Challenge In Nigeria Research Articles

Protocol for the development and piloting of a cluster randomised controlled trial for stress prevention, management, and coping mechanism among police officers in Nigeria.

Policing is a stressful occupation. Police officers are exposed to stressors that are inherent in the organization and operations of law enforcement. Similar to their counterparts around the world, many Nigeria police officers are exposed to high levels of stress, making them vulnerable to stress-related mental health conditions and other noncommunicable diseases. Despite these risks and their consequences to the health and safety of police officers and the larger society, interventions are currently not available to address this challenge in Nigeria. This pilot study aims to assess the burden of stress from a national sample of police officers and test the feasibility of an intervention for stress prevention, management, and coping mechanisms among police officers in Nigeria. This is a three-phase study: (1) a needs assessment and situational analysis using a convergent parallel, mixed-methods approach to determine the prevalence of stress and mental health burden among 1200 police officers in four randomly selected states in four geopolitical zones of the country, (2) the development of a peer-led intervention for stress prevention, management, and coping mechanism which will be tested using a cluster randomized trial among 200 police officers, and (3) the preliminary evaluation of the intervention based on knowledge about stress management and mental disorders and psychological distress and reduction in stress levels. These measures will be obtained at baseline (T0), immediate (T1), and 6-month post-intervention (T2). Feasibility will be determined based on enrollment rate, attendance, and completion of the group sessions. Multivariable linear regression models taking into account clustering effects will be used to estimate between-group differences in outcome measures. Findings from the study will inform policy review and the development of a pragmatic intervention on stress prevention and management among police officers. This will enhance the policing role of officers, thus contributing to the safety of the communities they serve. PACTR Registry: PACTR202310474721238. Registered on 6 October, 2023. https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=25663 . Protocol version number 1.0 (date: 6 October, 2023).

THE IMPACT OF PAEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SKILLS ON PATIENT OUTCOMES IN ZARIA

Paediatric emergencies represent a critical challenge in Nigeria, where approximately 2,300 children under the age of five die daily, predominantly from preventable and treatable conditions such as pneumonia, malaria, and diarrheal diseases. Mortality rates are disproportionately higher in rural areas, where primary health care (PHC) centers often serve as the only point of access to medical services. The effectiveness of these centers is largely dependent on the emergency management skills of their healthcare workers. Despite their importance, there has been limited research on how the skills of PHC workers in managing paediatric emergencies impact patient outcomes. This study aimed to assess the proficiency of healthcare workers in primary healthcare centers in Zaria in managing common paediatric emergencies. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 139 health workers selected through a multi-stage sampling technique in Sabon Gari and Zaria Local Government Areas. Data collection was carried out using a pre-tested semi-structured self-administered questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 21, and associations were tested using the chi-square test, with results presented in tables and charts. The findings revealed a significant deficiency in the emergency management skills of healthcare workers. A majority of respondents demonstrated inadequate skills in handling paediatric emergencies, with 66 (48.5%) exhibiting very poor competency in the management of common paediatric emergencies, and 32 (23.5%) displaying poor competency. Only a small fraction, 4 (2.9%) of respondents, demonstrated excellent skills in emergency management. Similarly, 46.7% of the respondents had very poor skills in the treatment of common paediatric emergencies, while only 3.0% exhibited excellent treatment skills. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the level of academic qualification and emergency management skills (p < 0.05). The results underscore the critical need to enhance the skill levels of healthcare workers in PHCs through continuous professional development. This could be achieved through collaborative efforts between the Department of Paediatrics at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital and the Primary Health Care Departments of Zaria and Sabon Gari local governments, focusing on regular training and workshops. Improving the skills of healthcare workers in managing paediatric emergencies is essential for reducing child mortality and improving health outcomes in the region.

