Chamber Depth Research Articles

Improvement of Moderately Loaded Transonic Axial Compressor Performance Using Low Porosity Bend Skewed Casing Treatment

This paper presents experimental results of a single stage transonic axial flow compressor coupled with low porosity bend skewed casing treatment. The casing treatment has a plenum chamber above the bend slots. The depth of the plenum chamber is varied to understand its impact on the performance of compressor stage. The performance of the compressor stage is evaluated for casing treatment and plenum chamber configurations at two axial locations of 20% and 40%. Experimental results reveal that the stall margin of the compressor stage increases with increase in the plenum chamber volume. Hot-wire measurements show significant reduction in the turbulence intensity with increase in the plenum chamber volume compared to that with the solid casing at the stall condition. At higher operating speeds of 80% and at 20% axial coverage, the stall margin of the compressor increases by 20% with half and full plenum depth. The improvement in the peak stage efficiency observed is 4.6% with half plenum configuration and 3.34% with the full plenum configuration. The maximum improvement in the stall margin of 29.16% is obtained at 50% operating speed with full plenum configurations at 40% axial coverage.

Concept of the Partial Throw-Away Design of Piezoelectric Micropump for Medical Uses with Low Cost and Waste

In this study, piezoelectric micropumps with partial throw-away design have been developed and discussed. The actuator, a rectangular piezoelectric plate, can be separated from the pump body and be used repeatedly while the pump chamber is single-use to prevent infection. Thus, a low cost and waste solution for biomedical uses is achieved. A mechanical model is used to analyze the behavior of pump diaphragm and chamber geometry. Pump chamber with 20mm diameter is used due to its moderate elasticity. Then, 5 pumps with different depth of pump chamber have been made. The maximum flow rate, 5.7g/min, is reached by using a 0.5mm pump chamber with a 200V actuated voltage.

Correlation between white-to-white diameter and ciliary sulcus diameter of high myopia eyes

To investigate the ciliary sulcus diameters in horizontal and vertical axes and to analyze the correlation between white-to-white diameter and horizontal ciliary sulcus diameter for high myopia eyes at different anterior chamber depths. IOL-Master was used to measure white-to-white diameters and anterior chamber depths of 108 high myopia eyes and verified by digital caliper. Based on the depth of central anterior chamber not including corneal thickness, the testing eyes were divided into three groups: shallow AC group (3.0 mm < ACD ≤ 3.2 mm), medium AC group (3.2 mm < ACD ≤ 3.4 mm), and deep AC group (ACD > 3.4 mm). Furthermore, the horizontal and vertical ciliary sulcus diameters were checked by full-scale 50-Hz ultrasound biomicroscopy. The data of three AC groups were analyzed separately. The paired sample t-test was used to compare: white-to-white diameters and horizontal sulcus diameters, horizontal and vertical suclus diameters. The correlations between white-to-white diameters and horizontal sulcus diameters were assessed using linear regression analysis. The difference in the three groups of white-to-white diameters and ciliary sulcus diameters were compared by Student Newman Keuls test. The mean diameters and standard deviations of WTW diameters and horizontal ciliary sulcus diameters in the shallow AC group was, respectively, (11.46 ± 0.38) and (11.57 ± 0.32) mm(t = -2.849, P = 0.007). Linear regression analysis found a statistically significant correlation between white-to-white diameters and horizontal sulcus diameters with a coefficient of determinant of 0.797 (P = 0.000). The mean vertical suclus diameters was (12.27 ± 0.48) mm. The difference between horizontal and vertical suclus diameters was statistically significant (t = -15.522, P = 0.000) . The mean diameters and standard deviations of WTW diameters and horizontal ciliary sulcus diameters in the medium AC group was, respectively, (11.58 ± 0.31) and (11.77 ± 0.26) mm. (t = -4.523, P = 0.000). Linear regression analysis found a statistically significant correlation between white-to-white diameters and horizontal sulcus diameters with a coefficient of determinant of 0.639 (P = 0.000). The mean vertical suclus diameters was (12.52 ± 0.37) mm. The difference between horizontal and vertical suclus diameters was statistically significant (t = -13.987, P = 0.001) . The mean diameters and standard deviations of WTW diameters and horizontal ciliary sulcus diameters in the medium AC group was, respectively, (11.68 ± 0.22) and (11.91 ± 0.23) mm (t = -5.157, P = 0.000). Linear regression did not reveal horizontal sulcus diameters were a significant predictor of white-to-white diameters with a coefficient of determinant of 0.253 (P = 0.126). The mean vertical suclus diameters was (12.69 ± 0.36) mm. The difference between horizontal and vertical suclus diameters was statistically significant (t = -18.433, P = 0.000) . The white-to-white diameter measuring technique is not identical to the horizontal diameter of the ciliary sulcus and the potential difference between them is increased with deepening anterior chamber depth. Our preliminary study illustrated that the ciliary sculus is not circular and a vertical diameter is longer than horizontal one.

