Challenges In Care Research Articles

Resource Management Challenges in Rural Dermatological Care: A Mapping Review

Resource Management Challenges in Rural Dermatological Care: A Mapping Review

Recovery, interrupted: persisting symptoms after concussion and the power of iatrogenesis

ABSTRACT Persisting symptoms after concussion (PSaC) affect up to 30% of children, adolescents, and young adults beyond 1 month post-injury, posing challenges in clinical care. This retrospective study examined 54 patients referred for neuropsychological evaluation due to PSaC, exploring factors contributing to symptom persistence. Results showed that 75.9% of patients experienced symptoms attributable to non-concussion factors, with 90.7% lacking evidence-based care post-injury. Pre-existing conditions, including migraines, anxiety, depression, and other psychiatric disorders, correlated with symptom burden. Linear regression models indicated that these psychiatric factors and the absence of evidence-based recommendations predicted symptom severity [R2 = .314, p = .002], with other psychiatric disorders showing a significant effect [β = 2.28, p = .008]. History of any psychiatric disorder predicted current symptom count [R2 = .121, p = .010]. Logistic regression identified migraines (Nagelkerke R2 = .389, p = .000) and depression (Nagelkerke R2 = .124, p = .033) as predictors of non-concussion etiology. Anxiety, depression, migraines, psychiatric disorders, and lack of evidence-based care predicted non-concussion symptoms (Nagelkerke R2 = .575, p = .000). These findings highlight the importance of holistic, individualized care in concussion. Early neuropsychological involvement may improve diagnosis, reduce iatrogenic effects, and optimize recovery through tailored evidence-based interventions.

Building Connections and Striving to Build Better Futures: A Qualitative Interview Study of Alcohol Recovery Navigators’ Practice in the North East of England, UK

To address the holistic and continuity of care needs of people who attend North East hospitals frequently for alcohol-related reasons, Recovery Navigator (Navigator) roles were introduced into Alcohol Care Teams in six hospitals in the North East of England, UK, in 2022. The Navigators aimed to provide dedicated holistic support to patients experiencing alcohol harms, starting whilst in the hospital with the potential to continue this beyond discharge. This qualitative study explores the contributions that the Navigators make towards integrated alcohol care. Twenty-five semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 7 patients, 1 carer, and 17 staff. We used reflexive thematic analysis and applied the concept of continuity of care and Self-Determination Theory. The findings suggest that all of the participants value Navigators having dedicated time to work with patients to address their social needs, that patients benefit from having someone who provides relational support and is ‘gently persistent’, and that most of the Navigators have good relationships with community providers and have supported the transition of patients to these services. Staff recognise the challenges of holistic alcohol care in hospitals, and the support of the Alcohol Care Teams and Navigators is seen as invaluable. Navigators help to address gaps in the provision of holistic support for patients who experience significant health inequalities.

Cancer in the elderly in India: Challenges, attitudes, and strategies for improvement

: India’s elderly population faces growing cancer incidences, with unique challenges rooted in cultural, socioeconomic, and healthcare disparities. Limited health literacy, delayed medical intervention, gender biases, and inadequate healthcare infrastructure, particularly in rural areas, worsen the issue. Social stigma and psychological barriers further hinder prompt cancer diagnosis and treatment, leaving many elderly patients vulnerable to advanced-stage diagnoses.:This study aims to identify and analyse the key challenges faced by elderly cancer patients in India, including cultural attitudes, access to healthcare, financial constraints, and psychosocial impacts. Additionally, the goal is to propose strategies for improving cancer care, prevention, and support for this demographic.A mixed-methods approach was utilised, incorporating quantitative and qualitative analyses to assess challenges in elderly cancer care in India. This review synthesises data from studies published between 2018 and 2023, using information from national cancer registries, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) reports, and peer-reviewed literature. Studies included addressed socio-cultural, economic, and psychological barriers in elderly cancer care across India, focusing on gaps in knowledge and intervention strategies. The analysis revealed that 60% of cancers and 70% of cancer-related deaths occur in individuals aged 65 and above. Low health literacy, delayed diagnosis, and financial constraints were identified as the primary barriers. Significant treatment aversion was noted, with 58% of elderly patients perceiving chemotherapy as harmful. Rural areas lacked adequate healthcare facilities, contributing to delayed diagnosis and treatment. Psychosocial issues, including depression and anxiety, were prevalent and often aggravated by social isolation and stigma.: Addressing these issues requires a multifaceted approach, including policy interventions to expand healthcare access in rural areas, enhance health literacy, and provide financial support for elderly patients. Collaborative efforts involving government, non-governmental organisations, and community leaders are essential to improve early diagnosis, treatment accessibility, and quality of life for elderly cancer patients in India.

