Chain Of Command Research Articles

The quest for genuine business agility

PurposeThe article warns that genuine business agility is not easily achieved despite the many consultants offering their services as specialists. It lays out the elements of the best practice approach – the methodology of Agile management.Design/methodology/approachUsing Toyota as an example, the article show how one company is taking an innovative approach to agile team work and decision making.FindingsThe concept of Agile management includes both operational agility – making the existing business more focused on customer value – and strategic agility – generating new products and services to bring in new customers.Practical implicationsThe shadow of Agile management done too hastily or badly has fostered widespread cynicism.Originality/valueThe article is a clarion call to wake up bureaucratic organizations that pass decisions down a lengthy chain of command. The need now is to have decisions made as close as possible to those who have the best information to make the best decision, which often requires the teams themselves to be the deciders. 10;Leadership becomes a function shared by all the people participating in the team. The team itself becomes the leadership.

Loose cannons: The president and US nuclear posture

ABSTRACTThe US president’s unfettered authority to order the use of nuclear weapons and an unstable US nuclear posture create a compound existential risk. Reducing the risk requires eliminating the dangerously unstable warfighting contingencies of first use of nuclear weapons and launch on warning of nuclear attack from the repertoire of presidential options; re-configuring the nuclear chain of command; and building a robust and enduring nuclear command system to stabilize the contingency of second-strike retaliation on which true deterrence depends.

Government responses to physician involvement in the CIA's rendition, detention, and interrogation program after 9/11

Summary Civilian and government bioethicists have debated whether physician participation in detainee interrogations throughout the War on Terror constituted ethical violations. Civilian bioethicists tend to posit that: (1) the government's physicians are subject to the same ethical guidelines as civilian physicians, (2) circumstances may force government physicians into a dual loyalty conflict whereby they must decide whether to prioritize the state or the detainee's interests, and (3) government physicians must always prioritize the detainee's interests. In contrast, government bioethicists argue that: (1) the ethical guidelines for military physicians are not the same as for civilian physicians, (2) military physicians must prioritize the mission's interests over a detainee's when loyalties come into conflict, and (3) military physicians must escalate potential bioethical violations through the chain of command or risk professional and personal consequences. Using declassified documents from the ACLU's Torture Database, this paper explores government responses to the bioethics of physician involvement in detainee interrogations. Documents indicate that government agencies adopted different policies. Recognizing that agencies did not act monolithically helps establish accountability as more records are declassified to develop institutionally relevant solutions.

Cyber Operations, Legal Secrecy, and Civil-Military Relations (book chapter in Reconsidering American Civil-Military Relations, Lionel Beehner, Risa Brooks & Daniel Maurer, eds. (2020))

Civil-military relations in cyberspace are under-studied. So too are the roles at their intersection played by law and secrecy. To illuminate the nexus of these matters and to spur additional thought and policy action, this chapter makes several observations and recommendations. First, salient aspects of cyberspace make civil-military relations in the realm of digital national security operations especially challenging, uncertain, and consequential. Second, the two most powerful masters of the military in the American constitutional system – the Congress and the President – have in recent years given the military expansive authority for operations in a realm where it is unusually difficult for civilians and elected officials to monitor and appraise their performance. A reported classified order by President Trump appears to be consistent with his administration’s broader effort to drive responsibility for national security decisions down the chain of command. That is, away from suits and toward uniforms, and away from the Executive Branch’s electorally accountable Commander in Chief and toward agencies. Third, the public record indicates that the military is gaining its greater authority in cyberspace in meaningful part through legal secrecy – via the use of unpublished legal authorities. Such “secret law” is both useful and inherently problematic in a republic, as I have explored in depth elsewhere in my scholarship. Fourth and finally, this chapter argues that Congress is right to be engaged on cyber operations. But Congress should be doing more than delegating authority. It should also exercise its constitutional prerogatives to write rules that govern and regulate cyber operations in ways that expressly account for the challenges in transparency, technical familiarity, and civil-military relationships these operations inevitably raise.

The EMIRATES Framework: Emergency Management Integrated Roadmap Aimed Towards Every Healthcare System A conceptual framework

Healthcare systems play a key role in the response to everything from day-to-day events to overwhelming disasters. There are common challenges worldwide which include the presence of multiple players, a lack of clarity with regard to the chain of command, the absence of important components to make the system work, and a lack of specialized training and education. Given these challenges, the ability to respond adequately requires an integrated emergency management system. Several countries may have different components of the emergency services but occasionally not well integrated. The Emergency Management Integrated Roadmap Aimed Toward Every healthcare System framework is a simplified conceptual framework to help the healthcare decision-makers in different systems to plan the approach to any day-to-day emergencies or disasters with a structured system that can be customized further according to their needs.