Three dimensional temperature simulation from cooling of two magma chambers in the Las Tres Vírgenes geothermal field, Baja California Sur, Mexico

A three-dimensional (3D) numerical model is proposed for natural state simulation of the Las Tres Vírgenes (LTV) geothermal system from emplacement and cooling of the heat source. A conceptual model of the LTV volcanic system was developed considering tectonic regime, structural geology, outcropping geology, eruptive events and geochronology. The model includes the emplacement of two magma chambers, lateral variations of physical properties and the topography of the geographic area. Model calibration was carried out for several chamber volumes and depths, as well as thermal diffusivity of lithological units. Static formation temperatures (SFT) and homogenization temperatures were used as references. Chamber depths between 3000 and 3500 m below sea level with total chamber volumes of 429 and 563 km3, respectively, were inferred from the simulation results. The exergy of the reservoir was consistent with the current installed capacity of the power plant (10 MWe); however, an increase of at least 4 MWe would be attained with optimized power cycles.

Posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation for correcting high myopia

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of implanting a posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens to correct high myopia. Methods There were 117 eyes of 63 patients with high myopia. The range of preoperative myopia diopters was -5.25 - - 19.0D. The best corrected vision was ≥0.8 in 101 eyes and 0.5 - 0.6 in 15 eyes, and 〈 0.3 in one eye, The examine included uncorrected visual acuity （UC- VA） , corrected visual acuity, corneal endothelium, UBM,intraocular pressure, refraction, tonometry, kerame- ter, pachometer, axial length, depth of anterior chamber, horizontal corneal diameter （ white to white ）, and posterior mean evaluation after indirect ophthalmoscope examination. The posterior chamber phakic intraocu- lar lens manufactured with STAAR collamer was implanted though 3.0 mm sutureless temporal clear corneal incision under topical anesthesia. YAG laser peripheral iridectomy was performed before surgery to avoid pu- pil block glaucoma. The follow-up examination included visual acuity, refrection, tonometer, cornea, and space between crystal lens and IOL. Results 117 eyes implanting were successful , all eyes had a signifi- cant increase in uncorrected visual acuity, and a same or better corrected visual acuity, All eyes maintained a low negative power of refraction, but the patients managed most activities without spectacles. 2 case （ 2 eyes） were found cataract genesis under anterior capsular membrane. Conclusion The posterior chamber phakic IOL was predictable, safe, and efficacious in the correction of high myopic. Key words: High myopia ; Surgery ; Lens, artifical; Phakic eye

The application of Mitomycin C combined with adjustable suture in trabeculectomy

Objective To discuss the efficacy of Mitomycin C combined with adjustable suture in trabeculectomy.Methods Seventy five cases (120 eyes) with primary glaucoma had received trabeculectomy,combined with Mitomycin C and adjustable suture.The visual acuity,filtrating blebs,depth of anterior chamber and the intraocular pressure were observed after the operation,with 4 - 20 months of follow-up.Results The visual acuity improved in 101 eyes.There were type Ⅰ filtering blebs in 23 eyes,type Ⅱ in 93eyes,and type Ⅲ in 4 eyes.Degree Ⅱ of shallow anterior chamber occurred in 25 eyes,and degree Ⅱ in 9eyes.The intraocular pressure was 0 ～ 10 mmHg in 6 eyes,11 ～ 20 mmHg in 110 eyes,21 ～ 30 mmHg in 4eyes.Conclusion In trabeculectomy,the application of Mitomycin C combined with adjustable suture could reduce the postoperative complications. Key words: Glaucoma, primary; Trabeculectomy; Mitomycin C; Suture, adjustable

