Change In Rotation Angle Research Articles

Measurement on Morphology and Kinematics of Crucian Vertebral Joints

Abstract In order to provide data for joints control of our recently designed crucian like biomimetic robot fish, an X-ray photograph technology was adopted to determine the number and length of vertebral joints. A frame-by-frame analysis of high-speed videotapes was conducted to quantify the kinematics of crucian at four speeds (12.651 cm·s −1, 18.201 cm·s −1, 21.901 cm·s −1, 24.368 cm·s −1) during cruising. In addition to a brief introduction to experimental conditions and methods, we analyzed the influence of individual diversity on the absolute length as well as the non-dimensional length of vertebral joints. We also presented the maximal angular velocity and acceleration of vertebral joints under four swimming speeds, and provided the change of relative rotation angle, angular difference, angular velocity and angular acceleration of the rear vertebral joints with time at a certain swimming speed of 12.651 cm·s −1. At last, we presented the maximal lateral displacement of each mark at that speed. The study found that the influence of individual diversity on the non-dimensional length of vertebral joints is not significant; the maximal angular velocity and acceleration of vertebral joints increase with swimming speed; angular difference, angular velocity and angular acceleration exhibit two maximal values over one period at a certain swimming speed.

The sensor of microdisplacement based on change of faraday rotation angle of light in the optical light conductors

The sensor of microdisplacement based on change of faraday rotation angle of light in the optical light conductors

The Influence Of Upper-body Posture On Foot Angle

Increased foot angle during walking is one of many characteristic changes that occur with aging. Elderly gait is also characterized by decreased velocity, stride length, and joint angles, as well as an ankle to hip shift in joint moments and powers. It has been proposed that the increased foot angle seen in elderly adults is a strategy to increase stability. We have recently reported that many of the gait adaptations attributed to age may be, partially, the result of an increase in the anterior orientation of the upper body. Increased foot angle during walking, may also be a function of changes in the upper body orientation. PURPOSE: To examine the effects of upper-body posture on the transverse rotation of the lower limb and foot angle. METHODS: An eight camera motion analysis system and two force plates were used to assess gait kinematics and kinetics in fourteen elderly (E) and 10 young (YN) women walking at a normal comfortable speed. The young women also completed trials while assuming a slouched upper-body posture (YS) comparable to that of the elderly. Independent t-tests were performed to compare YN and E and YS and E. Paired t-tests were used to compare YN and YS. RESULTS: Trunk orientation of E and YS was significantly more anterior compared to that of YN. While there were no effects of posture on transverse motion at the ankle or knee, significant changes in transverse hip rotation and foot angle occurred. When the young women slouched, hip transverse rotation changed significantly (p < 0.001) to become similar to that of E. A similar response was found for foot angle. When YN slouched, foot angle (out-toeing) increased significantly (p < 0.001) to become similar to that of E. CONCLUSIONS: The increased out-toeing during walking, seen in elderly women, may in part be due to the anterior orientation of their upper-body. When healthy young women assumed an upper-body orientation similar to that of elderly women, out-toeing increased significantly to become similar to that of the elderly women.

Description Method of Wire Rope Flaw

A novel description method is developed to study wire rope and its defects.The structure and loading performance of wire ropes are analyzed to build a structure vector of wire rope,the vector comprises six structure parameters which are the number of strand layer,the number of strand,the rotation angle of strand,the number of wire lay er,the number of wire and the rotation angle of wire.In order to explicate the description method of defects,a generalized metric of the distance in wires is defined;Wire,wire rope, broken wire and wire wear are defined.Wire is described by using eight parameters,and they are the six parameters mentioned above and two newly added parameters,i.e.the change of wire rotation angle and the diameter of wire.Wire rope is defined as a wire set. Broken wire is described by using six parameters mentioned above and two newly added parameters,i.e.the width of fracture and the diameter of wire.Wire wear is described by using the six parameters mentioned above and two newly added parameters,i.e.the change of wire rotation angle and the wear ratio.Two examples,locked-coil wire rope and six-strand wire rope,are taken to illustrate the application of this description method.The examples indicate that flaws in wire rope can be described abstractly by using mathematic language under the support of the new description method.

