5G Challenges Research Articles

A Review on Future Security Challenges in 5G

The 5th Generation Mobile Technology will provide broadband internet access anywhere enabling users to connect with multiple devices on the go with Internet of Things (IoT). Technological enablers such as fog and cloud computing with Software defined Networking and Network function Virtualization. With the evolution from 4G to 5G there are many security challenges to be investigated for growing demands of user privacy. In this paper we provide an overview of different cryptographic attacks that can take place inside a 5G mobile network. Furthermore, we present the countermeasures for all the possible attacks and analyze future security challenges.

Study on four disruptive technologies for 5G and beyond wireless communication

A vital challenge for 5G and beyond wireless communication system is to meet the ever-growing demand for high-speed data with massive connectivity with low latency. In this report, the research outcomes of four key technologies, namely cognitive radio, non-orthogonal multiple access in heterogeneous networks, wireless caching and massive MIMO are explored for 5G and beyond systems. The key ideas for each technology are described, followed by the proposed techniques. Simulation results corroborate the superiority of proposed techniques for next generation wireless communication systems.

Lightweight 3-D Beamforming Design in 5G UAV Broadcasting Communications

Owning the merits of flexible networking, rapid deployment, strong line-of-sight communications and so on, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has been regarded as a promising technology for the Fifth-Generation (5G) wireless network to realise its ambition of ubiquitous connectivity to support the various applications, e.g., broadcasting/multicasting services. However, the unique features of the UAV systems, e.g., highly agile mobility in the three-dimensional space, and the significant size, weight and power constraints, pose new challenges for 5G broadcasting communications. In order to fully harvest the benefits of UAV-aided 5G communications for broadcasting services, a new position based lightweight beamforming technology is proposed in this paper to enhance the capability of signal reception in 5G UAV broadcasting communications. Instead of relying on the channel estimation to form beams, which would cause significant broadband consumption, the position and mobility information of UAV system is exploited to predict UAV movement and form narrow beams to track UAV for signal enhancement and interference cancellation. To flight against the inherent position error, a new position correction method is designed to jointly utilise the DoA information of 5G system and the position information of the UAV system. Comprehensive simulation experiments are conducted based on 3GPP 5G specifications and the results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the benchmark Zero-Forcing (ZF) without position prediction and position-based beamforming without position correction.

Multiuser detection for uplink non‐orthogonal multiple access system

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) makes multiple users to overload the same wireless resources by utilising the superposition coding principle, so that NOMA can improve the system capacity and spectral efficiency. Therefore, NOMA has recently received considerable attention as a promising candidate to address some of the challenges for 5G. Various NOMA schemes including the power-domain NOMA (PD-NOMA) are proposed, and successive interference cancellation (SIC) is applied for detection, which limits the promised performance gain brought by NOMA due to the error propagation. In this study, the authors introduce an iterative interference cancellation (IIC) detection scheme for uplink PD-NOMA system by using parallel interference cancellation (PIC) scheme. The interleave division multiple access is also employed for improving system performance. A new detection scheme based on IIC is proposed, which is called advanced IIC (AIIC). The simulation results show that the bit error rate performance of AIIC is much better than that of SIC, and is close to that of maximum a posteriori. The AIIC can obtain the promised performance gain brought by NOMA.

A Survey on Application of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access to Different Wireless Networks

The fifth generation (5G) wireless systems are anticipated to meet unprecedented capacity and latency requirements. In order to resolve these challenges in 5G, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is considered as a promising technique due to its ability to enhance spectrum efficiency and user access. As opposed to conventional orthogonal multiple access (OMA) which relies on orthogonal resource sharing, NOMA has a potential of supporting a higher number of users by multiplexing different users in the same resource in a non-orthogonal manner. With advanced receiver techniques, such as successive interference cancellation (SIC), the intra-user interference can be minimized at the NOMA receiver. To date, there are comprehensive surveys on NOMA, which describe the integration of NOMA with different communication technologies and discuss different NOMA classifications. However, the existing literature is scarce in reviewing state-of-the-art applications of NOMA from the perspective of its application to cellular networks (CNs), device-to-device (D2D) communications, and wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Therefore, the purpose of this survey is to fill this gap in knowledge. Specifically, NOMA with its underlying concepts are elaborated in detail. In addition, detailed system model of different NOMA-based wireless networks is presented. Furthermore, irrespective of the underlying spatial topology of the considered NOMA-based wireless network, general analytical expressions are presented to characterize the network performance. Finally, some challenges related to NOMA design are highlighted and potential research directions are pointed out to address these issues.

Facing the Challenges in 5G Using Dpa-MaIMaO Architecture

To provide alternatives to problems in the design of User Equipment, an architecture that switches between cellular information and WiFi, a study was performed on present techniques in use and presented a cost-effective cellular-WiFi design methodology using Multiple Array of Antennas where the beam can be electronically guided. Detailed operation of how both Cellular data and WiFi changed simultaneously and utilized concurrently was examined.