Estimation of Wall Friction of Chamber Box Using Consolidation Characteristic

An estimation of wall friction during the consolidation of kaolin in testing chamber using the consolidation characteristic is presented herein. A slurry of kaolin was consolidated one dimensionally in a testing chamber under Overconsolidation Ratio (OCR) of ten. The moisture content and undrained shear strength were determined after the consolidation completed. It was found that, the moisture content decreases and the undrained shear strength increases with chamber depth. The differences were observed in the moisture content and strength measurements with increasing depth due to the influence of wall friction during the consolidation process. By using consolidation characteristic of kaolin from the testing chamber and Rowe cell (supplementary test), estimation of wall friction was calculated. It was found that, the wall friction estimation provided differences less than 2.2% with the experimental test.

Ability of Newly Emerged Adult Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes to Exit Belowground Stormwater Treatment Systems via Lateral Conveyance Pipes

Culex quinquefasciatus Say mosquitoes flourish in belowground stormwater systems in the southern United States. Recent evidence suggests that oviposition-site-seeking females may have difficulties locating, entering, and ovipositing inside permanent water chambers when surface entry through pickholes in manhole covers are sealed. It remains unknown, however, if newly emerged adults are able to detect cues necessary to exit these partly sealed systems via lateral conveyance pipes or if they perish belowground. Fourth instar Cx. quinquefasciatus were placed within proprietary belowground stormwater treatment systems to determine the percentage of newly emerged adults able to escape treatment chambers via a single lateral conveyance pipe. Overall, 56% of deployed mosquitoes were captured in adult exit traps with an 1:1 male:female ratio. The percentage of adults captured varied significantly among chambers, but was not associated with structural site characteristics such as the chamber depth or the length and course of conveyance pipe to the exit trap. Empirical observations suggested that longbodied cellar spiders, Pholcus phalangioides (Fuesslin), ubiquitous in these structures, may have reduced adult trap capture. Findings demonstrate that newly emerged Cx. quinquefasciatus can exit subterranean chambers under potentially difficult structural conditions but suggest that a portion may perish in the absence of surface exit points in manhole shafts.

Experimental study of flow regime and mixing in T-jets mixers

The flow field in T-jets mixers is studied experimentally for different geometrical parameters using Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF). A particular chaotic flow regime is reported for the first time from experimental work. It is shown that two geometrical parameters, the ratio of the mixing chamber width to the injectors’ width, and chamber's width to the chamber's depth, have an impact on the flow dynamics as important as the jets Reynolds numbers that were here studied over a range of values from 50 to 500. The values of the geometrical parameters and operation Reynolds number that mark the transitions of flow regime in the T-jets mixers are reported, and the impact of the geometry on such transitions is analyzed. The main features of the flow regimes are related with the mixing efficiency in T-jets mixers. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations for a particular case are shown in order to reveal the 3D flow structure of chaotic flow regime.

25-Gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy for crowded anterior segment after cataract surgery.

