Internet Of Things Challenges Research Articles

Internet of Things in Healthcare

The health monitoring system plays a pivotal role in healthcare management. Internet of Things (IoT) technology is an emerging field that facilitates the connectivity of devices to the internet. Consequently, patient data can be transmitted to the cloud for accessibility via the internet, enabling doctors to remotely monitor patients and vice versa. This paper explores the services and applications of IoT in the context of health monitoring systems, while also addressing key challenges. Given the sensitive nature of patient health data, encryption techniques for data protection are also examined. Keywords—Challenges in IoT, Data protection, Encryption, IoT technology, IoMT.

Advances in Architecture, Protocols, and Challenges in Internet of Things: From Technologies to Applications

With the rapid development and widespread application of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, we are in an era of digital transformation, where the integration between the physical and digital worlds continues to deepen [...]

IOT Equipped Sustainable Farming: A Review of Applications and Challenges

The rapid population growth is a compelling surge need for food which results in a shift towards smart farming practices. Moreover, agriculture is facing with several issues such as shrinking natural resources, limitation of cultivable land, unpredictable weather conditions, increase in crop diseases. Consequently, the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) are being associated with agriculture to reduce operational efforts while increasing productivity. Radio frequency identification, wireless sensor networks (WSN), cloud computing, end-user apps, and middleware systems are a few of the technologies that are integrated into the Internet of Things. In this paper, numerous applications and challenges of IoT have been discussed. Further, an ecosystem for agriculture is presented which discusses that how IoT is solving different challenges faced by the farmers.

HealthNet: IoT-based Healthcare Monitoring and Management System

Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected devices that can collect, store, analyze and transmit data over the Internet. IoT has the potential to revolutionize the healthcare industry by enabling remote patient care, telemedicine, electronic medical records, medication management, imaging and monitoring. The Internet of Things can also improve patient safety, reduce healthcare costs, increase healthcare accessibility, and increase efficiency. However, IoT in healthcare still faces challenges such as security, privacy, wearability, and design. This article reviews the latest research on IoT in healthcare, focusing on the technology, applications, benefits, and challenges of IoT in healthcare

Decentralised Global Service Discovery for the Internet of Things.

The Internet of Things (IoT) consists of millions of devices deployed over hundreds of thousands of different networks, providing an ever-expanding resource to improve our understanding of and interactions with the physical world. Global service discovery is key to realizing the opportunities of the IoT, spanning disparate networks and technologies to enable the sharing, discovery, and utilisation of services and data outside of the context in which they are deployed. In this paper, we present Decentralised Service Registries (DSRs), a novel trustworthy decentralised approach to global IoT service discovery and interaction, building on DSF-IoT to allow users to simply create and share public and private service registries, to register and query for relevant services, and to access both current and historical data published by the services they discover. In DSR, services are registered and discovered using signed objects that are cryptographically associated with the registry service, linked into a signature chain, and stored and queried for using a novel verifiable DHT overlay. In contrast to existing centralised and decentralised approaches, DSRs decouple registries from supporting infrastructure, provide privacy and multi-tenancy, and support the verification of registry entries and history, service information, and published data to mitigate risks of service impersonation or the alteration of data. This decentralised approach is demonstrated through the creation and use of a DSR to register and search for real-world IoT devices and their data as well as qualified using a scalable cluster-based testbench for the high-fidelity emulation of peer-to-peer applications. DSRs are evaluated against existing approaches, demonstrating the novelty and utility of DSR to address key IoT challenges and enable the sharing, discovery, and use of IoT services.

Optimizing the Charging Mobility of WPT-Enabled UAV to Enhance the Stability of Solar-Powered LoRaWAN IoT

In the majority of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, persistent and stable operation is a crucial requirement. While environmental energy-harvesting technologies can enhance IoT’s persistence, they do not guarantee stability. Therefore, we aim to address the stability challenges in solar-powered IoT (SP-IoT) by employing wireless power transmission (WPT) through unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). This study focuses on determining the optimal charging mobility of drones for WPT to enhance the stability of nodes operating in a wide area network (WAN)-based SP-IoT environment. The proposed scheme identifies nodes with insufficient solar energy harvesting and defines the optimal charging mobility parameters (hovering position, hovering time, and moving path) to efficiently transmit the drone’s energy to these nodes in a balanced manner. The experimental results confirm that the proposed scheme significantly improves the stability of solar-powered IoT nodes by optimally utilizing the limited energy of the drone.