PHOTOTHERAPY OUTCOMES AND BILIRUBIN ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES IN PRETERM NEONATES: A TERTIARY CARE EXPERIENCE

Objective: Management of neonatal jaundice, particularly in preterm neonates, is a significant challenge in neonatal care, with phototherapy serving as the primary treatment modality. This study evaluates the outcomes of phototherapy and the efficacy of different bilirubin assessment techniques in a tertiary care environment. Methods: A hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted involving 100 preterm neonates. Transcutaneous (TcB) and total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels were measured before, during, and after phototherapy to assess correlations and differences. Results: Statistically significant correlations were found between TcB and TSB post-phototherapy (r-value = 0.8154, p-value<0.0001) and during phototherapy (r-value = 0.6069, p-value<0.0001). However, TcB tended to underestimate bilirubin levels compared to TSB post-phototherapy, with a mean difference of -0.42 mg/dl (p-value = 0.0117). Conclusion: Despite discrepancies with traditional serum bilirubin (TSB) measurements during and after phototherapy, TcB proves to be an effective tool in clinical practice. The findings suggest that with further refinement and adjustment for influencing factors, TcB can serve as an equivalent to serum assessments, reducing the need for invasive procedures in neonatal jaundice management.

Insights from the top-cited papers in the critical care nursing literature: A bibliometric and visualized analysis.

Highly cited papers in critical care nursing can offer valuable insights for all stakeholders engaged in the research process by highlighting key research trends, guiding resource allocation and shaping future research priorities. To gain insights from the top-cited papers in the top critical care nursing journals. This was a bibliometric analysis of the top-cited papers in the top critical care nursing journals as reported by the Journal Citation Report 2023-released in June 2024. Data were tabulated and visualized using Microsoft Excel and the VOSviewer software. Forty papers from the top four critical care nursing journals (Intensive and Critical Care Nursing [ICCN], Nursing in Critical Care [NICC], Australian Critical Care [ACC] and American Journal of Critical Care [AJCC]) were analysed. Half of the analysed papers were related to the COVID-19 pandemic, and mental health was the most addressed theme (n = 11 papers). Papers from the ICCN featured contributions from 17 countries, the highest among the journals analysed, followed by NICC, with contributions from 11 countries. Articles received more citations than reviews (median [interquartile range]: 18 [9-23] vs. 8 [8-11.5]), and open-access papers were cited about twice those published under a subscription model (19 [16-31] vs. 9 [8-15]). In ICCN, 9 of the 10 analysed papers were published open access compared with 3 in NICC and ACC and 2 in AJCC. The identified themes in this paper underscore the dynamic nature of the field of critical care nursing and the ongoing efforts to address key challenges in critical care nursing practice and health care delivery. Publishing open-access articles on trending topics and collaborating internationally seem to be effective approaches for gaining more citations. Understanding these prevalent themes has significant implications for guiding research priorities, informing clinical practice, shaping policy and improving patient outcomes. Academic journals need to encourage increasing the representation of researchers from the Global South in both journals' editorial boards and submissions to the journals.

Call to Improve Coding of Cancer-Associated Cachexia.

Cachexia is a systemic wasting syndrome prevalent in patients with cancer that significantly affects quality of life, health care costs, and therapeutic outcomes. Despite its clinical importance, cachexia is rarely formally diagnosed. This deficiency presents a challenge for effective patient management and care, health care resource allocation, and the advancement of therapeutic approaches. Here, we highlight impedances to the diagnosis and coding of cachexia, including the absence of standardized therapy, a lack of incentives for accurate coding, and overlapping clinical features with other conditions. We differentiate cachexia from related conditions like unintentional weight loss, sarcopenia, frailty, and protein-calorie malnutrition, outlining their distinct clinical features and inter-relations. We propose an approach to enhance diagnostic accuracy and coding for cachexia. This effort will enable better prevalence data, translation of mechanism-based therapy development, patient identification and stratification, and ultimately advanced diagnostics and US Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for cachexia.