“Nada les hemos cumplido”: negociaciones de paz entre apaches y españoles en la Nueva Vizcaya en 1787

Desde fines del siglo XVI, distintas fuentes de primera mano registraron la presencia de grupos identificados como apaches a lo largo de la frontera norte novohispana. Conforme el poblamiento español avanzó hacia el norte en el siglo XVII y conforme estos grupos clasificados como apaches fueron desplazados hacia el sur, las confrontaciones violentas entre ambos bandos se hicieron recurrentes. Los estudios clásicos sobre estos temas, producidos por autores estadounidenses y españoles, han mostrado que la corona española transitó de manera errática entre las políticas de guerra y negociación para hacer frente a la amenaza apache, y que el punto crítico en la definición de una política firme con respecto de estos grupos indígenas se daría hacia 1786, en la época del virrey Bernardo de Gálvez. Como argumenta este artículo, las mudanzas entre la guerra (ofensiva o defensiva) y los tratados de paz (mediante regalos y el establecimiento de apaches cerca de los presidios) no solamente obedecieron a los cambios en la diplomacia española a gran escala, sino que también estuvieron relacionadas con la distancia que separaba a los altos mandos militares de las experiencias que apaches y españoles vivían en el ámbito local. El caso del fallido intento de pactar la paz con los mezcaleros en 1787 en la Nueva Vizcaya muestra la forma en que las fisuras en las líneas de mando españolas, y la distancia cultural entre los apaches y la jerarquía militar, dificultaron la construcción de una paz duradera entre ambosbandos a fines del siglo XVIII.

Ampurdán (1659–1690) – studium strategii obronnej Hiszpanii względem Francji w epoce Ludwika XIV

The main aim of this work is to present the strategic problem of creating a new defense system, protecting the main route from France to Spain, and pointing out that that decisions on defense strategy made in a given country are not always the result of choosing the most logical solution but in many cases depend on internal conflicts and the characteristics of the chain of command. Disagreements between people who occupy different ranks in the military hierarchy and the constant changes in command posts, resulting from the influx of new officers, are an additional factor that makes such decisions difficult. The lack of clear criteria for strategy and continuation of the adopted line of action leads to the search for alternative solutions to the same problem. As a result, the problem remains unresolved. This article allows us to see how a lack of initiative during the period in question led to a situation where during the four conflicts that took place between Spain and France at that time (the War of Devolution, 1667–1668; the Franco-Dutch War, 1673–1678; the War of the Reunions, 1683–1684 and the War of the League of Augsburg, 1689–1697),

Learning from a decade of terror in European cities: Immediate, intermediate, and long-term follow-up

Over the last decade, a series of terrorist attacks has taken place in European cities. These attacks have varied in type and scope. This paper presents the lessons learned from the psychosocial response by professionals and representatives of those directly affected in eight terror-stricken cities. These professionals and representatives were gathered for a workshop to present and discuss their experiences. The unpredictability of the events and the sheer number of affected individuals made registration, coordination of services, and information provision difficult in the immediate phase. The transnational nature of the events (i.e., involving the citizens of several countries, with formal and informal helpers converging on the scene), added to the coordination problems. While crisis contingency plans were available for the immediate response, the intermediate and long-term responses were often less well planned for. Among the lessons learned was the importance of a clearly defined leadership and chain of command, with systems in place for early registration of those affected. Crisis contingency plans should be regularly exercised, including the psychosocial response. With the usually large number of people involved in such attacks, a huge need exists for information, especially for families in desperate need of information regarding their family members. Easily accessible, regular, updated, and verified information must be available for affected groups. Terror events demand good coordination and smooth exchange of information between different involved agencies. Systems must be in place to ensure coordination and collaboration as well as regulation and use of human and material resources. Several “hidden groups” such as bystanders, spontaneous helpers, and people who were inadvertently in contact with terrorists must be attended to. Peer support organisations represent a resource that can provide those in charge of psychosocial follow-up with an updated and realistic picture of people’s needs. It is also recommended that long-term follow-up is planned for in an early phase of psychological support, since a recurring problem has been a gap between the early response and the long-term follow-up.