Implementation of blockchain – IoT-based integrated architecture in green supply chain

PurposeDigital supply chains require nascent technologies like blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT). There is a need to develop a roadmap for the implementation of these technologies, as they require a huge amount of resources and infrastructure. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the challenges of implementing blockchain-IoT integrated architecture in the green supply chain and develop strategies for the same.Design/methodology/approachAfter a thorough literature survey of Scopus-indexed journals and books, 37 barriers were identified, which were then brought down to 15 barriers after confirming with industry and academic experts using the Delphi method. Using the total interpretive structural modeling (TISM) method and cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) analysis, the barriers were modeled, and finally, strategies were formulated using a concept map to handle the barriers in the blockchain-IoT integrated architecture for a green supply chain.FindingsThis paper presents the research on barriers that can be considered for incorporating blockchain and IoT in the green supply chain. It was found from the TISM model that environmental concerns are Level-1 barriers and need to be addressed by developing appropriate technology and allocating funds for the same. An integrated ecosystem with blockchain and IoT is developed.Research limitations/implicationsThe focus of this study was on the challenges of blockchain and IoT; hence, it is required to extend the research and find challenges for different industries and also analyze the criteria using other multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods. Further research is required for the integration of blockchain-IoT with supply chain functions.Practical implicationsThe transformation of a traditional supply chain into a green supply chain is possible with the integration of technologies. This research work and the strategies developed are useful to managers and practitioners working on technology implementation. Planning resources and addressing key barriers is possible with the concept maps and architecture developed.Social implicationsGreen supply chain management (SCM) is gaining importance in industry as well as the academic sector due to government Policies and norms worldwide for reducing emissions and encouraging environment-friendly production systems. Incorporating blockchain and IoT in a green supply chain will further digitize and increase transparency in supply chains.Originality/valueWe have done a categorization of all barriers based on the expert survey by academicians and industry experts from industries in India. The concept map helps in identifying possible solutions for the challenges and initiatives to be taken for the smooth integration of technologies in the green supply chain.

Strengthening Internet of Things Security: Surveying Physical Unclonable Functions for Authentication, Communication Protocols, Challenges, and Applications

The spectrum of Internet of Things (IoT) applications is vast. It serves in various domains such as smart homes, intelligent buildings, health care, emergency response, and many more, reflecting the exponential market penetration of the IoT. Various security threats have been made to modern-day systems. Cyberattacks have seen a marked surge in frequency, particularly in recent times. The growing concern centers around the notable rise in cloning attacks, persisting as a significant and looming threat. In our work, an in-depth survey on the IoT that employs physically unclonable functions (PUFs) was conducted. The first contribution analyzes PUF-based authentication, communication protocols, and applications. It also tackles the eleven challenges faced by the research community, proposes solutions to these challenges, and highlights cloning attacks. The second contribution suggests the implementation of a framework model known as PUF3S-ML, specifically crafted for PUF authentication in the Internet of Things (IoT), incorporating innovative lightweight encryption techniques. It focuses on safeguarding smart IoT networks from cloning attacks. The key innovation framework comprises three stages of PUF authentication with IoT devices and an intelligent cybersecurity monitoring unit for IoT networks. In the methodology of this study, a survey relevant to the concerns was conducted. More data were provided previously regarding architecture, enabling technologies, and IoT challenges. After conducting an extensive survey of 125 papers, our analysis revealed 23 papers directly relevant to our domain. Furthermore, within this subset, we identified 11 studies specifically addressing the intersection of communication protocols with PUFs. These findings highlight the targeted relevance and potential contributions of the existing literature to our research focus.

Qualitative ethical technology assessment of artificial intelligence (AI) and the internet of things (IoT) among filipino Gen Z members: implications for ethics education in higher learning institutions

ABSTRACT The primary aim of this paper is to identify the knowledge and perceptions of the Gen Z Filipino students about the forms and ethics of artificial intelligence (AI) and the internet of things (IoT). It likewise describes their experiences in the use of said technologies. The Gen Z population is considered the most exposed to AI and IoT. This paper is based on four focus group discussions (FGDs) with 28 university students. Results have revealed that the Gen Z participants consider the potential threats and challenges of AI and IoT to humanity which include privacy, confidentiality, and anonymity. In addition, the ethical challenges associated with AI and IoT pose the risks not only to data privacy but to security as well. Gen Z students suggest that people’s understanding of these technologies can be hastened through proper education and techno capacity-building. This implies that teaching ethics in HEIs needs to tackle ethical issues of technology and relate them to social, environmental, health, and economic issues.

