Chain Migration Research Articles

International Migration Literature Search in Bangladesh during the period of 1971-2020

The Bangladeshi diaspora consists of people of Bangladeshi descent who have immigrated to or were born in another country. First generation migrants may have moved abroad from Bangladesh for better living conditions, to escape poverty, to support their financial condition or to send money back to families in Bangladesh. With a total of 10 million Bangladeshis living abroad, the country has ranked fifth among top 20 countries of origin for international migrants. There is a large Bangladeshi diaspora population in Saudi Arabia. There are also significant migrant communities in various Arab states of the Persian Gulf, particularly the United Arab Emirates and Oman, where Bangladeshis are mainly classified as foreign workers. British Bangladeshis are mainly concentrated in east London boroughs Tower Hamlets and Newham; the migration to Britain is mainly linked with chain migration from the Sylhet Division. Besides the UK and Middle East, Bangladeshis also have a significant presence in the United States, Malaysia, South Africa, Singapore, and in other Western countries such as Italy, Canada, and Australia. This research paper is designed to provide an illustrated account of what kind of research has been done on these migrants at home and abroad over the past fifty years.

Молодіжний ринок праці Естонії: безробіття та міграційні настрої студентської молоді

This article presents an analysis of current processes in the youth labour market in the context of their impact on the student youth migration sentiments with a focus on the case of Estonia. Nowadays, student migration takes new forms, which are determined by objective and subjective factors and need to be conceptualized. They are characterized by complicated socio-economic interactions and social relations, so the analysis is based not only on statistics but also on the results of a survey of student youth conducted in November-December 2019. The analysis of the youth labour market in Estonia revealed the relationship between unemployment and education levels and some trends in the unemployment dynamics. This made it possible to identify key processes, such as spread of circular and chain migration, an increasing intensity of migration flow, transition to positive values of net migration. The analysis confirmed that Estonia’s accession to the EU had a positive effect on the youth labour market, and the improvement of the socio-economic situation in the country was the main reason for growing migration flow of young people from abroad. The identification of migration sentiments of student youth is based on the analysis of factors that push them from the country of origin and pull to the countries of possible migration. Countries that are the most attractive for Estonian students in terms of education and employment have been identified, including ones with a positive image for immigration, high wage level and favourable working conditions. It is determined that the migration aspirations of the respondents are quite high. The migratory attitudes of student youth towards permanent migration are analysed in relation to the education of parents and the level of foreign language proficiency.

LincRNA-RP11400K9.4 Regulates Cell Survival and Migration of Breast Cancer Cells.

Several works in the past decades pointed out the key role of long intergenic non-coding RNA (lincRNA) in breast cancer development. Here in we report for first time the importance of deregulation of lincRNA RP11-400K9.4 in breast cancer cells which played a role in cell survival and migration. After RP11-400K9.4 silencing by short hairpin RNAs or overexpression by GeneBlocks, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), microarray, migration, proliferation and viability assay were performed. RP11-400K9.4 expression was mainly in the cytoplasmic fraction in 2D culture. Overexpression of RP11-400K9.4 led to a reduction of migration by MCF-7 and MDA-MB-368 cells and an increase in cellular survival after UV-C radiation. Bioinformatic analyses highlighted irradiation-induced DNA damage, DNA repair and cell-cycle pathways as the mainly affected by RP11-400K9.4. Furthermore RT-PCR assay demonstrated the overexpression of baculoviral IAP repeat containing 3 (BIRC3) a known oncogene that promotes radiotherapy resistance through the nuclear factor kappa B (NFĸB) pathway. RP11-400K9.4 participates in the modulation of migration and survival processes probably via the BIRC3/NFĸB pathway.

Student mobility in higher education: Sicilian outflow network and chain migrations

The Italian public universities are subsidised within a competitive framework that awards excellence, efficiency, and the capacity of universities to attract students from Italian regions other than its own. However, repeated cuts to public spending has increased the well-known Italian North-South divide. The most important student mobility (SM) flow is from the Southern to the Central-Northern regions--a phenomenon that has been magnified by an increasing number of outgoing students from Sicily over the last decade. In this paper, we rely upon micro-data of university enrolment and students' personal records for three cohorts of freshmen, in order to investigate preferential patterns of SM from Sicily toward universities in other regions. Indeed, our main goal is to eventually reveal the existence of chain migrations, through which students from a particular geographical area move towards a particular destination. We consider 38 clusters aggregating the 390 Sicilian municipalities, based on geographical proximity and socio-economic criteria. The data from each cohort is represented as a tripartite network with three sets of nodes, namely, clusters of Sicilian municipalities, students, and universities. The tripartite network is projected in a bipartite weighted network of clusters and universities, which is, then, filtered, in order to obtain a statistically validated bipartite network (SBVN). The SBVNs of the three cohorts suggest the existence and evolution of chain migration patterns over time, which are also gender specific.