Redesigning Death Rounds: Alleviating distress for residents in end-of-life care

Introduction Residents report limited end-of-life care training, resulting in negative socio-emotional impacts, burnout, and inadequate patient care. An academic urban county hospital adopted the Death Rounds (DR) conference for residents in the medical intensive care unit as a monthly free-form discussion to help residents cope with the emotional aspects of caring for dying patients. Our goal was to implement and evaluate a newly structured DR curriculum to help residents further reflect on experiences of caring for dying patients, reduce emotional burnout, and improve physician well-being. Methods Using a mixed-methods design, we conducted a qualitative needs assessment using interviews of residents. DR conference modifications based on the needs assessment include shorter, more frequent sessions; breakout groups; prompts for facilitating discussion; and multidisciplinary facilitators. A pre-post modification survey using the Likert scale was administered to all residents to assess the programmatic changes. Results Pre- and post-modification data were received from 30 and 50 of 116 residents, respectively. A greater proportion of post-test DR attendees reported that DR helped them feel less distressed when caring for dying patients (p=0.018). Among residents who did not attend DR, there was greater agreement in feeling emotionally supported by their team when caring for dying patients (p=0.046). Overall, 81% of post-test respondents agreed DR was worthwhile of their time, and almost all respondents agreed discussing the emotional impacts of patient death is important. Conclusion Death Rounds is a replicable and impactful curriculum that helps residents process the challenges of caring for dying patients and may improve emotional distress and team support.

A Critical Reappraisal of Haloperidol for Delirium Management in the Intensive Care Unit: Perspective from Psychiatry

Delirium is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome with multifactorial pathophysiology, encompassing a wide range of neuropsychiatric symptoms, and its management remains a significant challenge in critical care. Although often managed with antipsychotics, like haloperidol, current research has predominantly focused on dopamine dysregulation as the primary driver of delirium, overlooking its broader neuroanatomical and neurochemical underpinnings. This has led to a majority of research focusing on haloperidol as a treatment for intensive care unit (ICU) delirium. Our review critically evaluates the role of haloperidol in ICU delirium management, particularly in light of recent large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have primarily focused on delirium-free days and mortality as the primary endpoints. These studies highlight an limited understanding of the true nature of delirium treatment, which requires a broader, neuropsychiatric approach. We argue that future research should shift focus to neuropsychiatric symptoms such as agitation and psychosis and explore the clinical and functional benefits of reducing these distressing symptoms. Additionally, the stratification of delirium by subtypes and etiology, the enhancement of detection tools, and the adoption of multi-intervention and multi-disciplinary care approaches should be prioritized. Despite the methodological flaws in these studies, the findings support the safety of haloperidol in the ICU setting, with minimal risk of adverse events, particularly cardiac and neuropsychiatric. Moving forward, delirium research must integrate modern neuroscientific understanding and adopt more multi-disciplinary input and nuanced, patient-centered approaches to truly advance clinical care and outcomes.

Unlocking Vision Care Accessibility: Evaluating Caregivers' Willingness to Pay in Specialised Eye Clinics for Family Members With Intellectual Disabilities.

People with intellectual disabilities (IDs) require more vision care but encounter considerable challenges during eye examinations. Specialised clinics established specifically for people with IDs are generally limited. This study aims to evaluate primary family caregivers' willingness to pay (WTP) for specialised ophthalmology services designed for people with IDs. Between 15 August and 5 October 2023, we conducted a face-to-face survey targeting primary family caregivers of people with IDs in two local authorities in Taiwan. We obtained a probability sample through stratified random sampling. A total of 657 family caregivers completed this survey, with a response rate of 82.6%. WTP was evaluated using a contingent valuation method in a hypothetical ophthalmology clinic conceptualised through a qualitative study. Two-part models were estimated. The WTP for specialised ophthalmology services designed for people with IDs varied from NT$96.9 (US$3.2) to NT$217.7 (US$7.3) for the lowest-income group (p < 0.001) and from NT$513.0 (US$17.1) to NT$648.6 (US$21.6) for the highest-income group (p < 0.001). Factors such as family income, self-reported financial satisfaction and concern for the ocular health of family members with IDs significantly influenced WTP. Caregivers' WTP is low relative to the minimum operational costs of specialised ophthalmology clinics within the Taiwanese National Health Insurance scheme. This finding highlights the need for public funding to support such clinics and ensure that they can address the vision health disparity observed between people with and without IDs.

