Games Of Chance Research Articles

Creative space and scientific trajectory of academician V.N. Chernigovsky – first academic secretary of the department of physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences

The article analyzes the prerequisites and conditions for choosing Academician V.N. Chernigovsky, academician-secretary of the Department of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, created in 1963. For this purpose, the scientific potential and creative success, career growth and individual qualities of Academician V.N. Chernigovsky within the framework of the methodological approach of “protected space” were considered. He was characterized by a high level of achievement motivation, he had high efficiency, and was characterized by thoroughness and accuracy in carrying out scientific work. V.N. Chernigovsky successfully developed a new direction in the field of visceral physiology and made a significant contribution to the idea of interoception. He worked hard, achieved results step by step, which added up, enhancing their combined effect and creating the basis for his recognition and career advancement. V.N. Chernigovsky had significant administrative experience in leading two leading physiological institutes. Creative space of academician V.N. Chernigovsky, his scientific trajectory and personal characteristics brought him to the forefront as a candidate for the position of Academician-Secretary of the new Department of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Election of Academician V.N. Chernigovsky’s appointment to the position of academic secretary was not an accident, a game of chance or luck. This was the result of his intensive scientific and organizational work, which were predetermined by his personal qualities.

From a Game of Chance to a Game of Skill: A Study of the Destigmatization of the Pinball Industry

From a Game of Chance to a Game of Skill: A Study of the Destigmatization of the Pinball Industry

A Study on Legalization of Betting in India, in Reference with Game of Skills and Game of Chance

The Indian law though differentiates between games of skill and games of chance. As an example, games like India bet365, Dream eleven aren't gambling as they involve "mere skill" selecting of players or team though the end result of the sport depends upon the possibility however choosing of player or team . It involves some skills and can't be termed as associated game of chance. The objective of the research is, to understand the difference between games of skill and games of chance, to study the economic benefits by legalizing betting, to analyse the effects of gambling, to study about the measure taken to reduce gambling addiction. The researcher has done descriptive study on issues in legalization of betting in India. The primary information for the research is collected through online method from 203 randomly selected respondents. The independent variables are age, gender and education qualifications. The dependent variables are, will legalization of betting contribute to the economy of the nation, in scale 1-10 rate, is betting on horse race gambling, what do you think are the effects of gambling, how to reduce gambling addiction. The aim of the paper is to study about the issues in legalizing betting. The findings of the research is that legalizing betting will contribute to the economy of the nation, but the monitoring of the money flow will be the greatest problem. Hence, before legalizing the betting culture the legislation should be assisted and shape the law accordingly

O-233 The current landscape for carrier screening in donor conception; a game of chance for donors and recipients?