Ethnic enclaves and immigrant outcomes: Norwegian immigrants during the Age of Mass Migration

AbstractThis paper examines the effect of ethnic enclaves on economic outcomes of Norwegian immigrants in 1910 and 1920, the later part of the Age of Mass Migration. Using various identification strategies, including county fixed effects and an instrumental variables strategy based on chain migration, I consistently find that Norwegians living in larger enclaves in the United States had lower occupational earnings, were more likely to be in farming occupations, and were less likely to be in white-collar occupations. Results are robust to matching method and choice of occupational score. This earnings disadvantage is partly passed on to the second generation.

Palestinian Immigration from Latin American and Middle Eastern Perspectives

The data obtained from Chile and Palestine suggests that there was only one significant immigration wave from Palestine to Chile – from the end of the nineteenth century until the First World War. This immigration was enabled by favourable global conditions such as available and reliable transportation, rather than being provoked by the exceptional hardship alleged to have occurred during those years. Palestinian immigration was chain migration: family members followed those who had immigrated earlier. Nonetheless, these were relatively short chains, which included only a handful of links. Those who arrived from Bethlehem and Bayt-Jala tended to marry Palestinian partners. These partners probably also stemmed from the same towns. Palestinians who arrived from other places often found local partners. Agar and Saffie have already demonstrated that the number of Palestinians in Chile is far fewer than the 350,000 suggested by Baeza, not to mention the 500,000 indicated by less credible sources. Yet, Agar and Saffie dealt with descendants, which is merely a technical term indicating someone with at least one Arab great-grandparent. It seems very difficult to determine to what extent such people identify themselves with their Arab or Palestinian origins. Therefore, the number of those who consider themselves Chileans of Palestinian origin is lower than 50,000, but how large precisely can only be speculated.

Dynamic Changes in Ultrastructure of the Primary Cilium in Migrating Neuroblasts in the Postnatal Brain.

New neurons, referred to as neuroblasts, are continuously generated in the ventricular-subventricular zone of the brain throughout an animal's life. These neuroblasts are characterized by their unique potential for proliferation, formation of chain-like cell aggregates, and long-distance and high-speed migration through the rostral migratory stream (RMS) toward the olfactory bulb (OB), where they decelerate and differentiate into mature interneurons. The dynamic changes of ultrastructural features in postnatal-born neuroblasts during migration are not yet fully understood. Here we report the presence of a primary cilium, and its ultrastructural morphology and spatiotemporal dynamics, in migrating neuroblasts in the postnatal RMS and OB. The primary cilium was observed in migrating neuroblasts in the postnatal RMS and OB in male and female mice and zebrafish, and a male rhesus monkey. Inhibition of intraflagellar transport molecules in migrating neuroblasts impaired their ciliogenesis and rostral migration toward the OB. Serial section transmission electron microscopy revealed that each migrating neuroblast possesses either a pair of centrioles or a basal body with an immature or mature primary cilium. Using immunohistochemistry, live imaging, and serial block-face scanning electron microscopy, we demonstrate that the localization and orientation of the primary cilium are altered depending on the mitotic state, saltatory migration, and deceleration of neuroblasts. Together, our results highlight a close mutual relationship between spatiotemporal regulation of the primary cilium and efficient chain migration of neuroblasts in the postnatal brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Immature neurons (neuroblasts) generated in the postnatal brain have a mitotic potential and migrate in chain-like cell aggregates toward the olfactory bulb. Here we report that migrating neuroblasts possess a tiny cellular protrusion called a primary cilium. Immunohistochemical studies with zebrafish, mouse, and monkey brains suggest that the presence of the primary cilium in migrating neuroblasts is evolutionarily conserved. Ciliogenesis in migrating neuroblasts in the rostral migratory stream is suppressed during mitosis and promoted after cell cycle exit. Moreover, live imaging and 3D electron microscopy revealed that ciliary localization and orientation change during saltatory movement of neuroblasts. Our results reveal highly organized dynamics in maturation and positioning of the primary cilium during neuroblast migration that underlie saltatory movement of postnatal-born neuroblasts.