Pushing the boundaries: future directions in the management of spinal muscular atrophy.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating, degenerative, paediatric neuromuscular disease which until recently was untreatable. Discovery of the responsible gene 30 years ago heralded a new age of pioneering therapeutic developments. Three disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) have received regulatory approval and have transformed the disease, reducing disability and prolonging patient survival. These therapies - with distinct mechanisms, routes of administration, dosing schedules, side effect profiles, and financial costs - have dramatically altered the clinical phenotypes of this condition and have presented fresh challenges for patient care. In this review article we discuss potential strategies to maximise clinical outcomes through early diagnosis and treatment, optimised dosing, use of therapeutic combinations and state-of-the-art physiotherapy techniques, and the development of innovative therapies targeting alternative mechanisms.

The collective experience of moral distress: a qualitative analysis of perspectives of frontline health workers during COVID-19

BackgroundMoral distress is reported to be a critical force contributing to intensifying rates of anxiety, depression and burnout experienced by healthcare workers. In this paper, we examine the moral dilemmas and ensuing distress personally and collectively experienced by healthcare workers while caring for patients during the pandemic.MethodsData are drawn from free-text responses from a cross-sectional national online survey of Australian healthcare workers about the patient care challenges they faced.ResultsThree themes were derived from qualitative content analysis that illuminated the ways in which moral dilemmas and distress were relationally experienced by healthcare workers: (1) the moral ambiguity of how to care well for patients amid a rapidly changing work environment; (2) the distress of witnessing suffering shared between healthcare workers and patients; and (3) the distress of performing new forms of invisible work in the absence of institutional recognition. These findings reveal that moral distress was a strongly shared experience.ConclusionsFindings advance understandings of moral distress as a relational experience, collectively felt, constituted, and experienced by healthcare workers. Considering how to harness collective solidarity in effectively responding to moral distress experienced across the frontline healthcare workforce is critical.

Development of gelatine and alginate based inks for 3D bioprinters and characterization.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a rapidly evolving technology. This study focuses on developing biopolymeric inks tailored for Three-dimensional (3D) printing applications, specifically to produce 3D-printed materials for wound dressing. Humic Acid (HA) was incorporated into the ink formulations due to its anti-inflammatory properties. Although alginate-gelatine-based inks are widely available, no existing systems include HA as an additional component, underscoring the originality of this work.This innovation addresses a key challenge in wound care by promoting healing while minimizing inflammatory responses. Alginate(Alg) used in this study was extracted from Cystoseira barbata, a brown algae species collected from Gideros Bay in Kastamonu, located along Turkey's western Black Sea coast. This is the first study to purify alginate from algae sourced from this regio. The extraction process was optimized. Four biopolymeric ink formulations were prepared in the study and were used to print 3D-biomaterials, which underwent characterization focusing on basic physicochemical properties. Biocompatibility was evaluated through cell viability tests (MTT assays), and Immune response analysis was evaluated through inflammatory markers; pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNFα), and the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). In conclusion, this study successfully purified and characterized alginate from algae collected in a previously unstudied region, Gideros Bay. A novel ink formulation, incorporating humic acid, was developed and 3D-printed for the first time. The results demonstrate that the printed materials in the study possess high potential for use as wound dressing materials, marking a significant contribution to the literature.

The increasing global burden of cancer: implications for anaesthesia and peri-operative medicine.