Internet-of-Things Traffic Analysis and Device Identification Based on Two-Stage Clustering in Smart Home Environments

Smart home environments, which consist of various Internet of Things (IoT) devices to support and improve our daily lives, are expected to be widely adopted in the near future. Owing to a lack of awareness regarding the risks associated with IoT devices and challenges in replacing or the updating their firmware, adequate security measures have not been implemented. Instead, IoT device identification methods based on traffic analysis have been proposed. Since conventional methods process and analyze traffic data simultaneously, bias in the occurrence rate of traffic patterns has a negative impact on the analysis results. Therefore, this paper proposes an IoT traffic analysis and device identification method based on two-stage clustering in smart home environments. In the first step, traffic patterns are extracted by clustering IoT traffic at a local gateway located in each smart home and subsequently sent to a cloud server. In the second step, the cloud server extracts common traffic units to represent IoT traffic by clustering the patterns obtained in the first step. Two-stage clustering can reduce the impact of data bias, because each cluster extracted in the first clustering is summarized as one value and used as a single data point in the second clustering, regardless of the occurrence rate of traffic patterns. Through the proposed two-stage clustering method, IoT traffic is transformed into time series vector data that consist of common unit patterns and can be identified based on time series representations. Experiments using public IoT traffic datasets indicated that the proposed method could identify 21 IoTs devices with an accuracy of 86.9%. Therefore, we can conclude that traffic analysis using two-stage clustering is effective for improving the clustering quality, device identification, and implementation in distributed environments.

IoT security with blockchain: A review

The relationship between the Internet of Things (IoT) and Blockchain has emerged to address the challenges of security, data integrity and transparency of IoT devices. Blockchain, with its distributed and decentralized nature, ensures reliable data transmission between IoT devices and security by preventing data manipulation. It also enhances the security and transparency of IoT applications by supporting automated and trusted transactions through smart contracts. In this context, Blockchain plays a critical role in making the IoT ecosystem more reliable and effective. In this study, we review studies that emphasize the importance of Blockchain technology for IoT security and propose various solutions. The proposed solutions include scalable frameworks for secure transactions in dynamic applications, Hyperledger Sawtooth-based frameworks that support secure logging of industrial activities, specialized access control mechanisms such as Trust-Based Access Control Mechanism (TABI), and IoT Cop monitoring framework that offers advanced security features. In addition, blockchain-based access control protocols, authentication systems and security models are aimed at enhancing IoT security. While most of the studies in the literature focus on the current challenges of IoT and Blockchain integration, they also reveal future research opportunities. These studies are briefly mentioned and the necessary ones are expressed in a table. In this way, it is aimed to create the necessary infrastructure for those who will work in this field.

Evaluation and Challenges of IoT Simulators for Intelligent Transportation System Applications

The Internet-of-Things (IoT) constructs a vast, intricate, and perpetually evolving ecosystem exerting profound societal implications. This labyrinthine nature often culminates in errors that directly impact human lives. A significant domain where this complexity materializes is Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Present tools and methodologies inadequately accommodate the complex task of testing and validation, underscoring the urgency for comprehensive review and enhancement. This study aims to present a broad analysis of existing simulators utilized for ITS simulations. It delves into the role and effectiveness of such simulation tools, highlighting their limitations and proposing research directions. This paper scrutinizes both commercial and research-oriented IoT simulators for ITS, evaluating their features and simulation environment tools. We have detailed various ITS scenarios simulated within these frameworks, intending to gauge their readiness for real-world ITS applications and to elaborate on the challenges involved in ITS infrastructure implementation. The findings suggest that despite numerous simulators aiding the evolution of solutions for IoT challenges in recent years, their utility in actual ITS implementations remain uncertain. Consequently, we explore public cloud platforms offering IoT simulation capabilities, focusing particularly on the capabilities provided by the Amazon Web Services (AWS) IoT simulation for this study. Our research outlines the pressing challenges in this field, while proposing potential solutions and flagging opportunities for further research. This study paves the way towards improving the reliability and accuracy of IoT simulators in the context of ITS, which has immense potential to enhance the quality of human life.