'My coming to South Africa made everything possible': The socio-economic and political reasons for migrant teachers being in Johannesburg

Teacher migration is a phenomenon that gained international momentum more than eighteen years ago. South Africa was one of the developing countries within the Commonwealth which were greatly affected by the loss of homegrown skills in respect to teacher emigration to the United Kingdom. In the past ten years, however, South Africa has attracted teachers from neighbouring countries. Whilst there have been some studies on migrant teachers in South Africa, research on migrant teachers in primary schools is a neglected area. This paper reports on some of the findings of a qualitative teacher immigration study undertaken in Johannesburg which focussed on primary school teachers. The paper explores the economic, political, and social reasons for migrant teachers teaching in Johannesburg. The push and pull theory of the seminal scholar, Lee (1966) and Bett’s (2010) insights into survival migration and chain migration provide the theoretical dimensions for this paper. Primary school teachers from both public and private schools participated in this research and data was generated through interviews and focus group discussions. Migrant teachers select Johannesburg, South Africa as a survival strategy for a range of economic, political and social reasons. Primary schools in Johannesburg have been overcoming their teacher shortages with this influx of migrant teachers, benefitting from this brain gain.

Migration pattern of Yellow-throated buntings revealed by isotope-based geographic assignment

ABSTRACTMigratory birds have evolved diverse migration strategies in response to a variety of factors, but information about the detailed migration patterns of Asian songbirds is not yet available. To understand the short-distance migration pattern of declining Yellow-throated Buntings (Emberiza elegans) in East Asia, we analyzed stable isotopes from the outermost tail feathers (rectrices) of individual buntings collected in Korea and Japan. Temporal changes in feather hydrogen (δ2Hf) and oxygen (δ18Of) isotopic values at stopover islands suggested that northern populations start migration earlier than southern populations, especially in autumn. Latitudinal gradient in δ2Hf values of three wintering populations implied that northern breeders wintered farther north than southern breeders. The migration pattern of this bunting, known as Type II chain migration, was also inferred from hydrogen isotope-based geographic assignments of feather growth origins. Our data demonstrate that stable isotope analysis may help to bridge current knowledge gaps in songbird migration despite coarsely mapped isoscapes and as-of-yet undetermined isotope calibration functions in Asia.

Koreans across the Sea: Migration of Laborers to the Metropole, 1910–1937

This paper is concerned with Korean farmers who were transformed into laborers during the Korean colonial period and migrated to Japan to enhance their living conditions. The author’s research adopts a regional scale to its investigation in which the emergence of Osaka as a global city attracted Koreans seeking economic betterment. The paper shows that, despite an initial claim to permit the free mobility of Koreans, the Japanese empire came to control this mobility depending on political, social, and economic circumstances of Japan and Korea. For Koreans, notwithstanding poverty being a primary trigger for the abandonment of their homes, the paper argues that their migration was facilitated by chain migration and they saw Japan as a resolution to their economic hardships in the process of capital accumulation by the empire.

New rules of the game? Education and governmentality in Chinese migration to Poland

The Chinese in Poland are an understudied but rapidly growing migrant community, undergoing a transition from an established pattern of economic chain migration to one based on investment of wealth in pursuit of a better life environment. Educational immigration by middle-class families provides insight into a broader trend of popular resistance to China's established model of governmentality. Refusing to conform to prescribed patterns of achievement and social mobility, these families exemplify a younger generation's aspirations and challenges involved in transnational mobility, which go beyond the traditional capital accumulation strategies.

The Cream of the Crop? Geography, Networks, and Irish Migrant Selection in the Age of Mass Migration

With more than 30 million people moving to North America during the Age of Mass Migration (1850–1913), governments feared that Europe was losing its most talented workers. Using new data from Ireland in the early twentieth century, I provide evidence to the contrary, showing that the sons of farmers and illiterate men were more likely to emigrate than their literate and skilled counterparts. Emigration rates were highest in poorer farming communities with stronger migrant networks. I constructed these data using new name-based techniques to follow people over time and to measure chain migration from origin communities to the United States.