ASSESSING THE IMPLICATION OF UNCONTROLLED PROLIFERATION OF SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS USED FOR KIDNAPPING AS A THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY IN NIGERIA

The proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) has become one of the most urgent security and developmental challenges globally. However, in Africa, the uncontrolled proliferation and widespread availability of small arms is a development that is affecting virtually every country within the continent and poses threats to domestic or national security. The objective of this work is to examine the implications of the proliferation of small arms and light weapons for kidnapping as a national security challenge in Nigeria. This study approaches the study from the state fragility theoretical perspective. Secondary method of data collection was employed. The finding from the research points to the fact that one of the major reasons for arms proliferation in Nigeria is the porosity of the borders. This is because the border security is compromised and there is a lot of shady dealing between the personnel and smugglers. The issue of proliferation of small arms and light weapons through the porous borders will continue to pose serious challenge to the Nigeria’s national security due to the fact that there is always interagency rivalry at vast border points. Another finding is that most of the proliferation of small arms and light weapons into the country are from neighboring countries and they used to exacerbate kidnapping in the country. Based on the above, the paper recommended that the Nigerian government should adopt the application of technology in her national security policies. E-border management and other advanced surveillance mechanism should be introduced by the government; patrol vehicles and other scientific materials should be procured for monitoring of both governed and ungoverned vast border area.

Terrorism in Nigeria: Exploring the causes and the rise of Boko Haram

Terrorism remains a significant challenge in Nigeria, with Boko Haram emerging as one of the deadliest terrorist groups in the region. This article explores the concept of terrorism, its various types, and the unique factors that have contributed to the rise of Boko Haram. By analysing the economic, political, and social dynamics of Nigeria, the article examines the root causes of terrorism in the country. Factors such as religious and cultural diversity, economic stagnation, and deep-rooted political corruption are identified as key drivers that have fuelled Boko Haram’s growth. The inability of Nigeria’s security and justice systems to effectively manage these challenges further exacerbates the problem. Moreover, the article discusses the broader implications of these factors on national stability, social cohesion, and regional security. Boko Haram's rise is not an isolated event but rather a complex interplay of various socio-political and economic issues. Understanding these underlying causes is essential to addressing the terrorist threat in Nigeria. The article concludes by suggesting that a holistic approach, involving both domestic reforms and international cooperation, is necessary to combat terrorism effectively and bring peace to the region

Irrigation Water Management and Food Security in Nigeria

Food security remains a persistent challenge in Nigeria, a country with a rapidly growing population and a heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture. Effective irrigation water management is crucial to improving agricultural productivity and addressing this critical issue, particularly in the face of climate change and increasing water scarcity. This study investigates the current state of irrigation water management and its impact on food security in Nigeria. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining an extensive literature review with field surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions with key stakeholders, including farmers, water resource managers, policymakers, and subject matter experts. The findings reveal significant gaps in Nigeria's existing irrigation water management system, including outdated infrastructure, inefficient water distribution, limited access to irrigation technology, and poor coordination among relevant government agencies and agricultural extension services. The study explores the multifaceted relationship between irrigation water management and food security, highlighting the impact of water availability, quality, and accessibility on crop yields, livestock production, and overall agricultural output. The analysis also examines the socioeconomic and environmental implications of poor irrigation water management, such as reduced farm incomes, food price volatility, and environmental degradation. Based on the research findings, the study proposes a comprehensive framework for sustainable irrigation water management in Nigeria. This framework emphasizes the integration of technological innovations, policy reforms, institutional strengthening, and community-based approaches to enhance the efficiency, equity, and resilience of the irrigation system. Key elements of the framework include modernizing irrigation infrastructure, promoting precision agriculture techniques, improving water governance and stakeholder coordination, and enhancing the capacity of farmers and water user associations. The implications of this study are far-reaching, as it provides policymakers, development agencies, and agricultural practitioners with a thorough understanding of the critical role of irrigation water management in achieving food security in Nigeria. The proposed framework offers a roadmap for the implementation of sustainable irrigation practices, which can contribute to increased agricultural productivity, improved rural livelihoods, and enhanced national food security. The findings of this research also offer valuable insights for other developing countries facing similar challenges in the realm of irrigation water management and food security.