Objective To investigate the application of 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy system(25GTSV)on the treatment of crowded anterior segment(CAS)after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation.Methods 15 cases(15 eyes)of CAS after cataract surgery were treated with posterior capsulotomy and anterior segment vitrectomy with 25GTSV.The follow-up periods were 6 ～ 12months[(8.0 ± 1.5)months].The visual acuity,intraocular pressure(IOP)and the depth of anterior chamber were recorded,the condition of cornea,pupil,intraocular lens and complication were observed.Results All operations were successful.The visual acuity of all cases were improved in different degree after treatment.The best corrected visual acuity before treatment,1 week after treatment and at the end of the followup period was(0.05 ± 0.02),(0.2 ± 0.1)and(0.4 ± 0.1)respectively.There were significant difference before and after treatment(t =0.00,P =0.00).The mean IOP 1 week after treatment and at the end of the follow-up period was(17.3 ± 1.8)mmHg and(16.5 ± 1.3)mmHg respectively.They were lower obviously than the mean IOP before surgery which was(40.1 ± 7.5)mmHg.There were significant difference between them(t =0.00,P =0.00).The mean depth of anterior chamber before treatment,1 week after treatment and at the end of the follow-up period was(0.69 ±0.17)mm,(2.7 1 ±0.43)mm and(2.85 ±0.52)mm respectively.There were significant difference before and after treatment(t =0.00,P =0.00).After surgery,the edema of cornea disappeared,the pupil is round and a round hyalomere with diameter of 3.0 ～ 4.0 mmwas formed at the center of lens ' posterior capsule in all eyes.No obvious complications were observed intraoperatively and postoperatively.Conclusion 25GTSV with micro-incision can release and cure CAS after cataract surgery effectively and safely. Key words: Vitrectomy; 25-gauge; Phacoemulsification; Lens, intraocular; Crowded anterior segment

Platinum nanoparticle-facilitated reflective surfaces for non-contact temperature control in microfluidic devices for PCR amplification

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is critical for amplification of target sequences of DNA or RNA that have clinical, biological or forensic relevance. While extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometry (EFPI) has been shown to be adequate for non-contact temperature sensing, the difficulty in defining a reflective surface that is semi-reflective, non-reactive for PCR compatibility and adherent for thermal bonding has limited its exploitation. Through the incorporation of a reflective surface fabricated using a thermally driven self-assembly of a platinum nanoparticle monolayer on the surface of the microfluidic chamber, an enhanced EFPI signal results, allowing for non-contact microfluidic temperature control instrumentation that uses infrared-mediated heating, convective forced-air cooling, and interferometic temperature sensing. The interferometer is originally calibrated with a miniature copper-constantan thermocouple in the PCR chamber resulting in temperature sensitivities of -22.0 to -32.8 nm·°C(-1), depending on the chamber depth. This universal calibration enables accurate temperature control in any device with arbitrary dimensions, thereby allowing versatility in various applications. Uniquely, this non-contact temperature control for PCR thermocycling is applied to the amplification of STR loci for human genetic profiling, where nine STR loci are successfully amplified for human identification using the EFPI-based non-contact thermocycling.

Estudo comparativo das estruturas do segmento anterior de olhos de cães normais e com catarata, portadores ou não de Diabetes mellitus, avaliados por biomicroscopia ultrassônica

A catarata representa uma das principais causas de cegueira em cães, sendo que as alterações metabólicas provocadas pelo Diabetes mellitus (DM), constituem a segunda causa mais comum de catarata nesta espécie. A biomicroscopia ultrassônica (UBM) é um método ultrassonográfico de alta frequência (50 MHz) que permite a obtenção de imagens do modo B de qualidade microscópica. Este estudo objetivou, por meio do uso da UBM, comparar as estruturas do segmento anterior de olhos de cães com catarata, diabética e não-diabética, às de cães normais, para verificar possíveis alterações decorrentes do DM. Os parâmetros avaliados foram espessura da córnea, profundidade da câmara anterior, aumento de celularidade no interior da câmara anterior e medida do ângulo iridocorneal. Foram realizados exames de 87 olhos de 47 animais da espécie canina, divididos em 3 grupos: grupo controle (GCO), grupo de portadores de catarata não-diabéticos (GCAT) e o grupo dos diabéticos (GDM). Os resultados revelam que o grupo dos diabéticos apresentou maiores espessuras de córnea que os demais grupos enquanto o grupo controle apresentou maiores câmaras anteriores. Encontrou-se aumento de celularidade em câmara anterior apenas nos grupos com catarata. Quando analisadas as medidas do ângulo iridocorneal, não houve diferença entre os 3 grupos. Com base no que foi aferido, permite-se concluir que olhos de cães diabéticos com catarata apresentam maior espessura de córnea central que olhos de cães com catarata de outras etiologias e de cães normais, que há diminuição da câmara anterior, com aumento de celularidade, em olhos de cães com catarata, quando comparados a cães normais e que não há diferença na medida do ângulo iridocorneal em olhos de cães com catarata, diabética ou não, e de cães normais.

