5G Challenges Research Articles

Measurement Challenges for 5G and Beyond: An Update from the National Institute of Standards and Technology

In less than a decade since the mainstreaming of cellular wireless technology, spectrum has become saturated by data-intensive smartphones, driving the so-called spectrum crunch. As a solution, the wireless community is pursuing the use of alternatives to current wireless technologies, including multiple-input/multipleoutput (MIMO) antenna arrays that allow increased simultaneous transmission capacity; the millimeter-wave (mmW) spectrum (30-300 GHz) to alleviate the spectrum crunch in current frequency bands; and ultradense networks transmitting wide-band modulated signals to allow short-range, high-speed data transfer.

Model driven flexible design of a wireless body sensor network for health monitoring

The Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN) is a wireless network that is designed to allow communication among sensor nodes that are attached to a human body to monitor the body’s vital parameters and environment. The design and development of such WBSN systems for health monitoring have received a large amount of attention recently, in research studies and in industry. This attention is mainly motivated by costly health care and by recent advances in the development of miniature health monitoring devices as well as emerging technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), which contribute to the main challenges of 5G. The existence of an explicit approach to address the required software design and verification should be very beneficial for the construction and maintenance of such systems. This paper presents a preventive health care system that has a flexible design. The proposed system is based on an architecture that has heterogeneous nodes and provides both daily continuous monitoring as well as specific controls. We defined a model to describe the WBSN’s global behavior. An important aspect of this work is that we propose a model-driven engineering (MDE) approach to address the derivation of each node’s behavior in the WBSN from the WBSN global behavior. This approach allows developers to obtain a system design from the global specification of its requirement. To ensure the conformance of this design to its specification, the derived behaviors should be validated and verified before their deployment. In fact, formal methods are powerful tools for software engineers to verify the logical correctness of concurrent software at different levels of its life cycle. Model checking is one of the most powerful formal methods for verifying the logical correctness of such concurrent systems. In this work, we make use of a model checking approach that is based on a model transformation to validate the automatically derived behavior of a WBSN for health monitoring. This model-driven approach will check whether the derived system behaves correctly according to its global specification, while the objective is to increase the system’s performance and QoS. This approach allows the developer to reason about a model of the global system rather than about the system itself.

A survey and taxonomy on nonorthogonal multiple‐access schemes for 5G networks

AbstractThe intensity in the requirements of Internet of Things and mobile internet makes the efficiency of fifth‐generation (5G) wireless communications very challenging to achieve. Accomplishing the drastically increasing demand of massive connectivity and high spectral efficiency is a strenuous task. Because of the very large number of devices, 5G wireless communication systems are inevitable to satisfy the traffic requirements. Recently, nonorthogonal multiple‐access (NOMA) schemes are immensely being explored to address the challenges in 5G, which include effective bandwidth utilization, support for a massive number of devices, and low latency. This paper provides the reader with a holistic view of multiple‐access schemes, methods, and strategies for optimization in NOMA. First, we discuss the taxonomy of multiple‐access schemes in the literature; then, we provide a detailed discussion of objectives, constraints, problem types, and solution approaches for NOMA. This paper also discusses the decoding methods and key performance indicators used in NOMA. Finally, we outline future research directions.

On the performance of hybrid carrier system with spectrum precoding based on WFRFT

High out-of-band (OOB) power emission has become the main shortcoming of multicarrier scheme in regard to the requirements and challenges of 5G. In this paper, two effective OOB power reduction methods, previously applied to traditional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, are proposed in hybrid carrier (HC) scheme based on weighted-type fractional Fourier transform (WFRFT). Simulation results demonstrate that, due to the flexible selection of WFRFT order in the HC system, combined bit error rate (BER) and peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) performance advantages are gained without sidelobe impact and significant complexity increase in comparison with the OFDM scheme with spectrum precoding. In projection precoding, a smaller error vector magnitude of precoder Gχ is obtained in the proposed hybrid carrier scheme. In SVD precoding with an orthogonal decoding at the receiver, better BER performance could also be acquired at WFRFT order over the fading channels. The proposed two WFRFT-based structures are complementary, and their potential scenarios are given. In addition, applying the feature of projection precoding to channel estimation, a novel pilot structure based on WFRFT is posed to reduce the introduced error of spectrum precoding and finally helps to improve the BER performance.