Most patients with cancer will require surgery at some point in their lifetime. As the global burden of cancer continues to increase, changes and challenges in cancer epidemiology and care are also borne peri-operatively. Due to its broad scope, a formal systematic electronic literature search was not performed. This narrative review examines how an increasing global burden of cancer affects anaesthesia and peri-operative medicine. We aimed to describe current cancer statistics; economic implications; the increasing survival of individuals with cancer; and the role of anaesthetists in enhancing the quality of life and survival after oncological surgery. Epidemiological reports show wide variation in cancer incidence and mortality worldwide. Countries with a lower human development index will be disproportionately affected by greater increases in cancer burden. At the same time, these countries will also suffer larger deficits in the surgical and anaesthetic workforce. Cancer has significant macro- and micro-economic implications. Thus, public health and policy should address the large economic burden of cancer surgery and care. The improvement in cancer-related survival can be attributed to research focused on a deeper understanding of tumour biology; effective awareness education campaigns and screening programmes; early diagnosis; newer cancer therapies; and patient-centred precision care. Increasing survival brings new global challenges, such as delivering an adequate survivorship care plan and addressing long-term psychosocial concerns in survivors. Anaesthetists are involved in all phases of a patient's cancer journey including facilitating diagnostic procedures; providing comprehensive peri-operative care needs for ablative procedures; provision of critical care; addressing acute and chronic pain; and provision of integrative and palliative care services. Deeper engagement of anaesthetists in cancer care programmes will be instrumental in reducing postoperative complications; improving the quality of life for patients; enhancing population health; and contributing to improved global economies.

Case Report: Craniofacial deafness hand syndrome with unusual cardiovascular symptoms and lack of holistic care

BackgroundDelays in diagnosing rare genetic disorders often arise due to limited awareness and systemic challenges in primary care. This case highlights the importance of a holistic approach to patient care, encompassing timely detection and comprehensive evaluation of clinical features.MethodsWe report the case of a 21-year-old Ecuadorian male with facial and hand dysmorphias, cardiomegaly, pulmonary hypertension, and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Whole-exome sequencing, performed using the Illumina NextSeq platform. We extensively analyzed over 100 genes linked to congenital structural heart diseases.ResultsThe genetic findings provided a definitive diagnosis of Craniofacial-Deafness-Hand Syndrome, an extremely rare autosomal dominant condition, but found no variants that explain the patient’s cardiac phenotype. We identified a novel pathogenic missense variant in the PAX3 gene (c.A91C, p. T31P).Discussion and conclusionsThis case underscores the necessity of integrating genetic testing into routine clinical practice to enhance diagnostic precision for rare diseases. It also highlights the need for multidisciplinary collaboration and a holistic care model to improve patient outcomes. The unique association of Craniofacial-Deafness-Hand Syndrome with cardiovascular anomalies due to a PAX3 variation provides valuable insights into the genetic underpinnings of this rare condition.

Implications of Biomaterials for Chronic Wounds.

The use of biomaterials in treating and managing chronic wounds represents a significant challenge in global healthcare due to the complex nature of these wounds, which are slow to heal and can lead to complications such as frequent infections and diminished quality of life for patients. Chronic wounds, which can arise from conditions like diabetes, poor circulation, and pressure sores, pose distinct challenges in wound care, necessitating the development of specialized dressings. The pathophysiology of chronic wounds is thoroughly examined in this article, with particular attention paid to the cellular and molecular defects at work and the therapeutic guidelines. It also identifies key issues in the field, such as biocompatibility, cost-effectiveness, immune reactions, and regulatory obstacles, while suggesting future research focuses on improving biocompatibility, integrating drug delivery systems, and exploring cellular treatments. Ethical implications, such as patient safety, informed consent, and equitable access to technology, are also discussed. Finally, this review highlights the transformative potential of biomaterials in chronic wound management, urging for continued research and clinical integration to fully harness their capabilities in improving patient care.

Vascular Access Device Infections: Current Management Practices and the Role of Multidisciplinary Teams at a Large Hospital in Northern Italy

