbalances the weight of standard language ideologies (SLIs) on these phenomena. This article analyses the linguistic attitudes of a sample of young people towards these two dialectal varieties as opposed to the standard pronunciations. It also identifies the indexical associations of contrasting varieties and their evolution over time. For this purpose, the matched-guise technique in combination with semantic differential scales (SDSs) has been applied. The results show that whereas standard pronunciations index social success, dialectal pronunciations index solidarity. However, while the standard indexical values are very stable, a rise in dialectal ratings is observed over fifteen years, which means an improvement of the attitudes towards them. As in other European minority languages, this phenomenon indicates a process of value levelling of the linguistic varieties and the growing weight of the VLIs in late modernity in Galicia.

Abortion as an ethical-religious problem in Islam

The relevance of this article lies in the increasingly active public discussion among Muslims, the challenge posed by the induced termination of pregnancy by Muslims and the problems stemming from it. The increasing calls from Muslims to the spiritual authorities for clarification of this issue in various countries confirm this trend. However, a comprehensive understanding of Islamic attitudes towards induced abortion remains poorly understood. Islamic discourse permeates the entire socio- cultural facet of Muslim society. It is transforming and developing among the communities of modern Muslim countries, matching the dynamics of changes in attitudes on the issue of induced termination of pregnancy from the early Middle Ages to the beginning of the ХХI century inclusive. In this regard, the purpose of this work is to describe and reveal the question about the use of abortion in the Islamic world. In the study specific “introductory” examples from the Muslim world are presented for disclosure given by those. In the course of this study, the topic of abortion as a social and medical phenomenon was briefly studied and covered through the lens of terminology, social, medical, religious and legislative factors. The process of transforming Islamic religious ethics with regard to abortion is briefly outlined. In the sequence since the beginning of Islam and the development of this religious speech in the ХХI century, the prism of the views of the Sunni and Shiitic directions, as well as the 4 Sunni theological schools, in the context of solving the problem of abortion. Examples were provided of legislative solutions to the problem of induced termination of pregnancy in some Muslim countries, Asia Minor, the Middle East, North Africa and Australia. The materials of this article contribute to the study of ethical and religious problems in Islam.

Welfare attitudes in Korean society: effects of cohort and social exclusion

Public awareness of social welfare policies, along with their increasing political influence, has led to growing interest in welfare attitudes. However, there has been insufficient consideration of the effects of different cohorts and social exclusion groups on attitudes to welfare in Korean society, as well as the dynamics of these effects. This article specifically examines changes in attitudes to welfare in South Korea with a focus on cohort and social exclusion perspectives. First, the study found that recent attitudes towards redistribution highlight generational perspectives on intergenerational conflict rather than a focus on social exclusion. Second, cohorts associated with democratisation and the information age displayed reluctance towards tax increases but held favourable views regarding redistributive policies and universal welfare. Third, socially excluded groups tended to favour selective welfare and tax increases. Finally, the current elderly generation, represented by the War-industrialisation cohort, exhibited relatively negative attitudes towards the welfare system compared to subsequent generations. These findings underscore the necessity for expanding government policies to enhance welfare understanding and experiences among the post-war generation and socially excluded groups. Additionally, it is crucial to address generational distributional justice and to broaden discussions on solidarity.

Cognitive Vulnerability to Mood Deterioration in an Exercise Cessation Paradigm.

Mood deterioration in response to exercise cessation is well-documented, but moderators of this effect remain unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that physically active individuals with higher levels of cognitive vulnerability (i.e., tendencies towards negative thought content and processes in response to stress or negative mood states) are at greater risk for increased anxiety and depressive symptoms when undergoing exercise cessation. Community adults meeting recommended physical activity guidelines (N=36) participated in a 4-week prospective, longitudinal study with 2 weeks each of maintained exercise and exercise cessation. Cognitive vulnerability measures included dysfunctional attitudes, brooding rumination, and cognitive reactivity (i.e., change in dysfunctional attitudes over a dysphoric mood induction). Anxiety and depression symptoms increased during exercise cessation. Brooding emerged as a risk factor for increases in Tension scores on the Profile of Mood States-Brief during exercise cessation. Future studies should explore brooding as a mediator (i.e., potential mechanism) of exercise-induced mood deterioration.