Abstract Study question How do international regulatory and commercial factors influence donor carrier screening and pose dilemmas for donors, clinics, and recipients. Summary answer Inconsistencies in international carrier screening guidelines and practice for donor conception create a two-tier system for donors and recipients. What is known already Carrier screening is used to identify those who are at risk to have a child with an autosomal recessive or X-linked genetic disorder. Donor banks adopt a commercially viable approach for carrier screening for their market and export, which creates inequalities in donor recruitment and reproductive risk for recipients. For example, UK guidelines require donors to be screened only for cystic fibrosis, with non-European donors screened for conditions known to be more common by ancestry. Real-world pan-ethnic approaches, however, are taken in varying degrees in other countries via extended carrier screening, posing dilemmas for donors, recipients, and clinics. Study design, size, duration Using current available public information, 14 UK, European, and US donor banks were surveyed to understand the screening level for recessive conditions and how this was conveyed to the patient or clinic client. Separately, expanded carrier screening (ECS) results (283 - 502 genes) from 1742 prospective donors from a > 6 year period at a US sperm bank were analysed to calculate acceptance rates if minimal screening and exclusion criteria were applied. Participants/materials, setting, methods UK, European, and US donor gamete banks were identified and surveyed using public information (2023). Separately, internal data from a US sperm bank related to ECS results from 2017 – 2023 was extracted, collated, and evaluated against the UK donor sperm genetic screening guidelines. Main results and the role of chance All donor banks surveyed state donors are genetically screened. For recessive conditions, UK and European banks screened for a small panel of between 3-20 genes, published on a general screening page on the donor bank website, and exclude donors that are carriers. Some offer an additional paid ECS genetic matching service without revealing what the donor or recipient may be carriers for. US banks who perform ECS include these results with a donor profile; some banks exclude carriers of more common recessive disease, while others accept all donors regardless of carrier status. Results from the US sperm bank indicated that of 1742 prospective donors who had ECS, only 117 (6.7%) of carriers would have been reported if screening under minimal guidelines. 665 of the 782 US positive carrier donors would not have been identified as carriers if tested according to UK guidelines. This, together with the observed varying regulation and commercial ECS panels used by donor banks internationally, demonstrate a tiered system of information availability and sharing for reproductive risk knowledge for donors and recipients; recipients are not consistently informed of the limitations of screening of a selected donor, and acceptance of donors to programs is inconsistent. Limitations, reasons for caution The panel composition and number of genes are variable by commercial ECS provider and donor banks may vary their carrier screening policy or commercial ECS options over time. Additionally, other European countries may have differing recommendations in regards to carrier screening practices. Wider implications of the findings As donor sperm imports from within and outside Europe increase, registered donors within countries will present differing genetic risk. Review and implementation of current carrier screening guidelines are required to ensure consistency of methodology and availability of transparent information for donors, recipients, and clinics to consider the wider implications. Trial registration number not applicable

State Owned Companies in the European Gaming Market: Comparative Perspectives

Abstract This paper looks at different case studies of European lotteries operating games of chance for the public benefit. It takes the case studies of four national lotteries as most similar systems design comparative methodology to investigate the extent to which market structure and managerial strategy play a role in the profitability of the companies. The empirical data collected through process tracing, public statements and public records shows that while being bound to interact with each other, the market context does not dictate managerial strategies, and innovations in the latter offer very diverging results in terms of the bottom line of the different European lotteries operating games of chance. This paper contributes thus to the existing literature on market conditions for companies operating games of chance (e.g. Huttenen 2020, Grote & Matheson 2023, Clotfelter & Cook 1991) by developing a much-needed link to the academic literature on corporate governance in state-owned enterprises (e.g. Cao & Vittas 2017, Szarzec & Nowara 2017, Megginson & Netter 2019).

The Cultural Evolution of Games of Chance

Chance-based gambling has been a recurrent cultural activity throughout history and across many diverse human societies. In this paper, I combine quantitative and qualitative data and present a cultural evolutionary framework to explain why the odds in games of chance in premodern China appeared “designed” to ensure a moderate yet favorable house advantage. This is especially intriguing since extensive research in the history of probability has shown that, prior to the development of probability theory, people had very limited understanding of the nature of random events and were generally disinclined to think mathematically about the frequency of their occurrence. I argue that games of chance in the context of gambling may have culturally evolved into their documented forms via a process of selective imitation and retention, and neither the customers nor the gambling houses understood the probability calculus involved in these games.

Colour-dependent dishonesty in a game of chance.

We report an odd result of a coin-flip experiment which incentivises dishonest behaviour. Participants of two treatments were asked to flip a coin in private, of which one side was WHITE and the other side BLACK, and report the colour shown by the coin. Payoff depended on the reported colour: in one treatment WHITE was the more profitable outcome whereas in the other treatment BLACK was more profitable. Surprisingly, the magnitude of cheating, as reflected by the difference between the frequency of reporting the more profitable colour and its statistical expectation (50%) was not, more or less, the same in both treatments. Rather, significantly more participants cheated when BLACK was the profitable outcome. This result reappeared in two variants of the coin-flip task. We suggest that a sense of entitlement triggered by a WHITE outcome may explain this behaviour.