Navigating the Packaging Challenges of 5G and Beyond

Abstract 5G is all the buzz with significant developments and investments underway. With promises of tremendous bandwidth and reduced latencies there is no limit to the possibilities this platform can enable. In addition to exploring 5G, we will look some areas were it's challenging the packaging development industry.

Photonics-Aided Millimeter-Wave Technologies for Extreme Mobile Broadband Communications in 5G

To meet the enhanced-mobile-broadband (eMBB) challenges in 5G, we have systematically explored the potential of the photonics-aided millimeter-wave (mm-wave) communication in terms of the wireless transmission capacity and distance it can accommodate. Enabled by various kinds of advanced multiplexing and digital-signal-processing (DSP) techniques, we have successfully achieved the significant enhancement of the wireless mm-wave signal transmission capacity from 100 Gb/s to 400 Gb/s, even to 1 Tb/s. Since our large-capacity (>100-Gb/s) experimental demonstrations typically have a very short wireless transmission distance of several meters, we have further explored the techniques for the extension of the wireless mm-wave signal transmission distance, and successfully achieved a series of field-trial demonstrations on photonics-aided long-distance (>100-m) wireless mm-wave signal transmission. We have realized the record-breaking product of wireless transmission capacity and distance, i.e., 54 Gb/s × 2.5 km.

UAV Communications for 5G and Beyond: Recent Advances and Future Trends

Providing ubiquitous connectivity to diverse device types is the key challenge for 5G and beyond 5G (B5G). Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are expected to be an important component of the upcoming wireless networks that can potentially facilitate wireless broadcast and support high rate transmissions. Compared to the communications with fixed infrastructure, UAV has salient attributes, such as flexible deployment, strong line-of-sight (LoS) connection links, and additional design degrees of freedom with the controlled mobility. In this paper, a comprehensive survey on UAV communication towards 5G/B5G wireless networks is presented. We first briefly introduce essential background and the space-air-ground integrated networks, as well as discuss related research challenges faced by the emerging integrated network architecture. We then provide an exhaustive review of various 5G techniques based on UAV platforms, which we categorize by different domains including physical layer, network layer, and joint communication, computing and caching. In addition, a great number of open research problems are outlined and identified as possible future research directions.

The impact of ubiquitous power Internet of Things supported by emerging 5G in power system: Review

The Internet of Things (IoT) is playing an important role in providing access to affordable, clean and green energy worldwide through the use of smart devices. The current electric power networks will be more reliable, secure, flexible and durable by implementing IoT in power systems. This paper presents a brief discussion about IoT contributions in the development of power systems from a generation, transmission, distribution and consumption point of view. 5G cellular networks have a great potential for the development of IoT technology. Additionally, 5G cellular networks can be instrumental in supporting the greater communication needs of IoT. This review provides a comprehensive analysis about the role of 5G cellular networks in the growth of IoT technology and power systems. Large amounts of data will be generated due to the incorporation of renewable energy, deployment of the smart grid and the improvements to the electricity market. In this way, in order to realize the connection between things and people, things and things and people and people in power systems, it is essential to apply IoT in power systems. In this case, 5G is providing numerous advantages to Power IoT (PIoT) by offering greater opportunities in progress and improvements; however, there are also numerous challenges with the deployment of 5G in PIoT. Finally, this review article provides an overview of the role, implications and challenges of 5G in PIoT.

EMC and Metrology Challenges for 5G and Beyond

EMC and Metrology Challenges for 5G and Beyond

Roles and Effects of Access Regulation in 5G Markets

5G wireless services will constitute an integral part of the future gigabit communication network infrastructure. Policy makers worldwide are striving to design legal and regulatory frameworks that best support 5G services. There is wide agreement that a competitive sector organization is superior, but the emerging models differ in the specific roles assigned to policy and regulation. This study explores the implications of alternative policy scenarios for innovation and investment in 5G networks and services. Before the backdrop of the policy discussions in Europe and in the United States, we examine the likely effects of regulatory instruments within a framework of complementary innovation. To assess the joint effect of regulation on the 5G value system, we develop three scenarios (entrepreneurship, regulated competition, policy-push) and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each. A key challenge for 5G is the exploration of the tremendous innovation opportunities space. Regulatory interventions affect players in this value system differently so that the overall effects on innovation and investment are contingent on the relative strength of partial effects. Given the importance of innovation and the unique characteristics of the 5G value system, we conclude that the entrepreneurship model with safeguards to protect the competitive process and desirable forms of non-discrimination is the most promising approach. Ex post regulation and competition policy are better aligned with these goals than traditional forms of ex ante regulation.