Cracking Under Pressure? Gender Role Attitudes Toward Maternal Employment During COVID-19 in Germany

The COVID-19 pandemic posed unprecedented challenges to gender equality, particularly affecting working parents due to disruptions in daycare and school operations. It also impacted labor market opportunities for both men and women. This study investigates shifts in gender role attitudes toward maternal employment in Germany during pandemic lockdowns and subsequent periods of eased restrictions, using combined data from 2008 to early 2022. During the lockdown in early 2021, the study documents a significant decline in egalitarian attitudes, especially for men with dependent children and women without dependent children in the household. The results are discussed and interpreted against the background of various theoretical approaches. During periods of eased restrictions in early 2022, the trend reversed, and gender role attitudes recovered significantly for the same groups. The findings imply that pandemic-related changes in gender role attitudes toward maternal employment were largely transitory. HIGHLIGHTS Gender role attitudes became less egalitarian during the 2021 COVID-19 lockdown in Germany. When restrictions lifted, egalitarian gender role attitudes returned, indicating the changes were largely transitory. Mothers of dependent children, who shouldered most of the additional care burden, demonstrated remarkable stability in views on gender roles. Norm-setting, social diffusion, cognitive dissonance, and defense of a cultural worldview explain variance by gender and presence of children in the household. Public support for maternal employment and childcare infrastructure is important for shaping societal norms.

Neural Tracking of Perceived Parent, but Not Peer, Norms Is Associated with Longitudinal Changes in Adolescent Attitudes about Externalizing Behaviors.

Adolescents' perceptions of parent and peer norms about externalizing behaviors influence the extent to which they adopt similar attitudes, yet little is known about how the trajectories of perceived parent and peer norms are related to trajectories of personal attitudes across adolescence. Neural development of midline regions implicated in self-other processing may underlie developmental changes in parent and peer influence. Here, we examined whether neural processing of perceived parent and peer norms in midline regions during self-evaluations would be associated with trajectories of personal attitudes about externalizing behaviors. Trajectories of adolescents' perceived parent and peer norms were examined longitudinally with functional neuroimaging (n = 165; ages 11-16 years across three waves; 86 girls, 79 boys; 29.7% White, 21.8% Black, 35.8% Latinx, 12.7% other/multiracial). Behavioral results showed perceived parent norms were less permissive than adolescents' own attitudes about externalizing behaviors, whereas perceived peer norms were more permissive than adolescents' own attitudes, effects that increased from early to middle adolescence. Although younger adolescents reported less permissive attitudes when they spontaneously tracked perceived parent norms in the ventromedial and medial pFCs during self-evaluations, this effect weakened as they aged. No brain-behavior effects were found when tracking perceived peer norms. These findings elucidate how perceived parent and peer norms change in parallel with personal attitudes about externalizing behaviors from early to middle adolescence and underscore the importance of spontaneous neural tracking of perceived parent norms during self-evaluations for buffering permissive personal attitudes, particularly in early adolescence.

Climate change anxiety, hurricane exposure, and climate change actions and attitudes: results from a representative, probability-based survey of US Gulf Coast residents

Climate change anxiety, hurricane exposure, and climate change actions and attitudes: results from a representative, probability-based survey of US Gulf Coast residents

Affective Subjects and Perceptions of Waste in Don Delillo’s Underworld

Abstract: This article reads the trope of waste in Don DeLillo’s Underworld through the lens of theories of affect and embodied cognition. Specifically, it examines how the bodily and perceptual habits of the novel’s characters are shaped through encounters with waste. Furthermore, it argues that these changing perceptions, attitudes, and dispositions toward waste demonstrate broader shifts in the development of capitalist subjects during the latter half of the twentieth century. Specifically, the novel depicts a transition from a desire to reconcile capitalist growth with traditionalism, not unlike the “fusionism” that dominated conservative thought during the middle of the twentieth century, to a more utopian vision of boundless capitalist growth popularized in post-Reagan America. The novel thus suggests that the political dispositions of its characters are better understood in terms of their affects and bodily habits than more traditional metrics like ideology.

Understanding Professionals' Knowledge Regarding Factors Influencing Changes in Attitudes toward Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Post-Migration Communities in Geneva, Switzerland.