Material deceptions and the qualities of time

Material deceptions and the qualities of time

Deep Stock Prediction

The ongoing development of profound learning has empowered exchanging calculations to anticipate stock value developments all the more precisely. Tragically, there is a noteworthy hole in reality sending of this achievement. For instance, proficient brokers in their long haul professions have collected various exchanging rules, the legend of which they can see great. Then again, profound learning models have been not really interpretable. This paper presents DeepClue, a framework worked to connect content based profound learning models and end clients through outwardly deciphering the key components learned in the stock value forecast model. We make three commitments in DeepClue. To start with, by structuring the profound neural system engineering for translation and applying a calculation to separate important prescient variables, we give a valuable case on what can be deciphered out of the expectation model for end clients. Second, by investigating chains of command over the extricated factors and showing these variables in an intuitive, progressive representation interface, we shed light on the best way to successfully convey the translated model to end clients. Uncommonly, the elucidation isolates the anticipated from the eccentric for stock forecast using block model parameters and a hazard representation structure. Third, we assess the coordinated perception framework through two contextual analyses in anticipating the stock cost with online budgetary news and friends related tweets from web based life. Quantitative tests contrasting the proposed neural system design and cutting edge models and the human gauge are led and detailed. Criticisms from a casual client contemplate with area specialists are abridged and examined in detail. All the examination results show the viability of DeepClue in finishing securities exchange speculation and investigation assignments.

Climbing up and down the hierarchy of accountability: implications for organization design

The notion of organizational hierarchy is disputed, also in view of the rise of new organizational forms claimed to have “hierarchies without bosses.” To better understand the contested nature of hierarchy, this essay provides a systemic perspective on organizational hierarchy defined as a sequence, or ladder, of accountability levels. I then argue this ladder can be used in a top-down manner (e.g., as a chain of command), but also in bottom-up ways (e.g., by employees taking charge of higher-level responsibilities). Subsequently, several propositions that may guide future work in this area are formulated, and the implications for organization design are fleshed out. Overall, the notion of hierarchy may become less contested by defining it as an accountability ladder which can be instantiated and used in highly different ways.

Consequences of IT Transformations

Introduction. The driving force of the modern society development is information technology transformations. They determined the beginning of qualitative transformations of not only the world order, but also many essential features of the state. Because of this, the study of changes in the sphere of political power and government, as well as the class structure of society, acquires special significance.Methodology and sources. The conclusions presented in this paper are based on the methodology of analytical and critical generalization in the field of social philosophy, as well as special theories and approaches, among which should be noted the neoinstitutional approach, the theories of the post-industrial and network society.Results and discussion. The introduction of digital technology is stacked for the state in two ways. The state receives not only new mechanisms for monitoring, accounting, control, pressure, and verification of the population, but also a high degree of citizen involvement in the state governing process. The consequence of a high degree of activity of civil structures may be the decentralization of state power and the redistribution of powers. A significant danger to the state is the network governing structure that requires all its participants to connect to the information channels. Having taken root in the governing environment, the network principle will come into conflict with the traditional chain of command, which will inevitably lead to the dispersion of its functions and blur the old governing schemes. There are the formation and further confrontation of two classes, which can be conventionally called the "higher" and "lower" classes in the logic of the development of the modern information society. Thus, in the course of the study, the problem of the transformation of the state institution in the conditions of information technology transformations was analyzed, and the issue of the formation of a new class structure was also raised.Conclusion. The age of information technology does not just create a new society, but it determines its essence, structure, basic characteristics, determines and sets parameters of its development.

Spreading zoo animal diseases: Has Al Ain Zoo developed an effective program to deal with the threat?