A comparative model for financial advisory standardization in Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa

The development of a theoretical model for harmonizing local and international product standards for Nigerian exports Financial inclusion remains a significant challenge in Nigeria and across Sub-Saharan Africa, with millions of individuals, particularly in rural areas, lacking access to formal financial systems. Financial advisory services play a critical role in addressing this challenge by helping individuals understand and effectively use financial products such as savings, credit, and investments. However, the lack of standardization in the delivery of these advisory services has hindered their effectiveness, resulting in inconsistent practices and limited reach, especially among the unbanked population. This review proposes a comparative model for the standardization of financial advisory services in Nigeria and other Sub-Saharan African countries. It seeks to examine the current landscape of financial advisory services, comparing Nigeria’s approach with successful models in countries such as Kenya, Ghana, and South Africa. The model emphasizes key components of standardization, including financial literacy programs, digital advisory platforms, and microfinance initiatives, which are critical to reaching underserved communities. By analyzing case studies, such as Kenya’s M-Pesa platform, which has significantly advanced financial inclusion through mobile money and advisory services, the review identifies best practices that can be adapted to Nigeria’s context. The comparative analysis highlights the importance of leveraging technology, particularly mobile platforms, to provide accessible and scalable financial advisory services. It also underscores the need for public-private partnerships, regulatory support, and tailored programs that address the unique socioeconomic and cultural characteristics of Nigeria and other Sub-Saharan countries. While digital infrastructure remains a challenge in rural areas, the success of mobile banking and advisory platforms in countries like Ghana demonstrates that technology can play a transformative role in financial inclusion. Challenges such as cultural resistance, economic disparities, and infrastructure gaps are discussed, emphasizing the need for a flexible yet standardized approach to advisory services. Additionally, the review outlines the critical role of regulatory frameworks in ensuring that financial advisory services are consistent, transparent, and accessible to all segments of the population. The review advocates for a standardized advisory model tailored to Nigeria’s specific needs, drawing lessons from successful models across Sub-Saharan Africa. Such standardization, supported by regulatory reforms and technology integration, has the potential to bridge the financial inclusion gap, empowering individuals and fostering economic growth. The review also calls for regional collaboration in Sub-Saharan Africa to promote knowledge-sharing and create unified strategies for advancing financial inclusion across the continent.

A financial inclusion model for Nigeria: Standardizing advisory services to reach the unbanked

Financial inclusion remains a significant challenge in Nigeria, where a large segment of the population, particularly in rural areas, lacks access to formal financial services. This review proposes a standardized advisory services model designed to bridge the gap between financial institutions and the unbanked. The model aims to address key barriers, including low financial literacy, lack of trust in financial systems, and limited access to technology and infrastructure. By integrating financial literacy programs, digital advisory platforms, and community-driven partnerships, the model offers a comprehensive solution to expand financial inclusion in Nigeria. The review explores the demographic characteristics of Nigeria’s unbanked population and the underlying reasons for their exclusion from the formal financial system. It highlights the role of standardized advisory services in building trust and providing accessible financial education, savings, and credit opportunities. Drawing from global examples such as Kenya’s M-Pesa and India’s Jan Dhan Yojana, the model incorporates best practices for outreach and engagement. A critical component of the model is its reliance on digital and mobile technology to deliver services to underserved communities. Additionally, the review emphasizes the importance of a strong regulatory framework, with the Central Bank of Nigeria playing a key role in monitoring and enforcing standards. The model also outlines challenges to implementation, including cultural resistance, technological infrastructure gaps, and sustainability concerns. By promoting financial inclusion, this advisory services model is expected to foster economic empowerment, poverty reduction, and overall economic growth in Nigeria. The review concludes with policy recommendations, urging collaboration between public and private sectors to ensure the scalability and success of the model across diverse regions. Keywords: Financial Inclusion, Advisory Services, Nigeria, Review.