On information‐theoretic limits of code‐domain NOMA for 5G

Motivated by recent theoretical challenges for 5G, this study aims to position relevant results in the literature on code-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) from an information-theoretic perspective, given that most of the recent intuition of NOMA relies on another domain, that is, the power domain. Theoretical derivations for several code-domain NOMA schemes are reported and interpreted, adopting a unified framework that focuses on the analysis of the NOMA spreading matrix, in terms of load, sparsity, and regularity features. The comparative analysis shows that it is beneficial to adopt extreme low-dense code-domain NOMA in the large system limit, where the number of resource elements and number of users grow unboundedly while their ratio, called load, is kept constant. Particularly, when optimum receivers are used, the adoption of a regular low-dense spreading matrix is beneficial to the system achievable rates, which are higher than those obtained with either irregular low-dense or dense formats, for any value of load. For linear receivers, which are more favourable in practice due to lower complexity, the regular low-dense NOMA still has better performance in the underloaded regime (load < 1).

Sparse Representation for Wireless Communications: A Compressive Sensing Approach

Sparse representation can efficiently model signals in different applications to facilitate processing. In this article, we will discuss various applications of sparse representation in wireless communications, with focus on the most recent compressive sensing (CS) enabled approaches. With the help of the sparsity property, CS is able to enhance the spectrum efficiency and energy efficiency for the fifth generation (5G) networks and Internet of Things (IoT) networks. This article starts from a comprehensive overview of CS principles and different sparse domains potentially used in 5G and IoT networks. Then recent research progress on applying CS to address the major opportunities and challenges in 5G and IoT networks is introduced, including wideband spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks, data collection in IoT networks, and channel estimation and feedback in massive MIMO systems. Moreover, other potential applications and research challenges on sparse representation for 5G and IoT networks are identified. This article will provide readers a clear picture of how to exploit the sparsity properties to process wireless signals in different applications.

Key technology and application of millimeter wave communications for 5G: a survey

As mobile communication technology continues to develop, millimeter-wave communication for 5G mobile networks is attracting widespread public attention. Many studies have appeared in the literatures related to millimeter wave mobile broadband communication systems. This paper briefly introduces the development of 5G and millimeter wave communications, analyses several practical designs and implementations of millimeter wave communications for 5G, and proposes some future applications and challenges for 5G.

A NIST perspective on metrology and EMC challenges for 5G and beyond

Wireless connectivity, the internet of things, smart technologies and applications will all create new EMC challenges, in both expected and unexpected forms. Traceable metrology needs to be developed, both to characterize and optimize these future systems, and to minimize interference and EMC problems. This paper looks at metrology and EMC challenges related to 5G and beyond communications, and what NIST is doing towards solutions.

Scalable and Efficient Forwarding Table Design for Multi-Link Failover in OpenFlow-Enabled Networks

ABSTRACTOne of the key technical challenges in 5G is to ensure a high level of end-to-end service availability and reliability. Software-defined networking leveraging on a centralized network-forwarding control and management paradigm is expected to fulfil such requirements and even enhance their capabilities, compared to the traditional reliability mechanisms in the legacy network. This paper presents an enhanced forwarding table design for scalable and efficient failover support on multi-link failures in OpenFlow networks. The proposed forwarding table is designed with flow grouping and flow aggregation methods to achieve faster link failover and compress the flow rules for alternate paths against multi-link failures. To validate the proposed forwarding table design, we evaluate the performance in the following points: (1) how much resilience can be provided, (2) how many forwarding rules can be reduced to configure the alternate paths against multi-link failures and (3) how rapidly the failover can be achieved. Emulation results confirm that the proposed design reduces the number of disrupted flows and required forwarding rules to configure the alternate paths. We could also identify that it can achieve the recovery in 2–3 ms.

Guest Editorial Part 2: Deployment Issues and Performance Challenges for 5G

This is the second part of the papers in this special issue on deployment issues and performance challenges for 5G. The papers have been divided into five categories: • Massive MIMO • Co existence • Signal Processing and New Waveforms • Cloud RAN • Field Trials

Challenges for 5G?The Future of Wireless Communications [From the Guest Editor's Desk

The articles in this special section focus on initiatives of various IEEE Societies to promote 5G technologies, with particular emphasis on architectures, systems, and evaluation procedures. Wireless communication networks and technologies are being pushed to their limits with ever-increasing user expectations for quality of service. To satisfy the emerging requirements for fifth-generation (5G) communications, various multi antenna-based network infrastructures are being considered. A number of IEEE Societies, including the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society community, are working diligently to develop various candidate technologies and architectures to enable efficient 5G deployments. All aspects of 5G communication-link ingredients—from devices, circuits, and system architectures to over-the-air (OTA) and channel measurements at microwave to millimeter-wave frequencies need to be addressed for successful 5G deployment.

Measurement Challenges for 5G and Beyond: An Update from the National Institute of Standards and Technology

In less than a decade since the mainstreaming of cellular wireless technology, spectrum has become saturated by data-intensive smartphones, driving the so-called spectrum crunch. As a solution, the wireless community is pursuing the use of alternatives to current wireless technologies, including multiple-input/multipleoutput (MIMO) antenna arrays that allow increased simultaneous transmission capacity; the millimeter-wave (mmW) spectrum (30-300 GHz) to alleviate the spectrum crunch in current frequency bands; and ultradense networks transmitting wide-band modulated signals to allow short-range, high-speed data transfer.