Subject Area Strategic management, operation management, health and safety Study Level/Applicability The authors have been developed the case to be applied for a diploma, undergraduate students and it might help the students in the postgraduate. The case is appropriate for courses in the area of strategic management, operation management and health and safety. Learning outcomes The learning outcomes are as follows: to understand the importance of animal disease prevention and the correct procedures for dealing with disease outbreaks in an animal facility; to reinforce the importance of adherence to strict procedures and chain of command by Life Sciences and Conservation sections in preserving the health of animals, zoo staff and visitors; to recognize the importance of disease monitoring and control in wildlife conservation; and to understand the importance of concrete experience in related positions to provide leaders like Director Mark Craig with the skills to handle such a big responsibility. Al Ain Zoo has such leaders along with a dedicated and resourceful management team that has proven capable of placing the institution among the best conservation parks in the world. Case overview/synopsis Large collections of animals of diverse species found in zoos and animal parks present a considerable challenge to facility managers in developing and implementing programs to prevent and control the spread of animal diseases. One need to only think about the nightmare consequences of an illness that could decimate a population of animals in a public setting such as a zoo and, in a worst-case scenario, spread to staff, visitors and even the public at large. Biologists have clearly shown how certain types of animals can act as reservoirs for disease viruses, for example, chimpanzees harboring the simian immunodeficiency virus that mutated to HIV or chickens and ducks spreading avian influenza virus to poultry workers and then to the public. Thus, disease control in zoos is an issue of the utmost importance, and managers and operators neglect it at their peril. The reputation and indeed the very existence of an animal park rests in the hands of a dedicated group of managers, veterinarians and technical staff, as well as zoo workers who must strictly follow procedures to prevent and contain animal-borne diseases. This case study focuses on the work of one man in a large internationally known facility to develop, implement, test and evaluate an innovative program for animal disease control. So, what would you do if you were the director of a large metropolitan zoo and your staff veterinarian came to you and said that there was an outbreak of a serious viral disease among a group of animals? Could you have prevented the disease? How will you treat the sick animals and stop the disease from spreading? Is there a risk of the zoo staff contracting the disease from handling sick animals? What about zoo visitors? These are all questions that are addressed in this new and intriguing case study focused on managing animal diseases in the setting of a zoo or wildlife park. Mark Craig, Director of Life Sciences at the Al Ain Zoo in the United Arab Emirates, has plenty to say about the planning, science and management skills necessary to insure that a large population of diverse wild animals remains healthy and thriving. The Al Ain Zoo is the largest of its kind in the Middle East, and while he has been in charge of the animal welfare program for more than six years, there have been few incidents of disease and all have been contained. What can be learned from his effective strategies and leadership skills is clearly discussed and illustrated in this unique real-world case study. Complexity academic level The authors have developed the case to be applied for a diploma, undergraduate students and it might help the students in the postgraduate. The case is appropriate for courses in the area of strategic management, operation management and health and safety. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available upon request for educators only. These teaching notes should be shared solely with the instructor and students should not have access to. Please contact your library to gain login or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.

Power Structures and Patterns of Interaction in the Malaysian Army

Study on power structures and their influences on the patterns of interaction used in the military is a rare phenomenon due to strong gatekeeping. Many past researchers have delved only into military culture and organisational communication. The aim of this paper is to present findings of this research gap i.e., on the patterns of interaction used by both commissioned officers and enlisted personnel in the Malaysian Army. It discusses how power structures influence the patterns of interaction used by them. The study investigates how rank structure and chain of command in the military (legitimised authority) influence both commissioned officers and enlisted personnel in deriving their patterns of interaction. It also investigates how the dominant ideology and organisational culture (hegemony) derive their patterns of interaction. This study analyses the transcripts of three audio recordings among commissioned officers and enlisted personnel which were audio recorded from a meet up, meeting and drill training session. The findings indicate that members of the Malaysian Army derive their patterns of interaction through different means. Those different means are not just through coercive means contrary to popular belief but also through regulatory and subtle means. Those different means are determined by the context and speakers. The findings reveal that command and control are essentially linked to many contributing factor and not just merely power per se. Keywords: power; power structures; verbal interaction; coercion; Malaysian Army

Implementation of 5S in Scientific Equipment Company

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how an age-old Japanese manufacturing concept 5S can be helpful is bringing business excellence in the scientific equipment industry. The primary point of interest in this paper is to highlight the 5S approach and also the implementation part of it. The implementation steps help to identify the potential for improvement and the existing gaps as compared to a benchmark. The study was made in each section of the selected company by conducting Gemba i.e. physical exploration in order to identify the gaps. Once the gaps and the concerned areas were identified, the implementation phase begins and the result for the same was discussed using the two case studies implemented in the industry. Subsequently, the paper discusses how the implementation of 5S leads to the reduction of wastages such as searching time, improvement of workplace safety, health, and cleanliness. Since the entire activity i.e. identification of gaps and implementation are Gemba-based, the steps are easy and deterministic in nature and the improvement is clearly visible/ measurable. It was recognized, both from the case studies and from the industry knowledge that 5S activities not only improve workplace safety, health, and cleanliness but also lead to higher quality and productivity and hence market competitiveness. The success, however, depends on the chain of command and are top-driven at least at the beginning phase.