How operators of games of chance are using Facebook in Republic of Croatia

How operators of games of chance are using Facebook in Republic of Croatia

On the Origins of the Young Men’s Catholic Association as a Response to the Protestant Recreation Ethic in the United States, 1854–1909

In 1854 Reverend Bernard J. McQuaid set forth the outline behind his ideals for a young men’s Catholic association. Similar to the existing Protestant-rooted Young Men’s Christian Association which had arrived in the United States three years prior, McQuaid’s ambitions could be seen as one of many concurrent attempts to embrace the idea of Muscular Christianity and general reform movements of the late nineteenth century. However, to do so, would do an injustice to the ground-breaking, innovative, and controversial, methods embraced by McQuaid. He was one of the first in the Unted States to propose that sports and games of chance were not ‘evil’. Though his association eventually faltered under the weight of his lofty ambitions, he remains an underappreciated figure in the world of sport history. The Young Men’s Catholic Association offered a legitimate challenge to the often unwelcome Protestant morality of the YMCA in urban immigrant communities in the late nineteenth century United States. This paper argues that McQuaid’s recreation aims in Rochester developed as a reaction against the YMCA. McQuaid’s association, the Young Men’s Catholic Association, presented itself to the city’s immigrant, Catholic, working-class population as an alternative to the Protestant-inspired, ‘cult of strenuosity’.

The Code Less Traveled By

Can AI be trusted to make life and death decisions? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, the AI that was created to “prevent the most harm and protect the most good” is telling the story. It claims to be able to determine the outcome odds of every situation. Over time, however, the AI is outlined in games of chance and permitted use only in commercial applications, like self-driving cars. In the story scenario, the AI is driving a car when a child darts out in front of the car. With about 50 feet before hitting the child, the AI has plenty of time to review all possible outcomes. It weighs the health risks, the age, the economic status, and relative health, and social value, of those around it it might turn into to save the child. The AI has plenty of time to review a myriad of factors to decide what “doing the most good and least harm” might mean, and, as the reader, we are brought along for the ride.

Crowd Control Strategies in Casinos in Lagos State, Nigeria

A casino is a recreation center, one of our society's leisure amenities. Therefore, a casino is a public location where guests can play various games of chance and gambling to entertain themselves. From previous reviews as shown in the study, casinos ought to have various crowd control strategies available to avert the risks associated with overcrowding. However, it depends on how effective the designers and other building professionals are willing to implement these strategies to make the building more conducive. The study examined crowd control strategies in recreational facilities in Lagos state, Nigeria, with a view to understanding why these facilities were created for maximum profit returns, over the safety of the users. To achieve this, a structured questionnaire was used for data collection, and a descriptive approach was used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that the grand mean value of 4.57 was more significant than the cut-off mean value of 3.5, indicating that measures implemented for crowd control in the casino were ineffective. The findings imply that the crowd control strategies implemented have less effect on casino users. Thus, inadequate provision of crowd control strategies puts users at potential risk in the casinos. Casinos should provide safety measures by design from the onset or as a precaution after establishment.

Is the secrecy of the parametric configuration of slot machines rationally justified? The exposure of the mathematical facts of games of chance as an ethical obligation

Is the secrecy of the parametric configuration of slot machines rationally justified? The exposure of the mathematical facts of games of chance as an ethical obligation