Supraciliochoroidal Fluid Incidence at the Early Stage after Trabeculectomy: Study with Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography

Purpose: To analyze the appearance of supraciliochoroidal fluid (SCF) within 1 week after trabeculectomy with anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), a high-resolution, non-contact detection method.Methods: In this prospective, non-comparative study, AS-OCT was used to assess the incidence of SCF in 25 eyes of 22 glaucoma patients who underwent trabeculectomy. Eyes were examined for SCF before and at 1, 3 days, and 1 week after surgery. Eyes with SCF were additionally examined at 2, 3, 4, and 8 postoperative weeks. Eyes were examined for the intraocular pressure (IOP), central depth of anterior chamber, and anterior inflammation.Results: None of the 25 eyes displayed preoperative SCF. Postoperative SCF was found in 19 eyes (76%), which first appeared on day 1 (10/19), day 3 (5/19), or 1 week (4/19) after surgery. Diagnoses of the 19 eyes included primary open-angle glaucoma (8 eyes), chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma (5 eyes), acute primary angle closue glaucoma (5 eyes), and secondary glaucoma (1 eye). SCF was found in four (16 eyes, 84.2%), two (2 eyes, 10.5%), or one quadrant (1 eye, 5.3%). Most of the 19 eyes displayed grade I (10 eyes, 52.6%) or grade II detachment (8 eyes, 42.1%), with 1 eye (5.3%) showing grade III detachment. The lowest IOP was lower in eyes with SCF (4.3 ± 2.7 mmHg) than in those without (16.3 ± 6.0 mmHg) (p = 0.000). The IOP rose from 7.55 ± 4.33 mmHg at SCF detection to 13.47 ± 5.52 mmHg at SCF disappearance (p = 0.009). Most eyes (17 eyes, 89.5%) had displayed no SCF by week 4, but one eye still displayed SCF at 8 postoperative weeks.Conclusions: At the very early stages after trabeculectomy (within 1 postoperative week), SCF was detected frequently with AS-OCT. Compared with previous reports using other detection methods, AS-OCT diagnosed postoperative SCF more frequently and at earlier time points.

Diffuser Micropump Structured with Extremely Flexible Diaphragm of 2-µm-thick Polyimide Film

A miniaturized diffuser/nozzle micropump with extremely thin (only 2.1 µm in thickness) polyimide (PI) membranes was fabricated on a 60-µm-thick Si wafer using simple photolithography processes. The diameter of the diaphragm was 2 mm, and the chamber depth was 60 µm. The micropump was functioned by deforming the membranes with alternating air pressure. The ethanol flow rate of the micropump was over 400 nl/min at 2.5 Hz with an actuated pressure of 5 kPa. The measured flow rate was relatively higher than those of previously reported micropumps with a similar chamber volume owing to the large deflection (over 40 µm) of the PI membrane. The micropump processing issues of plasma induced damage to the PI membrane during Si chamber etching and the behaviors of the static and dynamic deflections of the PI membrane was also discussed. On the basis of the advantages of photolithography processes and the good performance of the micropump, it is expected that the micropump can be fabricated on silicon integrated circuit chips.

Diabetic glaucoma: clinical and treatment features

The purpose of the given work became an estimation of efficiency of drainage surgery and combined preparations at treatment secondary newvascular the complicated diabetic glaucoma at patients with a diabetes militus (DM). Material and methods. Results of 46 operations and 34 cases of conservative therapy by the combined preparations at patients with a diabetic glaucoma and a DM have been investigated. Results. At all patients in the postoperative period the painful syndrome has been stoped and proof reduction in intraocular pressure is received. In the early postoperative period there were following complications: gifema, cataract, reduction of depth of the forward chamber of an eye because of swelling a crystalline lens and detachment a vascular environment. In the late postoperative period “exposure” of a drainage tube, a vascular cataract and dystrophy of cornea were observed “capture” iris. More than in half of cases high preoperative intraocular pressure it was possible to compensate at use of combined preparation Коsopt (MSD, USA). Conclusions. The diabetic glaucoma objectively exists also drainage surgery there should be “the gold standard” treatments of this pathology and its complications at patients with a DM. Combined preparation Коsopt (MSD, USA) has shown high efficiency in reduction in intraocular pressure at patients with a diabetic glaucoma and their preparations for scheduled surgical intervention.