Acceptability and Short-Term Outcomes Associated With Use of a Prescription Drug Abuse Education Mobile App in a Military Sample

Background: Prescription drug misuse and abuse are serious issues affecting the nation, and military personnel have not been exempt from this problem. However, standards for military personnel in this area are more stringent than those for civilians, and the stakes of even unintentional misuse are higher. For these reasons, it is essential to educate service members about prescription drug misuse and abuse, using a variety of novel approaches. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the acceptability of an educational app and its impact on prescription medication misuse risks among active-duty service members who were currently taking a prescription medication with the potential for misuse. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted to pilot test the app among 80 service members. Participants were randomized to either the app along with treatment as usual (TAU) or just to continue with TAU. Self-report data, collected at pretest and 1-month posttest, included risk of prescription drug misuse, preparedness to talk about prescription drug misuse, knowledge, attitudes, perceived harm, behavioral intentions, medication use, pain, and mental well-being, using a combination of standardized scales and investigator-developed items. In addition, ratings of the app were collected from those in the intervention condition. Results: Preparedness to talk to doctors or leadership about a personal concern related to one’s own possible prescription drug misuse increased significantly from pretest to posttest (p=.022). Participants in the intervention condition significantly increased their communication preparedness about a personal concern (p=.012), while those in the TAU condition showed no change (p>.05). In addition, there was a marginally significant interaction between group and time on preparedness to talk to others about their possible misuse (p<.06). No other significant group-by-time interactions were observed for the other outcomes measured. Participants found the app useful (M=3.85), and agreed that they learned new information (M=3.97), that the app was appropriate for military service members (M=3.97), and that they would recommend it to fellow service members (M=3.86) (rating scale: 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree). Conclusions: The finding that patients using the app felt more prepared to talk to their chain of command or doctor about possible personal prescription drug misuse suggests that the app enhanced their comfort in communicating about prescription drug misuse. One of the goals of the scenarios in the app was to help participants walk through how they would handle a variety of situations related to communicating about prescription drug misuse. Among military personnel, talking to leadership about sensitive issues is often intimidating and uncomfortable, particularly about issues that involve one’s own risk, making this shift a rather promising finding. Despite some limitations, and a lack of significant findings among the study’s other measures, use of this mobile health tool was associated with a shift toward reducing prescription drug misuse risk in the area of communication, suggesting that it constitutes a valuable addition to the arsenal of multifaceted efforts to decrease prescription drug misuse.

Understand the chain of command for a smooth board‐exec relationship

Understand the chain of command for a smooth board‐exec relationship

A Flat Organization Model for Agile Workforce with Reference to Holacracy

Holacracy is a new method of arranging and managing concern which changes the conservative management chain of command. Authority is evenly allocated to all the employees irrespective of their designation; all human beings are given free hand to operate as per their vision and must match with the company’s vision. We are in an aggressive globalised era and the contemporary firms look for the competent model which would help them to form a business in an agile manner and avoid redundant hierarchical levels to decrease costs. Holacracy is a new method that helps to enhance the efficiency, so that they can run the firm more successfully. Over the past few years, many firms have taken a sledgehammer to the traditional corporate hierarchy. Instead of entrusting the entire work to superior’s the workers can coordinate with their group and prove their individuality. The researchers are concerned with structuring a new model that has got and its impact on organizational employee’s performance which turns organization to gain cost effective process, efficient time management, and greater transparency for successful conduction of business in the competitive world.

Modelling organisational vicarious liability

AbstractThis paper identifies two paradigms of vicarious liability. One is an established paradigm of ‘liberal agency’ found in cases where owner-managers ‘act through’ workers, with whom they have personal relations, in undertaking work tasks. The second paradigm is found in cases concerning bureaucratic organisations, which are characterised by chains of command and variegated decision-making procedures. Courts have grounded organisational responsibility in features such as structure, hierarchy, and control, which this paper uses to construct a model of the ‘deterrable organisation’. The deterrable organisation has important capacities to effect change in behaviour that courts rely on in order to prevent worker wrongdoing. The paper tests the viability of the model against the empirical literature and argues that courts could improve outcomes by a more targeted use of powers to award remedies.

Estimation of Energy in Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor using VLSI Design

Expanding interest for versatile gadgets for figuring and correspondence, just as different appliances, has required longer life span, low credence, and low control utilization. So as to fulfill these necessities, inquire about exercises concentrating on small energy/less voltage intend systems are in progress. While control is currently solitary of the devise choice factors, the extended devise area requisite for lower energy has additionally expanded the intricacy of an as of now non-trifling assignment. Lower energy devise fundamentally includes two accompanying errands: control estimation and investigation and energy minimization. These undertakings should be completed at every one of the levels in the design chain of command, to be specific, the social, and engineering, rationale. During this overview of the present condition of the pasture, a significant number of the notable energy assessment and reduction strategies suggested for lower energy VLSI devise are audited. In this research work, correlation of intensity evaluation of different fundamental CMOS cell configurations on different innovations is done. The exploration concerns so as to create the lower energy devise are likewise examined in the article.