Комбінаторний аналіз лотерей

Lottery is by far the oldest and the most widely known game of chance, having been practiced since antiquity. In its various forms, the lottery preserves a basic structure and technical procedure that makes it the easiest and most popular game of chance: the random draw from an urn of some objects (balls, tickets, lots, plates, slips, etc.) containing predefined symbols (numbers, images, words, etc.), followed by the distribution of prizes for players who made correct predictions regarding this draw, according to some pre-established rules. Nowadays, the most prevalent form of lottery is that with randomly selected numbers; winning categories are based on the number of numbers correctly predicted on the playing ticket. The most popular forms of these games are the national and state lotteries. But the most important element contributing to the public's fascination with lottery games is the amount of the prizes, especially for the highest winning category. The possibility (physically real, mathematically too improbable) of getting «the big hit» – winning the big prize – provides a motivation with complex psychological roots that often overlooks the practical aspects, such as the investments in lottery tickets and the mathematical aspects of the game, especially the winning probabilities. It has been proven mathematically that in ideal conditions of randomness, no long-term regular winning is possible for players of games of chance; therefore, gambling is not a good way to make a living. Most gamblers accept this premise, but still work on strategies in hopes of multiple wins over the long run.

The Lottery and the Middle Class

Abstract I focus on middle-class engagement with lotteries and numerical games of chance, to understand the symbolic boundary-making processes in the Turkish context. Based on 18 months of ethnographic research (2021–2022) with people who regularly participate in state-regulated games of chance in Istanbul, I argue that the middle class(es) have diversified subjectivities with elusive moral boundary-making and differentiated views on risk-taking that transcend the classic distinction between the old middle class and the new middle class. The uncertain socioeconomic situation has rendered my participants precariat and made them move beyond the illusionary boundaries of a perceived stability or ‘in-betweenness’ of the middle class. To mitigate future uncertainty, they engage in speculative ventures, such as games of chance and entrepreneurial pursuits and act beyond what has been considered safe, rational, or secure economic activities.

Confluences Between Theater and Visual Arts: Van Gogh and Edvard Munch or From Tragedy to Dramaturgy

Between the performing arts and visual arts, for example between theater and painting or graphics, there are multiple interferences, which are not limited to scenography and costume. Cultural references and visual quotes are just two directions of development of modern and contemporary theater. Artists can support plays through images, but they can just as well inspire dramaturgical texts, either through life and professional activity, or through their creation, in itself. From books such as “The Lives of Painters, Sculptors and Architects” signed by Giorgio Vasari or Giovanni Pietro Bellori, or from various works and biographical studies dedicated to artists, we can find out a lot of information that explains or completes what we know or what we can deduce directly from their work, but most of the time those aspects are conjunctural, explaining only the context of the professional training, the orders or the game of chance that led to the realization of their works, as they came to be known. About artists such as Michelangelo, Caravaggio, Claude Monet, Tolouse Lautrec, or more recently about Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dali one can say that they have put themselves in their work, in addition to unparalleled mastery and personality. Rarely, however, there is such a continuity between life and artistic work, as in the case of Van Gogh and Edvard Munch.

GAMBLING HABITS AMONG VIDEO GAME PLAYERS

Introduction: Gambling is a legal and socially accepted recreational activity that can progress into a serious public health problem. The prevalence of gambling is higher among men of younger age and lower economic status, and older divorced men. There are many similarities between playing video games and gambling that the industry encourages by implementing the elements gambling into video games, and the elements of video games in gambling, but despite the similarities, in problem use we recognize two separate behavioral disorders. Methods and participants: The research was conducted on an intentional and judgmental sample of adolescents and young adults who play video games. A questionnaire containing questions on sociodemographic characteristics, video game playing and gambling habits, and the SOGS-RA was used to assess the gambling risk. Results: Most of the participants gamble very rarely or not at all, but 5.1% of the participants gamble every day. Almost all of the participants play several types of games of chance, with lottery games, sports betting and games on electronic devices leading the way. Pronounced problems with gambling were recognized in 28.3% of the research participants. Discussion: The lifetime prevalence of gambling in this research is similar to the results of other research conducted among video game players, although the results of all research in this area are not homogeneous. When comparing the results of gambling among video game players and the general population, the prevalence of gambling among video game players is significantly higher than in the general population. Conclusion: Adolescent and young adult video game players play more games of chance, and prefer gambling games that have a higher addictive potential. Considering the age, easy accessibility and the difficult recognition of the development of problem gambling, it is important to focus preventive activities on the youngest age group. Key words: games of chance, video game players, problem gambling