Mobile-aware service function chain migration in cloud–fog computing

Network Function Virtualization (NFV) provides a good paradigm for sharing the resources of the physical network. The deployment problem of Service Function Chains (SFCs) composed of a specific order of Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) has become the focus of research. Moreover, to solve the facing challenges of the centralized cloud computing, the researchers have proposed the distributed fog computing. When the mobile user moves among different fog-based radio access networks, the SFC must be migrated. Therefore, in the paper, we research the problem of SFCs migration/remapping caused by the user movement in cloud–fog computing environments. We firstly model the migration problem of SFCs as an integer linear program; then we propose two SFC migration strategies: the minimum number of VNFs migration strategy and the two-step migration strategy, to reduce the reconfiguration cost, the migration time and downtime of SFCs and improve the remapping success ratio of SFCs; and we have designed a two-step migration algorithm to migrate SFCs. We use the cloud–fog computing environment to evaluate our proposed algorithms. The reconfiguration cost, the remapping success ratio, the migration time and the downtime of our proposed algorithms are more excellent than that of benchmark algorithm.

A family affair: Evidence of chain migration during the mass emigration from the county of Halland in Sweden to the United States in the 1890s

This paper examines the influence of individual and household factors on an individual’s propensity to emigrate from Halland, a region in south-west Sweden, to the United States during the era of mass migration in the late nineteenth century. The study has a case–control design, using individual-level longitudinal data for a group of emigrants (cases) and a group of non-emigrants (controls). Results indicate the importance of a family’s emigration history; individuals whose relatives had previously moved to the United States were more likely to emigrate themselves. In addition, the results also show how this impact varied between groups and how other factors relating to the individual’s life situation affected the migration decision. Thus, this paper shows how chain migration and migration networks play important roles during times of mass migration.

In Vivo Quantitative Imaging Provides Insights into Trunk Neural Crest Migration

SUMMARYNeural crest (NC) cells undergo extensive migrations during development. Here, we couple in vivo live imaging at high resolution with custom software tools to reveal dynamic migratory behavior in chick embryos. Trunk NC cells migrate as individuals with both stochastic and biased features as they move dorsoventrally to form peripheral ganglia. Their leading edge displays a prominent fan-shaped lamellipodium that reorients upon cell-cell contact. Computational analysis reveals that when the lamellipodium of one cell touches the body of another, the two cells undergo “contact attraction,” often moving together and then separating via a pulling force exerted by lamellipodium. Targeted optical manipulation shows that cell interactions coupled with cell density generate a long-range biased random walk behavior, such that cells move from high to low density. In contrast to chain migration noted at other axial levels, the results show that individual trunk NC cells navigate the complex environment without tight coordination between neighbors.

Antitumor activity in colorectal cancer induced by hinokiflavone.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignant disease worldwide with highly metastatic potential. Identification of effective therapeutic treatment overcoming such disease is an urgent need. Our study focuses on hinokiflavone as an antitumor agent against colorectal cancer. MTT assay, cell colony formation assay, Hoechst staining, flow cytometry, Western blot analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and migration and invasion assay were performed to identify the effects of hinokiflavone on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. CT26 tumor-bearing mice model was conducted to explore the antitumor activity of hinokiflavone in vivo. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to detect the protein expression of Ki-67, cleaved caspase-3, and MMP9 in treated tumors. Acute toxicity was evaluated by serological and hematological analyses, and drug side effect on organs was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Hinokiflavone reduced the proliferation, migration, and invasion and promoted the apoptosis in colorectal tumor cells in vitro. Treatment of hinokiflavone at a tolerable and safe dose (50mg/kg) significantly suppressed tumor growth in mice bearing CT26 tumors by reducing tumor proliferation and metastasis and inducing apoptosis. Mechanically, treatment of hinokiflavone induced apoptosis by loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and increased reactive oxygen species generation. Hinokiflavone suppressed colorectal tumor cell proliferation, induced apoptosis via the reactive oxygen species-mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway, and inhibited tumor cell migration and invasion. Antitumor activity of hinokiflavone was also validated in mice model without observed toxicity. Our findings suggested that the plant-derived hinokiflavone could be used as an antitumor agent against colorectal cancer.