Female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C) is a practice involving the partial or complete removal of the external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. To facilitate attitude changes, the ecological model of behavior change considers multiple levels of influence and their relationships with environmental and behavioral factors. The combined effects of migration and cultural adaptation result in a transformative process that leads to decreased support for FGM/C. This qualitative study aimed to gain knowledge from FGM/C field professionals regarding the factors promoting behavioral changes in migrant communities in Geneva, Switzerland. Between September and October 2023, we conducted semi-structured interviews using a reflexive thematic analysis. Our qualitative research is reported in accordance with the COREQ criteria. A data analysis was performed using NVivo 14 software. Four influential dimensions were identified, each with associated factors. The first dimension, the social level, includes (1) the impact and implementation of anti-FGM/C laws. The second dimension, the community level, encompasses four factors such as (2) religion, (3) a multifaceted examination of social aspects, (4) navigating language barriers and raising awareness, and (5) cultural adaptation processes. The third dimension, the interpersonal level, includes factors such as (6) changing views on the marriage prerequisite. Finally, the fourth dimension, the personal level, is associated with (7) women's experiences and perspectives regarding FGM/C. The findings highlight seven environmental factors, both within and across dimensions of the ecological model, that interact with human behavior to enable an adaptive cultural process. This process influences changes in attitudes and behaviors regarding FGM/C.

Attitudes to long-term care in India: A secondary, mixed methods analysis.

In India, globalisation is purported to have contributed to shifting family structures and changing attitudes to long-term care (LTC) facility use. We investigated the attitudes to and usage frequency of LTC in India. We conducted secondary analyses of: (a) The Moving Pictures India Project qualitative interviews with 19 carers for people with dementia and 25 professionals, collected in 2022, exploring attitudes to LTC; and (b) The Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) 2017-2018, cross-sectional survey of a randomised probability sample of Indian adults aged 45+ living in private households. We identified three themes from qualitative data: (1) LTC as a last resort, describes how LTC could be acceptable if care at home was "impossible" due to the person's medical condition or unavailability of the family carer, for example, if family members lived overseas or interstate. (2) Social expectations of care at home from family members and paid carers and; (3) Limited availability of LTC facilities in India, especially in rural localities, and the financial barriers to their use. Of 73,396 LASI participants, 40 were considering moving to LTC; 18,281 had a parent alive, of whom 9 reported that their father, and 16 that their mother, lived in LTC. LTC use was rare. While a third of participants with a living parent lived in urban areas, 14/24 of those with a parent in LTC lived in an urban area, supporting our qualitative findings that LTC is mainly accessed in urban areas. Preference for intergenerational community care combined with limited availability and societal stigma contribute to low rates of LTC use among Indian families. Future social policies should consider how to plan for greater equity in strengthening care at home and in the community, and bolstering respite and LTC services as a last resort.

Climate Conscious Communities: Navigating Transformation through Simulation Games and Creative Engagement

In the context of the European Green Deal and rapid climate change, significant changes in people's habits are necessary, transforming their behavior from resource consumers to climate-responsible individuals. Addressing challenges such as biodiversity loss, engagement in the development of a circular economy, responsible energy consumption, and resource sharing requires changes in individuals' attitudes and behaviors. However, individuals often lack understanding of the climate system, its link to quality of life, and the impact of actions based on individual interests on societal transformation processes as a whole. Governments and international organizations implement various complex measures, but the dynamics of climate change far exceed society's ability to adapt.To address these challenges, the authors of this paper propose using simulation games as an effective learning method. These games provide individuals with an opportunity to gain a new, community-oriented decision-making experience without creating negative effects on real systems due to inappropriate decisions. Simulation games help to better understand cause-and-effect relationships, factors influencing individual attitudes and behaviors, evaluate the consequences of decisions made, and motivate practical involvement in mitigating climate change. In order to improve the attractiveness of using the simulation game, cultural and creative industry competences are integrated, which contribute to the improvement of content, visualization and interaction.The paper examines an organizational model for simulation games that assists municipalities and other stakeholders in developing customized simulation games to promote the development of climate-responsible communities. Considering the necessity to engage diverse social groups with varying levels of digital skills, an analog format has been chosen for the simulation game, without excluding the possibility of transforming it into a digital one.The proposed model includes setting objectives, integrating elements into a holistic simulation game, and piloting the framework using examples from municipal practice. To optimize the applicability of simulation games, they need to be adapted to the geographic area and community due to individual processes and structures.