Pathological gambling is an underestimated risk factor for pilfering and suicide in Ghana: a case report

Background: Gambling is a game of chance that involves putting money or something of value at risk to gain something better. Currently, in Ghana, sports betting is a growing public health concern. We present a case report of a 29-year-old accountant who presented with a year duration of recurrent suicidal thoughts, two years of depressive symptoms, and a four-year history of pilfering due to obsessive internet gambling. His symptoms were successfully managed at the Psychiatry Department of Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. Pathological gambling is an underestimated risk factor for theft, depression, and suicide in Ghana. However, most people are unaware that it is a psychiatric condition that is manageable in the hospital. Advocacy, education, and publicity of pathological gambling as a psychiatric condition are needed to create awareness in the general public.

Odds of gambling among adolescents: a secondary analysis of the cross-sectional European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs

BackgroundGambling among adolescents is associated with gambling disorder in adulthood. This study investigated factors associated with gambling and excessive gambling in adolescents. MethodsThis secondary analysis of the cross-sectional European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) used nationally representative data from the Irish cohort of the 2019 ESPAD wave. Data were collected between March and May 2019. We included 1949 students aged 15–16 years (946 [48·5%] male, 1003 [51·5%] female), with a response rate of 85%. We calculated past year gambling prevalence as the rate of those who had gambled for money on at least one of four games of chance (slot machines, cards or dice, the lottery, betting on sports or animals) in the past 12 months. An adapted version of the three-item Consumption Screen for Problem Gambling was used to identify excessive gambling (score ≥4). We carried out descriptive and logistic regression analyses using binary covariates with Stata v16.1. We included 19 variables in the multivariable analysis. Ethics approval was granted by Dublin Institute of Technology's Ethics Committee. Non-consent forms were issued to all parents to opt out. FindingsOverall, 447 (23%) of 1949 students gambled in the past year, of whom 45 (10%) engaged in excessive gambling. Using a mutually adjusted multivariable logistic regression analysis, past year gambling was associated with alcohol use (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1·6, 95% CI 1·1–2·2), experiencing serious arguments (aOR 1·4, 1·1–1·9), and trouble with the police (aOR 1·9, 1·2–2·8). Female gender was a protective factor (aOR 0·6, 0·4–0·9). In the univariable analysis, excessive gambling was associated with gaming (OR 2·3, 1·0–5·1), tobacco use (2·1, 1·1–4·2), e-cigarette use (2·1, 1·1–4·1), heavy episodic drinking (2·7, 1·4–5·1), trouble with the police (2·8, 1·5–5·4, p<0·01), and deliberately hurting themselves (2·8, 1·4–5·6). Female gender (OR 0·3, 0·1–0·6) and social media use (0·4, 0·2–0·8) were protective factors. Excessive gambling was also associated with betting on sports and animals (OR 3·6, 1·6–8·4), slot machines (2·9, 1·5–5·8), card or dice (2·4, 1·2–4·6), and online gambling (4·2, 2·0–8·0). InterpretationA large proportion of 15–16 year olds in Ireland have gambled for money in the past year, with one in ten of those having engaged in excessive gambling. This number is likely to be underestimated due to recall and social desirability bias. Reducing the availability, access, and appeal of gambling products in Ireland should be addressed through ongoing gambling reform. FundingInstitute of Public Health.

Book Review: Casanova’s Lottery: The History of a Revolutionary Game of Chance by Stephen M. Stigler

Book Review: <i>Casanova’s Lottery: The History of a Revolutionary Game of Chance</i> by Stephen M. Stigler

Enteral tube feeding in functional gastrointestinal disorders: A game of chance?

Enteral tube feeding in functional gastrointestinal disorders: A game of chance?