Preparation and magnetic properties of TbFeCo on the porous alumina templates

A self-ordered hexagonal array of nanopores has been fabricated by anodizing a thin film of Al on glass and subsequently the magnetic properties of TbFeCo on this templates were studied. We carried out anodic oxidation of a sputtered Al film at the anodic voltage in the range of 10–30 V and temperature in the range of 5–40 °C, and found that the density of the nanohole arrays increased with the decrease in anodization voltage and temperature. On the other hand, hole diameter decreased with the decrease in anodic voltage and temperature. Then TbFeCo was deposited onto this porous array by sputtering with a thickness of around 90 nm and subsequently was overcoated with 10 nm SiN for the protection from surface oxidation. The TbFeCo deposited on this porous layer shows complete perpendicular anisotropy and the AAO template can promote the growth of the microcolumnar structure in TbFeCo films. The coercivity increased with the decrease of hole diameter. The coercivity of the TbFeCo deposited on the porous array with a mean hole diameter of around 15 nm is 5.6 kOe and larger than that on bare glass, but the squareness ratio gets poorer than that on bare glass. It seems that there were no significant changes in Ms and Kerr rotation angle.

INFLUENCE OF COARSE AGGREGATE SHAPE ON THE STRENGTH OF ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES

The objectives of this paper are to evaluate aggregate characteristics including elongation, flatness, and other shape indices. The following particle shapes were selected for this study: cubical, rod, disk, and blade. The change in rotation angle of coarse aggregate was found to correlate well with the internal resistance of a HMA mix. The particle index (PI) was shown to be an adequate measure of the combined contribution of particle shape, angularity, and surface texture to the stability of an aggregate. The PI value correlated well to aggregate geometric characteristics including elongation ratio, flatness ratio, shape factor, and sphericity. Cubical particles were desirable for increased aggregate internal friction and improved rutting resistance. The more cubical the aggregate, the higher the PI value. The PI value of coarse aggregate significantly affected the engineering properties of a HMA mix. The particle shape determined how aggregate was packed into a dense configuration and also determined the internal resistance of a mix. Of the four particle shapes evaluated, the cubical aggregate demonstrated the best rutting resistance. Flaky and/or elongated aggregate was shown to have lower compactibility and higher breakage.

Photometry of Aten asteroids—More than a handful of binaries

Photometric observations were conducted on eight Aten near-Earth asteroids, with the goal of building physical models for the objects (85989) 1999 JD 6 , (86450) 2000 CK 33 , (86667) 2000 FO 10 , (137170) 1999 HF 1 , 1999 MN, 2000 PJ 5 , 2002 JC and 2003 NZ 6 . The results show rotation periods from 2.3 to almost 26 h. Some objects exhibit amplitudes higher than one magnitude on their lightcurves (1999 JD 6 , 2000 CK 33 and 2003 NZ 6 ). Phase curve values ( β, H ′ , see below) were derived for four Atens and H – G values were found for two. Five Atens were classified by using their B – V and V – R color indices. This taxonomy was compared with the phase coefficient–albedo correlation defined by Belskaya and Shevchenko [Belskaya, I.N., Shevchenko, V.G., 2000. Icarus 147, 94–105]. Color variations during rotation and phase angle change were searched for. Our study demonstrates the high variety among Atens. Five out of the eight Atens are binaries or possible binaries, a significantly higher fraction than the expected 15% [Bottke, W.F., Melosh, H.J., 1996. Nature 281, 51–53]. The lightcurve of 2000 PJ 5 exhibits a binary character with a probable highly eccentric orbital rotation of the secondary component. The different periods of the known binary 1999 HF 1 's are easily detected. Other Atens have lightcurve with features such as high amplitude, V-shaped minima and U-shaped maxima that can be interpreted as a binary asteroid with a synchronous rotation (2003 NZ 6 , 2000 CK 33 and perhaps also 1999 JD 6 ). The very red colors of 2000 CK 33 suggest a unique surface composition for this near-Earth object.