Environmental Stewardship and Dignity of Labour in Gen 2:4b-15 and its Challenges for Nigeria

ABSTRACT This paper analyses Gen 2:4b–15, emphasizing its relevance to the primary purpose of human creation. The text explains why the earth lacks productivity and plants, attributing it to the absence of rain and lack of someone to till the ground. The creation of human beings is seen as the solution, with a mandate to care for the earth. The article urges humanity to uphold the dignity of labour and protect earth’s integrity, criticizing modern society, particularly Northern Nigeria, for chemical abuse and destructive practices. The study employs qualitative research and an analytical method, and contextualizes the text in contemporary society.

Cervical Cancer Prevention and Women’s Well-Being in Nigeria: A Comprehensive Review

Cervical cancer represents a significant public health challenge in Nigeria, where it ranks as a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. This comprehensive review examines the current state of cervical cancer prevention in Nigeria, with a focus on HPV vaccination and screening programs. The review highlights the critical barriers to effective prevention, including inadequate healthcare infrastructure, low vaccination coverage, limited access to screening services, and sociocultural stigmas. Despite the availability of preventive measures, many Nigerian women face challenges such as financial constraints, lack of awareness, and cultural taboos, which contribute to late-stage diagnoses and high mortality rates. The review also explores the broader implications of cervical cancer on women’s physical, psychological, and economic well-being. Recommendations for improving cervical cancer prevention include expanding vaccination programs, strengthening screening services, raising awareness, and investing in healthcare infrastructure. Addressing these challenges through a multi-faceted approach is essential to reducing the burden of cervical cancer and enhancing the overall well-being of Nigerian women. Keywords: Cervical Cancer, HPV Vaccination, Screening Programs, Nigeria, Public Health, Healthcare Infrastructure.

The Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on HIV Prevalence and Treatment Accessibility in Nigeria: A Comprehensive Review

HIV/AIDS remained a major public health challenge in Nigeria, with approximately 1.9 million people living with HIV (PLHIV), making it one of the most affected countries globally. This comprehensive review explored the impact of socioeconomic factors on HIV prevalence and treatment accessibility in Nigeria, focusing on key determinants such as poverty, education, gender inequality, and geographic disparities. Poverty exacerbated the risk of HIV infection by limiting access to prevention resources and creating barriers to treatment, while educational disparities affect awareness and prevention behaviors. Gender inequality, particularly in patriarchal societies, increases women’s vulnerability to HIV due to limited control over sexual health decisions and economic dependence. Geographic disparities, especially between urban and rural areas, contributed to uneven HIV prevalence and treatment access, with rural regions often facing significant healthcare infrastructure challenges. Additionally, the strength of health system infrastructure and funding played a crucial role in shaping the effectiveness of HIV services, with underfunding and reliance on external donors posing significant risks to sustainability. The methodology used in this article involved a review and synthesis of existing literature and data on HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, emphasizing the socioeconomic determinants of the epidemic. Addressing these factors required targeted interventions, such as strengthening social protection programs, enhancing education, promoting gender equality, improving healthcare infrastructure, and ensuring sustainable funding. These efforts were essential for reducing HIV prevalence and improving treatment outcomes in Nigeria. Keywords: HIV/AIDS, Socioeconomic determinants, Nigeria, Healthcare infrastructure, Gender inequality.