Facilitating Healthcare Sector through IoT: Issues, Challenges, and Its Solutions

INTRODUCTION: Nowadays, the Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the thriving technologies which incredibly enhances the standardization and modernization of any field. Healthcare has been facing so many conundrums that now could be catered to by the technology of IoT. IoT has found its application in the healthcare sector in the form of various health monitoring devices as well as sma4rfj, and tjti88lirt wearables for efficiently monitoring the health status of patients and improving upon the traditional infrastructure. Further, IoT in healthcare introduces and identifies the intelligent trend and directions by which one can be aware of health, fitness, and ailments. In this way, IoT progressively adds to the medical field and healthcare. At the same time, there are some challenges which are pertaining to IoT in healthcare which include the breaching of confidential information such as patient data.
 OBJECTIVES: The paper aims to discuss the solutions to this problem in detail. 
 METHODS: The paper fulfils its objectives through the deployment of technology such as blockchain and fog computing. This paper delineates the comparative study of how IoT assimilates healthcare.
 RESULTS: The paper discusses various identified technologies to overcome the challenges in IoT for healthcare.
 CONCLUSION: The amalgamation of IoT with healthcare shows efficacious outcomes. It can even create the difference between life and death. IoT overcomes the shortcomings of the traditional healthcare system. However, there are some challenges of securities associated with the IoT technology which can be coped with some measures such as cryptography, and blockchain etc.

Cell-Free IoT With Non-Orthogonal Random Pilots: Key Research and Future Directions

With the proliferation of Internet of things (IoT) applications, the massive machine-type connections (MTCs) bring great challenges to traditional cellular networks, wherein cellboundary devices with severe path-loss and inter-cell interference normally suffer from poor performance. By contrast, cell-free massive MIMO is a promising technique to support massive MTCs, since its user-centric architecture can shorten the distance between devices and access points, and boost the network coverage performance significantly. In this article, we first introduce the benefits and the main challenges of cell-free IoT with non-orthogonal random pilots. Then, we present the key research topics and several promising solutions for two typical IoT application scenarios: grant-based cell-free IoT and grantfree cell-free IoT. Some future research directions of cell-free IoT are also highlighted.

Recent Advances and Challenges in Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Smartphone Biosensors for COVID-19 and Zika Viruses Detection: A Review

Recent Advances and Challenges in Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Smartphone Biosensors for COVID-19 and Zika Viruses Detection: A Review

A portfolio selection of internet of things (IoTs) applications for the sustainable urban transportation: A novel hybrid multi criteria decision making approach

The nature of technological innovations is unpredictable, therefore decision making on disruptive technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) in many public sector organizations is undisciplined. Due to resource limitations and tremendous payoffs, there is a need to have a decision-making framework to manage technological innovations as a portfolio of investments that balances risk and reward simultaneously. This study provides a new portfolio matrix for decision making to identify IoT applications in the urban transportation sector for future investment based on two dimensions of impact on sustainable development (SD) and feasibility for implementing IoT using a novel hybrid multi criteria decision making approach. For this purpose, seventeen IoT applications in urban transportation were identified using a systematic literature review. The improved Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM) - Best Worth Method (BWM) method was used to determine the relationship between SD criteria and IoT challenges, and to calculate their importance. Then, the Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS) method was used to prioritize the IoT applications based on SD criteria and IoT challenges. Finally, the adapted impact-feasibility matrix was used to simultaneously evaluate both criteria for selecting the IoT applications portfolio. Results of this paper show that bike sharing and car sharing have the first priority for investment in the case of a developing country.

Navigating Routing Challenges in Internet of Things (IoT): A Focus on Routing Protocols and Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper states the routing issues in the Internet of Things (IoT). The main point of focus is especially on routing protocols in IoT and wireless sensor networks (WSN). “Everything which is connected to the internet is alive”, is going to be the new rule for the future. The future is the Internet of Things (IoT), the world is changing every day with new technologies and inventions. The Internet of Things (IoT) has known as a future scenario of technology in human life. IoT expands the concept of the Internet from a network of rather homogenous devices such as computers to a network of heterogeneous devices such as home appliances and the conventional network is mostly replaced with IoT. Devices are the main users of the IoT framework an important part is IEEE 802.15.4, a standard that operates at the PHY layer and MAC layer of IoT devices. The IoT Ecosystem includes a large number of integrated heterogeneous low-power, low-cost devices, and secure connections are needed between them [15]. They communicate with each other to gather, share and forward the information in a multi-hop manner, this requires a complex routing between them. WSN, new technology in the IoT system comprised of a large collection of sensors, a mesh network can be used to individually gather data and send data through a router to the internet in an IoT system [6]. an enormous number of sensors are used and its growth is also fast, they are collecting inexperienced data and transforming it into meaningful and useful information. considering the full usability of these devices and a huge number of them, produce routing challenges [16]. Routing in IoT is the most critical part because we are working with devices that have restricted device resources. the optimum goal is to have enhanced routing protocols and efficient performance with such limited resource devices [15, 18].