Rotation angle of magneto-optical Kerr effect with different capping layer on CoFe film

To understand the influence of rotation angle in magneto-optical effect between conductor and insulator capping layer, we fabricate Co 50Fe 50/Ta, Co 50Fe 50/MgO, and Co 50Fe 50/SiN x bilayers with fixed CoFe thickness and modulated capping layer to systematically study the dependence on the thickness and material of capping layer. We also changed the CoFe thickness with fixed Ta. The switching characteristics were studied using longitudinal magneto-optic Kerr effect (LMOKE) techniques. The hysteresis loops (MH loops) and the coercivity measured by AGM are independent of the capping layer. Our data show the Kerr rotation angle as a function of capping layer thickness. Based on our calculations, the effective rotation angle changes with different capping material. The phenomenon of the increasing Kerr rotation angle is known to be dependent on the dielectric constant and refractive index of the capping layer. A comparison between the rotation angle in LMOKE and the material property has led to a better understanding of the relationship of light refracted in Ta, MgO and SiN x .

회전각 검출용 3축 수직 Hall 센서

A three branches vortical Hall sensor for detecting rotation angle of brushless motor has fabricated. The sensor is constructed three branches of width and distance from central electrode to Hall electrode. Each branch has one Hall output and one Hall input. The central electrode acts as common driving input. According to rotation angle change of brushless motor, sensor gives three position signals phase shifted by . The sensitivity of sensor is 200V/AT at magnetic field of 0.1 T and constant driving current of 1mA. It has also showed three sine waves of Hall output voltages with phase over one motor rotation. The noise can limit sensor`s resolution. We have measured sensor`s noise characteristics. The detectable minimum magnetic field is at driving current 1mA, measured frequency 1 kHz and bandwidth of 1Hz.

Tilt Angle of a Trans-membrane Helix is Determined by Hydrophobic Mismatch

In order to investigate the compensation mechanism of a trans-membrane helix in response to hydrophobic mismatch, the tilt and rotation angles of the trans-membrane helix of Vpu aligned in lipid bilayers of various thickness were determined using orientation-dependent frequencies obtained from solid-state NMR experiments of aligned samples. A tilt angle of 18 degrees was observed in 18:1-O-PC/DOPG (9:1) lipid bilayers, which have a hydrophobic thickness that approximately matches the hydrophobic length of the trans-membrane helix of Vpu. Upon decreasing the hydrophobic thickness of lipid bilayers, no significant change in rotation angle was observed. However, the tilt angle increased systematically with increasing positive mismatch to 27 degrees in 14:0-O-PC/DMPG (9:1), 35 degrees in 12:0-O-PC/DLPG (9:1), and 51 degrees in 10:0 PC/10:0 PG (9:1) lipid bilayers, indicating that the change in tilt angle of the trans-membrane helix is a principal compensation mechanism for hydrophobic mismatch. In addition, the distinctive kink in the middle of the helix observed in 18:1 bilayers disappears in thinner bilayers. Although the opposite of what might be expected, this finding suggests that a helix kink may also be a part of the hydrophobic matching mechanism for trans-membrane helices.

Higher order contribution to the propagation characteristics of low frequency transverse waves in a dusty plasma

Characteristic features of low frequency transverse wave propagating in a magnetised dusty plasma have been analysed considering the effect of dust-charge fluctuation. The distinctive behaviours of both the left circularly polarised and right circularly polarised waves have been exhibited through the analysis of linear and non-linear dispersion relations. The phase velocity, group velocity, and group travel time for the waves have been obtained and their propagation characteristics have been shown graphically with the variations of wave frequency, dust density and amplitude of the wave. The change in non-linear wave number shift and Faraday rotation angle have also been exhibited with respect to the plasma parameters. It is observed that the effects of dust particles are significant only when the higher order contributions are considered. This may be referred to as the ‘dust regime’ in plasma.