Does lens status affect the course of early intraocular pressure and anterior chamber changes after intravitreal injection?

This study aimed to observe changes in anterior chamber parameters and the course of intraocular pressure (IOP) after injection of 0.1 ml intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and to determine differences between phakic and pseudophakic eyes without vitreous reflux. A prospective observational clinical trial was conducted with 89 patients who received an intravitreal injection of TA and did not display vitreous reflux. Intraocular pressure measurements were made before injection and at 3, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mins after injection. Pentacam measurements were made before injection and at 5, 15, 30 and 45 mins after injection. Anterior chamber depth (ACD) and anterior chamber volume (ACV) were significantly greater in pseudophakic eyes than in phakic eyes at all measurement time-points (p < 0.001). There was a decrease in both ACD and ACV at 5 mins after injection, and a gradual increase to normal values was observed at 15, 30 and 45 mins after injection in all study eyes. Compared with pre-injection measurements, changes in ACD and ACV were statistically significant at each time-point in both phakic and pseudophakic eyes (p < 0.001). A significant increase in IOP within 3 mins of injection was observed in both groups and a more rapid decrease 10 mins after injection was observed in pseudophakic eyes. The differences in IOP between phakic and pseudophakic eyes at all measurement time-points, except baseline and 3 mins after injection, were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Intraocular pressure < 30 mmHg and < 24 mmHg was recorded in all pseudophakic eyes at 10 and 20 mins after intravitreal injection, respectively. Following intravitreal injection of 0.1 ml TA, without vitreous reflux, IOP decreased to safe levels more quickly in pseudophakic eyes than in phakic eyes. Although there were more pronounced changes in anterior chamber parameters in pseudophakic eyes, these changes were reversible without any residual clinical significance.

Epidemical survey of glaucoma among Uigur peasants aged 40 years or above in Kuche rural

Background Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide;while the different types of glaucoma is vary from different region. Objective Present study was to survey the prevalence and types of glaucoma among peasants of Uigur adults in Kuche county and offer the basis for the prevent and treatment of glaucoma in Uigur nationanlity. Methods 4191 Uigur peasants aged 40 years or above were collected in Kuche county for the survey of prevalence and types of glaucoma by randomized cluster sampling in March and April of 2009. The subjects were grouped into 40-,50-,60- and ≥70 years groups according to the distribution of age. The disease history of glaucoma, regular eye examination, funds examination and measurement of the anterior chamber depth, gonioscope were performed in the all subjects. Darkroom prone test and mydriasis test were carried out in suspicious glaucomous patients. The depth of periphery anterior chamber was assessed based on van Herick' s criteria, and the width of chamber angle was graded based on Scheie' s method. The standardized training was performed. This survey approved by Xinjiang Medical Ethics Committee, all subjects signed the informed consent before the examination. Results 4191 of 4873 subjects finished all the examinations with the response rate 86%. All the subjects showed a good compliance. The prevalence of glaucoma was 3. 79% , and the prevalence of primary angle-closed glaucoma(PACG) .primary angle-open glaucoma (PAOG) and secondary glaucoma was 2.22% ,0.26% and 1. 31% respectively, showing a significant difference among the different types of glaucoma( P<0. 05). The prevalence of glaucoma was elevated with aging (χ2 - 116. 69 ,P<0. 05) and presented a high rate in male subjects compared with female ones(χ2 = 7. 34, P<0. 05 ). Bilateral blindness was found in 19.75% glaucoma peasants, in which 25.3% glaucoma peasants received anti-glaucoma surgery. The distribution of visual acuity of patients was of significant difference among different age groups(χ2 = 37. 69 ,P<0. 05 ) . Conclusions The prevalence of the glaucoma among Uigur peasants in Kuche county was higher than most area no matter inland or overseas. PACG still is the common type in those people. Key words: Glaucoma; Prevalence; Primary angle-closed glaucoma; primary angle-open glaucoma; Secondary glaucoma; Epidemical survey