Engineering the advances of the artificial neural networks (ANNs) for the security requirements of Internet of Things: a systematic review

Internet of Things (IoT) driven systems have been sharply growing in the recent times but this evolution is hampered by cybersecurity threats like spoofing, denial of service (DoS), distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, intrusions, malwares, authentication problems or other fatal attacks. The impacts of these security threats can be diminished by providing protection towards the different IoT security features. Different technological solutions have been presented to cope with the vulnerabilities and providing overall security towards IoT systems operating in numerous environments. In order to attain the full-pledged security of any IoT-driven system the significant contribution presented by artificial neural networks (ANNs) is worthy to be highlighted. Therefore, a systematic approach is presented to unfold the efforts and approaches of ANNs towards the security challenges of IoT. This systematic literature review (SLR) is composed of three (3) research questions (RQs) such that in RQ1, the major focus is to identify security requirements or criteria that defines a full-pledge IoT system. This question also focusses on pinpointing the different types of ANNs approaches that are contributing towards IoT security. In RQ2, we highlighted and discussed the contributions of ANNs approaches for individual security requirement/feature in comprehensive and detailed fashion. In this question, we also determined the various models, frameworks, techniques and algorithms suggested by ANNs for the security advancements of IoT. In RQ3, different security mechanisms presented by ANNs especially towards intrusion detection system (IDS) in IoT along with their performances are comparatively discussed. In this research, 143 research papers have been used for analysis which are providing security solutions towards IoT security issues. A comprehensive and in-depth analysis of selected studies have been made to understand the current research gaps and future research works in this domain.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Energy efficient IRS assisted 6G network for Industry 5.0

The real world applications are more prone to difficulties of challenges due to fast growth of technologies and inclusion of artificial intelligence (AI) based logical solutions. The massive internet-of-things (IoT) devices are involved in number of Industry 5.0 applications like smart healthcare, smart manufacturing, smart agriculture, smart transportation. Advanced wireless techniques, customization of services and different technologies are experiencing a major transformation. The desire to increase the communication reliability without adding energy overhead is the major challenge for massive IoT enabled networks. To cope up with the above challenges, Industry 5.0 requirements needs to be monitored at the remote level which again adds on the communication challenge. Use of relays in 6G based wireless networks is denied due to high requirement of energy. Therefore in this paper, Intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) assisted energy constrained 6G wireless networks are studied. To provide seamless connection between the communicating mobile nodes, IRS with an array of reflecting elements are configured in the system set up. A use-case scenario of IRS enabled network in Internet-of-Underwater things (IoUT) for smart ocean transportation is also provided. The IRS assisted wireless network is evaluated for target rates achieved. A power consumption model of the IRS supported system is also proposed to optimise the energy efficiency of the system. Further, the paper evaluates the impact of number of reflecting elements N on the IRS and the phase resolution b of each element on the system performance. The energy efficiency improves by 20% for IRS with N=100\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$N=100$$\\end{document} with b=2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$b=2$$\\end{document} over IRS with b=1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$b=1$$\\end{document}.

Multi-criteria Decision Support System for Prioritizing Challenges of Internet of Things (IoT)

Abstract: The adoption and utilization of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies such as IoT Platforms, 5G, connected sensors, WAN, etc mostly come with numerous, seemingly complex and expensive challenges for institutions and organisations, particularly in developing countries as they work to fill their fair share of the global IoT market. Multi-criteria decision support systems (MCDSS) can be indispensable tools for evaluating and prioritizing these complex competing difficulties by multistakeholder decision makers. While eliminating conventional decision problems such as, human biases, time consumption, cost of decision, etc, MCDSS make it possible for companies to concentrate on solving challenges which their limited resources can cater for. This study presents an approach for design and implementation of a prototype MCDSS for prioritizing challenges that institutions and organizations face while adopting and utilizing IoT technologies using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) methodology. ASP.Net model View controller (MVC) framework and C Sharp programming Language was used for the GUI and the Logic development. The system's default IoT challenges and dataset were adapted from the works of A.K. Mohammadzadeh (Baseline dataset). The system usability test result obtained shows that the system is friendly and usable. The output weights and rating of the IoT technology adoption challenges/sub-challenges exhibit over 80% similarity when compared to the Baseline dataset. Further studies are recommended to make the system a