Malaria Prevention and Control in Nigeria: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Current Strategies

Malaria has been a significant public health challenge in Nigeria, contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates, particularly among children under five and pregnant women. Despite all efforts made to control and prevent malaria, Nigeria continued to bear a disproportionate share of the global malaria burden. This review critically evaluated the effectiveness of current malaria prevention and control strategies in Nigeria, including the use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), chemoprevention, and public health education campaigns. The methodology involved a comprehensive analysis of peer-reviewed studies, government reports, and data from international health organizations to assess these strategies. The review identified gaps in the implementation of these strategies and explored innovative approaches that could enhance their impact. It also discussed the role of environmental management, community engagement, and the integration of technology in malaria control efforts. The findings suggested that while existing strategies have made significant progress in reducing malaria transmission, challenges such as resistance to insecticides, inconsistent use of preventive measures, and limited healthcare infrastructure hindered their overall effectiveness. The review concluded by proposing recommendations for strengthening malaria prevention and control efforts in Nigeria, with a focus on sustainability, scalability, and community involvement. Keywords: Malaria Control, Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs), Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS), Chemoprevention, Environmental Management.

The Role of Climate and Environmental Factors in Malaria Transmission in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects

Malaria remained a major public health challenge in Nigeria, contributing to high rates of morbidity and mortality, particularly among vulnerable groups like children and pregnant women. The transmission of malaria is heavily influenced by climate and environmental factors such as temperature, rainfall, humidity, land use, and ecological changes, which affect the lifecycle of the malaria parasite (Plasmodium spp.) and its mosquito vector (Anopheles species). This review explored how these climatic and environmental factors impacted malaria transmission dynamics across Nigeria’s diverse regions. It also examined the challenges posed by climate variability, inadequate infrastructure, and the emergence of resistance to insecticides and antimalarials, while highlighting the potential of integrated vector management, climate-smart strategies, and community engagement in mitigating these impacts. The methodology used involved a comprehensive review and synthesis of relevant literature and data sources, including peer-reviewed journals, government reports, and global health organization publications. Understanding the intricate relationships between these factors and malaria transmission was crucial for developing adaptive strategies to reduce the burden of malaria in Nigeria, particularly in the face of ongoing environmental and climatic changes. Keywords: Malaria Transmission, Climate Factors, Environmental Factors, Nigeria, Vector Control.

The Evolution Of Drug Trafficking In Nigeria: Analysing Law Enforcement Strategies And Their Impact On Combating The Drug Menace

Drug trafficking remains a significant challenge in Nigeria, with complex socio-political and economic factors driving its persistence. The purpose of this paper is to examine the evolution of drug trafficking in Nigeria and evaluates the effectiveness of law enforcement strategies in combating this menace. The study adopts a qualitative research approach with semi-structured interviews with law enforcement officials and former traffickers. Thematic and narrative analyses are used to uncover the underlying themes and individual experiences that shape the drug trade and enforcement efforts. Findings reveal that while Nigeria has implemented various strategies, including legislative reforms and cross-border collaborations, the effectiveness of these measures is hindered by inadequate resources, and the adaptive strategies of traffickers. The study also highlights the need for a more integrated approach that includes community-based interventions and stronger international cooperation. By analysing the narratives of those involved and the strategies employed, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the drug trafficking landscape in Nigeria and offers insights for more effective policy and enforcement measures.