Introduction: Vascular access device (VAD)-associated infections, including catheter-related (CRBSI) and catheter-associated bloodstream infections (CABSI), present significant challenges in patient care. While multidisciplinary VAD teams (VATs) are equipped with protocols for managing these infections, adherence to these guidelines in real-life practice is inconsistent. This study aims to evaluate the alignment between actual VAD infection management practices and VAT-recommended protocols. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, single-center study at Luigi Sacco Hospital (May 2021–October 2023) involving non-ICU adult patients with diagnosed CRBSI or CABSI. VAT experts independently reviewed infection management choices, which were divided into eight specific procedural options. These options included variations in VAD removal, timing of repositioning, and combinations of antimicrobial lock therapy and systemic therapy. Concordance between real-life practices and VAT recommendations was evaluated using Cohen’s kappa coefficient. Results: Of 2419 VAD placements, 146 (6%) developed infections (84 CABSI, 62 CRBSI). Clinicians removed VADs in 66.4% of cases compared to 62.3% per VAT recommendations, with moderate overall agreement (Cohen’s kappa = 0.58). Analysis of the eight management categories revealed moderate to low alignment (unweighted kappa = 0.44, weighted kappa = 0.30) between real-life practices and VAT guidance, with slightly improved concordance in CRBSI cases. Conclusions: Our findings underscore a discrepancy between real-life VAD infection management and VAT-recommended protocols, suggesting a need for clearer, more accessible guidelines and increased multidisciplinary collaboration. Enhanced VAT consultation and simplified protocol dissemination may improve consistency in infection management and ultimately lead to better patient outcomes.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Tanzania. A Narrative Review of Epidemiology and Disease Trend.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is on a rapid rise in Tanzania, driven by lifestyle modifications, nutritional changes, and increased obesity rates. This article reviews the epidemiology, and disease trends of type 2 diabetes in Tanzania and explores the economic implications and challenges in care, including policy, education, and healthcare systems. The study employs a narrative literature review from research articles, local healthcare reports, surveys, and public health records. It evaluates the economic impacts, healthcare capabilities, and patient behaviors in managing type 2 diabetes in Tanzania. The economic burden of diabetes in Tanzania is increasing due to direct healthcare costs, lost productivity, and reduced quality of life, placing significant pressure on the already resourcelimited healthcare system. Treatment dropout rates are alarmingly high, and healthcare providers' knowledge of diabetes is insufficient. Insulin and metformin availability are critically low. Cultural norms and dietary habits pose substantial barriers to effective disease management. The growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Tanzania presents a significant public health crisis, necessitating comprehensive strategies for prevention, early detection, and effective disease management. Priorities should include enhancing healthcare infrastructure, increasing public investment, improving healthcare education, and tackling socio-cultural barriers to disease management.

“Three Sides to Every Story”: Living the Patient, Carer and Staff Experience of COVID

In 2020, the UK’s National Health Service (NHS) braced itself for the challenge of the COVID pandemic. Older, frail adults were among those at highest risk for morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to capture the lived experiences of patients, families/carers and staff on a COVID ward. Thirty participants were included, and data collected through in-depth unstructured interviews. The data were analyzed using interpretive phenomenology. Four main themes were constructed, capturing the collective experiences of the participants. The first theme, the changing and uncertain period of time, describes the shared sense of immersion in the chaotic situation, lack of control and resulting fears related to the contagion. Secondly, challenges of care, focuses on shared anxieties and guilt related to shortcomings in care delivery, and efforts to adapt to the new situation. The third theme, communication and keeping in touch, details the effect restrictions had on efforts to maintain contact and its toll on mental health. The last theme of challenging situations in end-of-life care, reflects experiences of grief and loss shared by all three participant groups. This study adds to the growing evidence base around experiences of the COVID pandemic through exploration of the profound triangulated experience of all participants.

Navigating the Complexities of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: Challenges and Strategies in Pediatric Dentistry.

Background: Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) presents a multifaceted challenge in pediatric dentistry, impacting diagnostics, clinical management, resource accessibility, and psychosocial care. The condition's complexity is exacerbated by diagnostic variability, overlapping clinical symptoms, and the need for tailored treatment approaches. Objectives: This study aims to explore the key challenges associated with the management of MIH in pediatric dentistry, including diagnostic precision, clinical management, resource limitations, interdisciplinary care, long-term follow-up, and psychosocial impact, and to propose strategies for overcoming these obstacles. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify and synthesize existing evidence on MIH's etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. The review highlighted the barriers encountered in providing optimal care, particularly in resource-constrained settings, and explored potential solutions through clinical and interdisciplinary approaches. Results: The key findings included the need for standardized diagnostic criteria, the role of individualized treatment plans, and the importance of resource allocation. Limited access to specialized equipment and education hampers care, especially in under-resourced areas. Long-term management complexities were further compounded by the necessity for interdisciplinary collaboration and attention to psychosocial factors affecting pediatric patients. Conclusion: Effective MIH management requires standardized diagnostic protocols, resource advocacy, interdisciplinary collaboration, and holistic patient care. Advancements in research, education, and policy are essential to improve outcomes in pediatric patients. By addressing both clinical and psychosocial challenges, the overall well-being of MIH-affected children can be enhanced.