Changes in Preferences and Attitudes Towards University Selection in the Post-Covid Era

General societal developments show that the COVID-19 pandemic has brought about lasting changes in attitudes towards education and lifestyle, among others. The presented study aims to verify, using a quantitative questionnaire survey method on a sample of 500 respondents each, whether there have been changes in the preferences of potential students at a selected university in the Czech Republic between pre-Covid (2017) and post-Covid (2022) years. Current studies show that the post-COVID decision-making process is, among other things, generally more affected by the relationships with family and friends. Also, the paper's goal is to verify whether this fact also applies to the area of preferences of university applicants and whether it is differentiated by gender. Based on the statistical testing and interpretation of the data, recommendations will be formulated for the marketing management of universities concerning how to adapt to changes in the preferences of applicants and how to effectively adjust the communication mix and message to the given target group, thereby increasing its interest in studying at the university. The proposed measures will thus contribute to increasing the competitiveness of universities, as they identify opportunities to target potential students more effectively.

The Fedathi Sequence methodology and the training of reflective teachers

The Fedathi Sequence has been presented as a methodology that provides a change in the educator's attitude, leading him to overcome his epistemological and didactic obstacles. In this context, this research aims to identify the contributions of the Fedathi Sequence methodology in the conception and development of the reflective teacher based on a training action. Methodologically, the investigation, of a basic and exploratory nature, has a qualitative approach and elements of empirical research through semi-structured interviews and a training action, with the subjects of this research being a sample of five teachers participating in this training. In our analyzes we found that the Fedathi Sequence contributes through the development of reflective action in promoting a change in teaching posture that is aimed at improving pedagogical praxis.

Generational Changes in Attitudes toward the European Union in Poland and Ukraine

The European Union serves as an important aspirational and geopolitical reference in the societies of post-communist Central and Eastern Europe and, thus, their pro- and anti-EU sentiments traditionally serve as a synthetic indicator of political values, attitudes, and preferences. At the same time, since at least the 1970s, the social sciences have treated generational replacement as an important factor in political change. Our goal is, therefore, to establish if generational replacement, along with intergenerational differences in attitudes, has contributed to political orientations in Polish and Ukrainian society. While the two countries share a post-communist past, Poland has been an EU member since 2004, and Ukraine strongly aspires to become a member. We therefore hypothesize about the significance of the aspirational role of the European Union. Using an extensive set of survey data, totaling more than one hundred thousand interviews from two decades between 1998 and 2017, we analyze generational change in attitudes concerning EU membership in both countries. The results support our hypothesis, in that they show distinctive patterns in the two societies. While in Poland the youngest cohort has since 2015 became less pro-European than the older Polish cohorts, in Ukraine, the youngest cohort has consistently played the role of an avant-garde in this respect. At the same time, in line with the results of previous research, the analysis elaborates on the “Euromaidan generation” phenomenon.

From ugly to attractive: Leveraging anthropomorphism to increase demand for irregular‐appearing produce

AbstractRecognizing that the waste of imperfect produce contributes to the global environmental crisis, the authors conduct three studies examining whether retailers can use anthropomorphizing marketing techniques to make irregular‐appearing produce more attractive and increase purchase intentions. Based on the exemplar model theory, Study 1 shows that when retailers place googly eyes on pictures of irregular‐appearing produce, consumers judge the product according to multiple exemplars as they do when they evaluate humans. The multiple esthetic cues cause them to perceive irregular produce as more attractive. Study 2 replicates Study 1 by using human names as the anthropomorphic cues, demonstrating that anthropomorphism can increase purchase intentions toward irregular‐appearing produce. Study 3 further shows that the anthropomorphism effects hold for irregular‐appearing produce from corporate farms and not from local farms. The differences occur because consumers expect corporate farms to conform to standardized esthetic norms but expect local farms to market irregular‐appearing produce. When expectations are aligned, anthropomorphism is more likely to cause consumers to diversify esthetic cues, but not when expectations are disassociated. The article concludes with suggestions for promotion strategies that use anthropomorphizing to change attitudes and increase purchase intentions toward irregular‐appearing produce.