Changes in Surface Stress of Gold Electrode during Underpotential Deposition of Pb

The changes in surface stress of a gold film electrode during underpotential deposition (UPD) of lead in pH 3.0, solution containing or were measured by a bending beam method to investigate the relation between surface stress and structural change of the Pb-UPD layer. A maximum in the surface stress vs. potential curve like an electrocapillary curve emerged at the onset of the UPD. Moreover, a hump in the surface stress vs. potential curve also emerged in the range of surface coverage of Pb from to 0.8 during the UPD process. The changes in surface stress were plotted vs. cathodic charge required for Pb-UPD. Two linear and one plateau region appeared in the surface stress vs. the cathodic charge curve. The plateau region corresponded to the hump in the surface stress vs. potential curve. It was deduced from the comparison with the scanning tunnel microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and surface X-ray scattering spectroscopy results in the literature that the plateau region is associated with the change in rotation angle from to 2.5° of incommensurate hexagonal close-packed Pb layer. Particularly, it was emphasized that the hump resulted from the release of compressive surface stress due to the change in rotation angle of the UPD layer. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

회전기와 첩 광섬유 격자를 이용한 가변 분산 보상기

본 논문에서는 첩 광섬유 격자를 이용한 가변 분산 보상기를 소개한다. 개발된 가변 분산 보상기는 금속판의 벤딩에 의해 유도되는 인장력과 수축력에 대한 분석을 기반으로 첩광섬유 격자의 분산 값을 제어할 수 있도록 설계되었으며, 제작된 분산 보상기는 단순히 금속 원판의 회전만으로 광섬유 격자에 선형적인 인장력과 수축력을 유도하곤 중심파장의 이동이 없이 분산 값을 변화시킬 수 있었다. 분산 값은 회전각의 변화에 따라 228.04 ㎰/nm∼1430.7 ㎰/nm의 범위에서 분산 값을 제어할 수 있었다. 그리고 중심 파장의 이동은 0.03 nm미만이었다. A systematic method for tunable dispersion compensation based on chirped fiber Bragg gratings without a center wavelength shift is proposed. The specially designed mechanical rotator can flexibly control the chirping ratio along the fiber grating and the corresponding dispersion value. The group delay can be linearly controllable since the proposed method can induce a linear strain gradient with the rotation angle change. The dispersion value could be controlled from 228.04 ㎰/nm to 1430.7 ㎰/nm with small center wavelength shift, which was less than 0.03 nm.

Effectively Tunable Dispersion Compensation Based on Chirped Fiber Bragg Gratings Without Central Wavelength Shift

A systematic method of tunable dispersion compensation based on chirped fiber Bragg gratings (CFBGs) without a center wavelength shift will be proposed. The specially designed mechanical rotator can flexibly control the chirping ratio along the fiber gratings and consequently the group delay. The group delay can be linearly controllable since the proposed method can induce the linear strain gradient with the rotation angle change. The dispersion value can be effectively controlled in the range from -495.5 to -1406.0 ps/nm corresponding to the rotation angle. The resonant wavelength shift of CFBG is less than 0.03 nm over the dispersion tuning range. The theoretical analysis of the tuning mechanism based on the proposed method will also be discussed.

Magneto-Optical Properties of Multilayered FePt for High Density Recording

ABSTRACTThe Si3N4/FePt/Si3N4/Al/Si structures have been fabricated. 57 nm silicon nitride films have been used as dielectric layer for heat dissipation and 500 nm Al film used for reflection layer. The Kerr rotation angle was changed with the FePt layer thickness. At the 65 % Pt composition in 10 nm FePt layer, the maximum Kerr rotation angle was 0.82°. As increase with FePt thickness the Kerr angle is slightly decreased. The change of Kerr rotation angle and the thermal behavior of multilayered structure according to FePt thickness variation were also calculated by computer simulation.

Strain and stress changes in the Tokai region of central Japan expected from a 3D subduction model