The changing contours of insecurity in Katsina: A threat assessment

Threats from armed bandits and kidnappers in Northwestern Nigeria are in different forms. The landscape of security challenges has changed since 2016, with the intensive war against Islamic insurgents in Northeastern Nigeria called Boko Haram has changed the contours of security challenges in Nigeria. The manifestation of different security threats has been on the increase and the armed bandits have continued to wreak havoc on communities and highways in different parts of Nigeria. The security challenge is now a hydra-headed monster, which if one head is cut, another head will develop in Nigeria. This article has assessed the current security situation and challenges that beleaguered some States in the Northwest geopolitical zone of Nigeria with a particular interest in Katsina State. The researcher evaluated secondary data on the performance of security personnel deployed to the conflict-affected areas in Katsina, State. The assessment covered January to June 2024. However, the data are classified information hence the identity of the personnel and persons who divulged the information cannot be revealed in line with the principles of anonymity in research ethics. The findings found that some of the armed groups in parts of Katsina State are kidnapping people to remove some vital organs from their bodies and sell them to those who traffic human organs. Based on the assessment, the affected Local Government Areas in Katsina State are categorized into four (4) based on the severity and magnitude of kidnapping, cattle rustling and ransacking of villages. Drawing from the findings, the researcher has developed policies and strategies to address the changing contours of security challenges in the affected areas and Nigeria. As a tradition in threat assessment, the researcher has provided policy recommendations to achieve or implement the policies and strategies. The activities of the armed bandits and organ traffickers portend a grave danger now and in the future as many people would be involved in the business of human organs due to their lucrative nature. The government should develop strategies that will enable the rural communities not to be vulnerable to attacks from armed bandits. Armed groups who kill and kidnap residents at will for ransom and organ trafficking if not tamed will recruit new foot soldiers hence aggravating the situation. Addressing security threats can be achieved by deploying enough security personnel at the border between the Niger Republic and Nigeria. Security personnel should deploy electronic scanners and long-range cameras to monitor and arrest the influx of foreign and domestic dealers in human organs and weapons for appropriate punishment.

Exploring Health Workers’ Perspectives on Referral System Challenges in Nigeria

Exploring Health Workers’ Perspectives on Referral System Challenges in Nigeria

Using one health training for interprofessional team building: implications for research, policy, and practice in Nigeria.

In recent years, the concept of One Health (OH) has arisen as an approach that helps to catalyze the creation of transdisciplinary teams needed for surveillance and investigation of emerging disease dynamics. Besides a wealth of descriptions of what the OH approach encompasses, a dearth of information is available regarding the training of individuals in OH competencies. In 2019, the Nigerian Center for Disease Control developed an OH strategic plan to meet the country's human, animal, and environmental health challenges. In response to the demand for clinicians, scientists, climatologists, conservationists, and environmentalists, who have expertise in environment, human, plant, and animal health to work collaboratively in addressing OH challenges in Nigeria. An interprofessional group of faculty from the University of Texas Medical Branch, the University of Jos, and the National Veterinary Research Institute convened to develop a novel OH course 'entitled 'One Health for Translational Team Science. The objective of the course was to explore the evolution of an emerging epidemic, capitalizing on various learning environments, including animal, environmental, human, and public health perspectives. The 6-week course comprised of three parts: 2-weeks virtual part of case-based group discussions focusing on animal and environmental aspects, 2 weeks of individual field experiences, and a final virtual part focusing on human health. Pedagogical tools used were: case-based group discussions, breakout group presentations, role-play activities, field project write-up, peer evaluation, group writing assignments, and weekly reflections with the goal of working in teams to develop and practice the fundamental leadership and management skills in addressing emerging public health challenges. Post-course evaluations showed that all participants felt more confident identifying and practicing the necessary attitudes and skills to participate effectively in the evaluation of an outbreak. Furthermore, the roles, responsibilities, and "One Health ways of thinking" for the various disciplines and professions involved in improving global health were articulated and identified.

Personnel Psychology and Security

The personnel selection based on ethnoreligious factors, with the readoption of Fulani herders, bandits, and unknown shooters into the defense organization, has challenged Nigerian troops’ perceived individual employability, perceived work ability, and fit between person and vocation. Also, these have made personnel career adaptability a severe challenge for Nigerian soldiers. We examined person-job fit as a moderator in the associations of perceived individual employability, perceived work ability, and career adaptability. Two hundred and fifty-two Nigerian military personnel between eighteen and sixty years of age (M = 39; SD = .964) participated in the study. Through purposeful and convenient sampling techniques, we collected data using the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale, the Self-Perceived Individual Employability Scale, the Perceived Work Ability Scale, and the Person-Job-Fit Scale. Our findings showed that individual employability, perceived work ability, and person-job fit significantly predict military personnel’s career adaptation. Person-job fit moderated the association of perceived individual employability and military career adaptation. However, it did not influence the association between perceived work ability and military career adaptation. Our study showed that person-job fit, individual employability with work ability, and career adaptation are prerequisites for enlistment, deployment for combat, and well-being after combat experiences. Practical implications are that the insecurity challenges in Nigeria would have been mitigated if defense organizations had selected enlisted personnel for military work and deployment based on work ability, employability, and person-job fit so that they could quickly adapt to their careers and fight these insecurity challenges. Also, our study suggests that educational qualifications are not essential for military enlistment and deployment. We highlighted our study’s limitations and suggested further work on the topic.