Combined trabeculectomy to treat glaucoma without anchor suture under topical anesthesia

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of combined trabeculetomy without anchor suture to treat glaucoma. Methods 43 patiens (59 eyes) underwent combined trabeculectomy with out anchor suture under topical anesthesia in our hospital. Tobramycin dexamethasone and atropine eye drops were given at 2nd day after surgery routinely,and the adjustable sutures were taken out based on the depth of anterior chamber and intraocular pressure(IOP). Results Morphologic characteristics of postoperative filtrating bleb: the filtrating blebs were divided into 4 types based on Krofed's standards. Ⅰ type blebs were observed in 6 eyes( 10.2% ), Ⅱ type blebs in 50 eyes (84.75%), Ⅲ type blebs in 3 eyes(5.08% ) ,and no Ⅳ type bles after followed for 1 year. Status of postoperative anterior chamber: Shallow anterior chamber were observed in 6 eyes during 7 days after surgery, and grade Ⅰ in 5 eyes, grade Ⅱ in 1 eye. The depth of anterior chambers were recovered in 2 to 4 days after pressure dressing and pupil dilation by atropine eye drop. Statue of postoperative IOP:the IOP 7 days after operation was 816 mmHg in 51 eyes(86.55% ) ,16 -21 mmHg in 18 eyes(13.56%), more than 21 mmHg in 2 eyes(3.39%). Conclusion The combined trabeculectomy without anchor suture under topical anesthesia can drop down IOP, form functional filtrating bleb and avoid postoperative complication in glaucoma patients effectively. Key words: without anchor suture; trabeculectomy; glaucoma

Effect of Tropicamide and Homatropine Eye Drops on A-Scan Parameters of the Phakic Normal Eyes

A prospective study to evaluate the changes in A-Scan axial parameters of phakic normal eyes before and after instillation of 1% topical Tropicamide and 2% Homatropine eye drops. Anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous chamber length, and ocular axial length were measured in 76 eyes before and after cycloplegia induced by 1% topical Tropicamide, and in 28 eyes with 2% Homatropine eye drops. Anterior chamber depth demonstrated increase from baseline readings with Tropicamide and Homatropine eye drops, while lens thickness showed decrease from the baseline readings with both eye drops. Effect of both the eye drops on over all axial length and vitreous chamber length is statistically seen, but is clinically negligible and not significant. Cycloplegia induced by 1% Tropicamide eye drops and 2% Homatropine eye drops has a significant measurable influence on anterior chamber depth and lens thickness, while vitreous chamber length and overall axial length demonstrated negligible statistical difference on A-Scan parameters of the normal phakic eyes.

Testing hypotheses that link wood anatomy to cavitation resistance and hydraulic conductivity in the genus Acer

• Vulnerability to cavitation and conductive efficiency depend on xylem anatomy. We tested a large range of structure-function hypotheses, some for the first time, within a single genus to minimize phylogenetic 'noise' and maximize detection of functionally relevant variation. • This integrative study combined in-depth anatomical observations using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy of seven Acer taxa, and compared these observations with empirical measures of xylem hydraulics. • Our results reveal a 2 MPa range in species' mean cavitation pressure (MCP). MCP was strongly correlated with intervessel pit structure (membrane thickness and porosity, chamber depth), weakly correlated with pit number per vessel, and not related to pit area per vessel. At the tissue level, there was a strong correlation between MCP and mechanical strength parameters, and some of the first evidence is provided for the functional significance of vessel grouping and thickenings on inner vessel walls. In addition, a strong trade-off was observed between xylem-specific conductivity and MCP. Vessel length and intervessel wall characteristics were implicated in this safety-efficiency trade-off. • Cavitation resistance and hydraulic conductivity in Acer appear to be controlled by a very complex interaction between tissue, vessel network and pit characteristics.