Transnational mobility and cross-border family life cycles: A century of Welsh-Italian migration

ABSTRACTDuring the late nineteenth century, Italian immigrant settlement in Wales took the form of chain and clustered migration, based on origin-centred networks of extended family members. The original migrants’ reliance on transnational family support networks endured and evolved through descendant generations. Family formation and the progression of lifecycle care exchanges served as key drivers of transnationalism between Wales and Italy. Many families established catering businesses in Wales that relied on staff recruitment from kin in Italy. Migrants’ heritage and affective anchorage to Italy were maintained through ‘circular’ mobility premised on endogamy and shared language. In recent decades, despite a decline in endogamous marriage, transnational family interaction has continued on the basis of the ease of European Union cross-border mobility. Changing modes and motives for cyclical and return migration encompass new forms of marriage, professional and retirement migration. Based on etnographic research with three generations of Italian migrants in Wales, this article explores the relation between family social networks and local attachment in supporting transnational practices, positive integration and heritage maintainance, tracing the cultural and social change in the generational process of migration.

Hidden Technologies of the Great Siberian Migration: Newcomers Breaking Into the Old Residents Community (Kharlova Village Conflict of 1893)

Peasant migration to Siberia in the second half of the 19th - the first half of the 20th century was a chronological parallel to the mass migration of Europeans across the Atlantics. One of the issues of the Great Siberian migration is the reasons for which it did not reach the proportions sufficient to defuse the land crisis in European Russia. The authors of the article are trying to solve this problem by studying the conflicts between the old Siberian residents and the migrants. By applying the case study method, the authors draw attention to one particular case, a clash in Kharlova village (Altai District of Cabinet of His Majesty Emperor) in 1893. It is one of the few conflicts described in detail. The mechanism of the conflict origination is discovered by confronting mutually exclusive statements of both parties and reconstructing hidden facts. It is proved that the resettlement of the Voronezh region peasants to the Altai village was a bright example of chain migration. New migrants would come on the advice of their predecessors. Thus, a group of the new old residents sympathetic to the newcomers was formed among the peasants belonging to the Kharlova community. The immediate reason for the conflict was an attempt of a big group of migrants to get a right to live in Kharlova village by cheating. A delegate of this group obtained the community council permission to come with a couple more of adult peasants and returned next year with six dozen of his compatriots. Though untypical, this method of penetration into an old residents community highlights a common issue: the ground for the conflicts was created by the two peasant groups contradiction of interests. It was important for the newcomers to start new life with the help of those who had already put down roots in Siberia; but the old residents were ready to receive only a small number of new neighbors. The rising tide of peasant migration could not spread evenly over the Siberian expanse; it had to pass through narrow channels of the already inhabited places - which considerably restricted the tide height.

Mechanisms of Neural Crest Migration.

Neural crest cells are a transient embryonic cell population that migrate collectively to various locations throughout the embryo to contribute a number of cell types to several organs. After induction, the neural crest delaminates and undergoes an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition before migrating through intricate yet characteristic paths. The neural crest exhibits a variety of migratory behaviors ranging from sheet-like mass migration in the cephalic regions to chain migration in the trunk. During their journey, neural crest cells rely on a range of signals both from their environment and within the migrating population for navigating through the embryo as a collective. Here we review these interactions and mechanisms, including chemotactic cues of neural crest cells' migration.

Social Spacing, Organizational Development and Network Utility of Chinese Business Organizations in Cambodia

Chain migration has been one of the most explanatory paradigms in explaining transnational ethnic population movement while economic push-pull serves as the driving force to run the wheel. Thus geo-spatial kinship has been used to consolidate the trust and altruistic relations in such a system. However, the problem is that, does this neoliberal migration pattern just be formed and performed from very beginning of the migration flow as it assumes? How does it evolve and how does it get to mature into its present dynamic structure? To answer, this paper uses author’s fieldwork data from Cambodia’s ethnic Chinese community as the case to establish an ethnic network system of social spacing, organizational life cycle and ethnic network utility based on the case of Chinese communities in Cambodia. The correlation between ethnic social spaces and social organizations is concluded to explain how various identity variations are utilized in the five different stages of an ethnically organized life cycle. It tracks back how diaspora communities and ethnic networks begin the process of self-organization among members starting at early stage of informal interest groups and transforming into substantialized, normalized, formalized and legalized registered ethnic organizations that have access to government resources, transnational networks, and the local ethnic community.