Operațiile tactice în mediul montan, în contextul cerințelor câmpului de luptă contemporan

Integrarea noilor tehnologii la nivelul operațiilor militare afectează întregul proces al acestora, imprimându-le o serie de particularități, modelând, totodată, caracterul războiului. Precizia și raza lungă de acțiune a noilor sisteme de armament, utilizarea extensivă a senzorilor multispectrali, îmbunătățirea permanentă a relației sensor-to-shooter, dezvoltarea capabilităților fără pilot sunt doar câteva dintre realitățile câmpului de luptă modern. În acest context,marcat de o schimbare de paradigmă în ceea ce privește relația manevră – foc – protecție, se pune întrebarea dacă operațiile militare executate în mediul montan își mai păstrează relevanța în ecuația câmpului de luptă contemporan.De regulă, limitate spațial, acest tip de operații sunt supuse transformării din perspectivă doctrinară și operațională. În acest sens, printr-o explorare longitudinală și interpretativă a operațiilor terestre, dar și printr-o analiză calitativă a cerințelor câmpului de luptă contemporan, am identificat și am descris repere în ceea ce privește adaptarea forțelor de vânători de munte și a operațiilor executate de către acestea.

'Cut medicine for me': addressing suboptimal dosing of antimicrobials as a critical issue to combat AMR in Nigeria.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical health challenge in Nigeria as in many other countries in the sub-Saharan region of Africa. Our article describes how the challenges in the regulation and operations of Patent and Proprietary Medicine Vendors (PPMVs) in Nigeria provide a blind spot for the underuse of antimicrobials. This article also sheds light on how patients' antibiotic use and seeking behaviour facilitate this unwholesome practice. In addition, our article looks at the social determinants of this practice, such as poverty and poor education, and proffers solutions towards solving it. While previous research has investigated the knowledge, perceptions and attitudes of PPMVs towards antimicrobial use and AMR, our article is the first to critically raise concerns about the common practice of antimicrobial underdosing in Nigeria.

Use of Social Media Platforms for Citizen Journalism on Security Challenges in Nigeria among The Polytechnic Ibadan Students

The immediacy of social media gives citizens the ability to monitor real-world events and security issues and get immediate feedback that can help shape their responses and priorities, which can also be valuable in promoting security in general. Through its constant use, social media has played a significant role in fostering both positive and negative facets of insecurity. Therefore, this study investigated use of social media platforms and engagement in citizens’ journalism regarding security challenges in Nigeria among The Polytechnic Ibadan Students. The study adopted descriptive survey research design; multi-stage sampling procedure was adopted in the sample selection of 403 respondents. A validated instrument named; Citizen Journalism Social Media Questionnaire(r=0.874) was used for data collection; data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that students of The Polytechnic Ibadan made use of popular social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp (weighted x̄ 1.40) respectively and engaged in online discussion of security challenges to a large extent using Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, Telegram, and others (weighted x̄ 2.11). Also, there was no significant difference (r = 0.053, p<0.05) in level of engagement in online discussion on security challenges in Nigeria. Thus, the study concluded that The Polytechnic Ibadan students’ social media use does not have any influence on security challenges in Nigeria. The study recommended that security information should be promptly disseminated virtually by security operatives to avoid spreading of fake security news through social media platforms.