Guest Editorial Deployment Issues and Performance Challenges for 5G, Part I

There are rapid developments towards the deployment of 5G and hardly a day goes by without the release of a major announcement concerning 5G. Many of these developments are happening in parallel as there is a race against time for 5G deployment. Various test beds have been established, laboratory trials and proof of concept trials of individual building blocks of 5G are already underway or have been completed, large scale system trials are also happening or are planned and standardisation efforts in the ITU, 3GPP, IEEE, etc. are also in progress. In the case of ITU/3GPP, the standards are expected to be completed by 2019. Many candidate bands for 5G in the centimetric and mm wave range were identified by the World Radio Conference (WRC) 2015 and are expected to be finalized by WRC 2019, while coexistence studies of 5G and existing systems in the new candidate bands are underway.

Traffic Offloading 3-Tiered SDN Architecture for DenseNets

Fifth generation (5G) cellular networks demand high throughput with low levels of delay and congestion within the core network. Excessive throughput demands at the core network with the exponential increase in the number of mobile users and devices have become major challenges for 5G. Several techniques have been developed for offloading traffic at the front line of cellular networks. For example, Local IP access (LIPA) and selective IP traffic offload (SIPTO) are current data offloading technologies. In this article, we propose femtocell IP access (FIPA) and selective local controller traffic offloading (SLCTO) technique to offload traffic at the edge of the cellular network without forwarding it through the core network. Our proposed FIPA and SLCTO technologies rely on our previously proposed 3-Tiered software defined networking (SDN) architecture for dense networks (DenseNets). According to our simulations, FIPA and SLCTO over a 3-Tiered SDN architecture outperform existing offloading techniques with low delay, high throughput, and low cost.

IEEE JSAC Special Issue on Deployment Issues and Performance Challenges for 5G

IEEE JSAC Special Issue on Deployment Issues and Performance Challenges for 5G

IEEE JSAC Special Issue on Deployment Issues and Performance Challenges for 5G

IEEE JSAC Special Issue on Deployment Issues and Performance Challenges for 5G

IEEE JSAC Special Issue on Deployment Issues and Performance Challenges for 5G

IEEE JSAC Special Issue on Deployment Issues and Performance Challenges for 5G

IEEE JSAC Special Issue on Deployment Issues and Performance Challenges for 5G

IEEE JSAC Special Issue on Deployment Issues and Performance Challenges for 5G

Planning For 5G: A Problem Structuring Approach for Survival in the Telecoms Industry

This paper examines the application of systemic problem structuring methods to the development of a research strategy in response to the challenges of fifth generation 5G. The paper proposes a methodology for strategic decision making. The key stakeholders, objectives, technologies, and boundaries from existing literature are identified and problem structuring based on hierarchical process modeling is used to explore the dependency of certain features of 5G on specific technologies, giving an indication of the importance of certain technologies over others and thus insight into where to place research effort. The hard technical challenges of 5G are discussed and equally the importance of the soft social and business challenges explored. For context, we explain how 5G will provide a platform for innovations and discuss how new and existing businesses may use this to their advantage. Problem structuring is used to explore how the challenges and opportunities of future wireless systems are related to the process of developing new business models.