Using a 3D simulation model with a rate- and state-dependent friction law, Kuroki et al. (2002) discussed a process of a hypothetical great earthquake in the Tokai region, where the Philippine Sea plate subducts beneath the Eurasian plate. One of the main concerns was characteristic changes in volumetric strain and displacement on the ground surface which are caused by the evolution of the coupling between the two plates, i.e. evolution of a strongly coupled region between the plates which results in a preslip of the earthquake. In the present paper we discuss other observable phenomena which might help us to identify the stage of the coupling. The preslip of the earthquake could be more effectively detected by using full information about the change of strain rather than volumetric strain alone; the change in rotation angle of principal strain axes should amount to several tens of degrees while the order of the change in volumetric strain is 10 −8 to 10 −7 for 1 day before the earthquake. The spatial pattern of the displacement field on the ground surface provides us with information on the intermediate-term precursory changes in the plate coupling. Information given by micro-earthquakes is less direct. The seismicity should change considerably when a highly shear-stressed ring on the plate interface passes nearby, and ups and downs of seismicity rate will be estimated by Coulomb failure stress. On the other hand, focal mechanisms are rather insensitive to the progress of plate subduction. The changes may be not significant even at the time of the preslip. The interplate coupling yields a stress field that should produce reverse fault type mechanisms, but the stress field is modulated by a curved shape of the plate interface. Superposition of a regional tectonic stress to this field explains observed spatial distribution of focal mechanisms in the Tokai region which involve large strike-slip components.

526 競泳自由形の水中フォーム解析

The free style swimming forms of swimmers were compared between Ian Thorpe, the super first rank swimmer, and a second rank swimmer. The change of rotation angle of the shoulder showed that both had a big difference. Furthermore, the ratio of the time to generate impelling force of the former is longer than the latter. It turns out that the recovery time ratio which is useless for swimming is shorter. In the comparison result of posture aspect ratio, the value of the former is high because of the arm bent. For the posture of the second rank swimmer, there is little change of swimming form in between that of top speed and that of cruising speed except the number of strokes.

Ferroelectricity in thiourea SC(NH2)2

We calculate the molecular polarizability in the ferroelectric state from the refractive indices (na =1.789, nb =1.643, nc =1.806). We adopt the rigid dipole model and make a model for the potential energy, where the dipole interaction among the molecules and the rotation potential. The change of rotation angle and the spontaneous polarization are also discussed.

Internal rotation gait: a compensatory mechanism to restore abduction capacity decreased by bone deformity.

Children with excessive femoral anteversion frequently walk with abnormal internal rotation of the hip. The authors hypothesized that excessive anteversion decreases the abduction moment arm of the gluteus medius and that this moment arm is restored with internal rotation; hence internal rotation may be a compensatory mechanism to preserve abduction capacity. To test this hypothesis a three-dimensional computer model of an adult lower limb was developed to determine how changes in femoral anteversion angle, neck-shaft angle, and hip internal rotation angle affect the abduction moment arm of the gluteus medius. Analysis of the model revealed that anteversion and valgus deformities of the femur can decrease the abduction moment arm of the gluteus medius substantially. In particular, increasing the anteversion angle of the model by 30 to 40 degrees caused a 40 to 50% decrease in the abduction moment arm of the gluteus medius - enough to impair walking. Internal rotation of the hip by 30 degrees restored the abduction moment arm of the gluteus medius to within 5% of the moment arm of the model in its normal, undeformed state. These results support the authors' hypothesis and are consistent with the theory that internal rotation may be a compensatory mechanism adopted by children with femoral deformities to achieve the abduction moment arm needed for walking.

Binocular alignment and vergence in early infancy

Vergence to static targets presented at five distances between 25 and 200 cm from the subject was measured in 631 infants aged between 17 and 120 days. Photographic images of the eyes were magnified and measured to yield information on the monocular and binocular eye positions for each target. Vergence data were fit by a linear function and compared to the vergence calculated from target distance and each infant's measured interpupillary distance. Differences in vergence across targets were also evaluated for each subject by calculating the change in angle of rotation for each eye. Many of even the youngest infants showed good ocular alignment both monocularly and binocularly, although the youngest infants showed the greatest variability in vergence. However, the median difference in vergence angle between the eyes for even the youngest group was < 4 deg (6.8 prism D), and some of this difference is attributed to versional eye movements and to slightly off-axis head position across trials. The average infant of 1–2 months showed substantially better vergence than has been reported in some recent studies. Apparently, oculomotor constraints are not a significant barrier to the development of the higher forms of binocularity that begin to emerge in the months immediately following the interval studied here, and may form the substrate for later developments in binocular vision.