Non-orthogonal multiple access for 5G: solutions, challenges, opportunities, and future research trends

The increasing demand of mobile Internet and the Internet of Things poses challenging requirements for 5G wireless communications, such as high spectral efficiency and massive connectivity. In this article, a promising technology, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), is discussed, which can address some of these challenges for 5G. Different from conventional orthogonal multiple access technologies, NOMA can accommodate much more users via nonorthogonal resource allocation. We divide existing dominant NOMA schemes into two categories: power-domain multiplexing and code-domain multiplexing, and the corresponding schemes include power-domain NOMA, multiple access with low-density spreading, sparse code multiple access, multi-user shared access, pattern division multiple access, and so on. We discuss their principles, key features, and pros/cons, and then provide a comprehensive comparison of these solutions from the perspective of spectral efficiency, system performance, receiver complexity, and so on. In addition, challenges, opportunities, and future research trends for NOMA design are highlighted to provide some insight on the potential future work for researchers in this field. Finally, to leverage different multiple access schemes including both conventional OMA and new NOMA, we propose the concept of software defined multiple access (SoDeMA), which enables adaptive configuration of available multiple access schemes to support diverse services and applications in future 5G networks.

The quality of experience perspective toward 5G technology

Quality of experience (QoE) is the subjective acceptability of the quality of a telecommunication service perceived by the user. This paper expands the vision to new QoE acceptability for the future 5G networks and analyzes the impact of the main challenges of 5G on QoE. An efficient QoE estimation method tailored for 5G systems is also proposed based on the neural network (NN) approach. Due to their ability to fully learn the causal relationship between network parameters of quality of services (QoS) and the resulting QoE, NN can be suitable to gain QoE self-optimization for 5G. Again, new increasingly smart user devices will be delegated to handle the most burdensome tasks of ensuring user satisfaction.

Keys Technology and Problem in Deployment of 5G Mobile Communication Systems

With growing demand in high data speed and increase in number of subscriber which is estimated to increased by 30% in the year 2020.So, the present technology like 3G, 4G cannot support this hence there is a requirement of developing next generation mobile network which is to be called 5G network. The main aim of the paper is comprehensive study about the challenges in 5G and its possible solution. Here focus on the problems like better signal coverage , high data speed greater than 1gbps, cognitive in 5G and other key technologies is also discussed.

Challenges in 5G: how to empower SON with big data for enabling 5G

While an al dente character of 5G is yet to emerge, network densification, miscellany of node types, split of control and data plane, network virtualization, heavy and localized cache, infrastructure sharing, concurrent operation at multiple frequency bands, simultaneous use of different medium access control and physical layers, and flexible spectrum allocations can be envisioned as some of the potential ingredients of 5G. It is not difficult to prognosticate that with such a conglomeration of technologies, the complexity of operation and OPEX can become the biggest challenge in 5G. To cope with similar challenges in the context of 3G and 4G networks, recently, self-organizing networks, or SONs, have been researched extensively. However, the ambitious quality of experience requirements and emerging multifarious vision of 5G, and the associated scale of complexity and cost, demand a significantly different, if not totally new, approach toward SONs in order to make 5G technically as well as financially feasible. In this article we first identify what challenges hinder the current self-optimizing networking paradigm from meeting the requirements of 5G. We then propose a comprehensive framework for empowering SONs with big data to address the requirements of 5G. Under this framework we first characterize big data in the context of future mobile networks, identifying its sources and future utilities. We then explicate the specific machine learning and data analytics tools that can be exploited to transform big data into the right data that provides a readily useable knowledge base to create end-to-end intelligence of the network. We then explain how a SON engine can build on the dynamic models extractable from the right data. The resultant dynamicity of a big data empowered SON (BSON) makes it more agile and can essentially transform the SON from being a reactive to proactive paradigm and hence act as a key enabler for 5G's extremely low latency requirements. Finally, we demonstrate the key concepts of our proposed BSON framework through a case study of a problem that the classic 3G/4G SON fails to solve.

Location-Aware Communications for 5G Networks: How location information can improve scalability, latency, and robustness of 5G

Fifth-generation (5G) networks will be the first generation to benefit from location information that is sufficiently precise to be leveraged in wireless network design and optimization. We argue that location information can aid in addressing several of the key challenges in 5G, complementary to existing and planned technological developments. These challenges include an increase in traffic and number of devices, robustness for mission-critical services, and a reduction in total energy consumption and latency. This article gives a broad overview of the growing research area of location-aware communications across different layers of the protocol stack. We highlight several promising trends, tradeoffs, and pitfalls.