Chain Mail Research Articles

Effect of Knife Use and Overlapping Gloves on Finger Temperature of Poultry Slaughterhouse Workers.

Brazilian poultry slaughterhouses employ many workers, consequently exposing them to various ergonomic risks. This study aimed to analyze the effects of knife use and overlapping gloves on the finger temperatures of poultry slaughterhouse workers. Employees (n = 571) from seven Brazilian poultry slaughterhouses participated in this cross-sectional study. A Flir® T450SC infrared camera was used to record thermographic images of the workers' hands. The workers were interviewed about work organization, cold thermal sensations, and the perception of upper-limb musculoskeletal discomfort. Dependent and independent sample t-tests and binary logistic regression models were applied. The results proved that the workers wore up to five overlapping gloves and had at least one finger with temperatures of ≤15 °C (46.6%) or ≤24 °C (98.1%). Workers that used a knife and wore a chainmail (CM) glove on their non-dominant hand had average finger temperatures significantly colder on the palmar surface than the anti-cut (AC) glove group (p = 0.029). The chance of one worker who wore a CM glove to have finger temperatures of ≤15 °C was 2.26 times greater than a worker who wore an AC glove. Those who wore an AC glove and those wearing a CM glove presented average overall finger temperatures significantly lower on the non-dominant hand (products) than the dominant hand (knife) (p < 0.001).

Material Characterisation of Deflated Structured Fabrics

AbstractStructured fabrics are made by interwoven rigid elements that form flexible garments such as chain mail armours. Traditionally, the mechanical properties of these materials were considered fixed. However, recent research has revealed their mechanical properties may be varied. Notably, studies have demonstrated that applying vacuum pressure between layers of 3D-printed chain mails enclosed in a bag induces particle and layer jamming of the elements, thereby affecting the material’s bending modulus. This arises from both compressive frictional forces and the complex geometrical interlocking of the rigid elements. This paper presents a comprehensive set of experimental tests for the characterisation of the stiffness and damping properties with respect to the type and number of fabrics and with respect to the vacuum pressure. More specifically, the study examines experimentally the changes in static properties in response to vacuum pressure changes evaluated on a four- and six-point bending setups. The outcome of this measurement campaign is then reported into the Ashby diagrams to compare the mechanical properties of the in-vacuum structured fabrics with those of classical materials. The potential applications of this research include the development of lightweight adaptive and semi-active vibration mitigation devices.

Chain mail structures in architecture: a systematic, multi-scalar design exploration

Chain mail structures, known for flexibility and adaptability, hold increasing promise for architectural applications, including transportable and reconfigurable systems. However, there is a dearth of knowledge on both systematic methods to design them, and complex behaviours of interlocking modules that comprise the structure. Preliminary studies, in response to this research gap, demonstrate the chain mail’s structural potential as programmable architecture. Nevertheless, to validate our models, we must move from the small scale to recognisably viable structures at an architectural scale.Acknowledging the multiscale prototype’s significance for developing new architectural systems, this study scales up chain mail structures from a small 1:10 scale to larger 1:2 and 1:1 scales. Employing a Research-Through-Design approach, we systematically addressed the challenges, focusing on module fabrication and prototype construction through analogue computation. Fabrication adjustments involve changing materials and modifying designs to suit manufacturing techniques. Additional design elements and process steps are needed to facilitate programming the larger scale structures due to the increased weight during construction. The research culminated in a full-scale saddle-like structure, illustrating the feasibility of direct scaling from smaller to larger scales and the expansive architectural potential of chain mail structures.In conclusion, the study successfully identified and responded to specific challenges related to the fabrication and construction of upscaled chain mail prototypes, aligning solutions with practical contexts. In doing so, this research contributes a set of considerations to enable more systematic design approaches for chain mail structural systems in architecture. At the same time, scaling up uncovers the inherent intelligence of these structures, providing a foundation for both empirical testing through analogue experimentation, and developing a predictive framework for their development and application in the field.

A Knight’s Thrust: Was the Use of a Codpiece for Protection or for Exertion of Masculinity? An Evaluation through History and its Reemergence in Modern Times

Objectives Medieval military history is marked by an evolution of armor design and protection that was driven by advances in weaponry. The codpiece was a 14th century innovation to provide a genital shield in battle but was used in civilian life as well. Our objective was to clarify whether the codpiece served as an essential component of a knight’s safe keeping or as a mere outward display of virility. Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar. Primary historical texts, museum archives, scholarly works, popular media, documentaries, and artwork were reviewed. Results The armor used in the early Middle Ages was chain mail, which covered the neck, trunk, and upper arms and legs but failed to protect against blunt injury to the groin as weaponry became increasingly powerful. Full plate armor, developed by the 1300s, eventually included the codpiece, a small metal pouch to house the genitalia. In the late 1400s, however, codpieces appeared in civilian wear, modestly laced to men’s stockings as upper body shirts and tunics became shorter. Codpieces quickly became more ostentatious and bulkier in an ‘Arms Race’ of masculinity, were soon ridiculed in contemporary satires including works by Shakespeare and Rabelais and inspired royal edicts limiting their use. However, the codpiece was used in the management of genital disease as well, as the bulky wraps and ointments used to treat endemic syphilis were thus more easily concealed. The codpiece fell out of fashion by the late 16th century but its descendants, in sports and the performing arts, still have practical use today in genital protection and in men’s haute couture clothing design. Conclusions In the medieval battlefield, the codpiece was both protective and assertive of masculinity. Its military popularity eventually waned as armored battle proved no match for more modern weaponry, but the codpiece had a long influence on sartorial culture. The codpiece’s modern descendant, the athletic ‘cup’, has therefore a long and most unusual history in the pages of war and Renaissance clothing.

A Knight’s Thrust: Was the Use of a Codpiece for Protection or for Exertion of Masculinity? An Evaluation through History and its Reemergence in Modern Times

Objectives Medieval military history is marked by an evolution of armor design and protection that was driven by advances in weaponry. The codpiece was a 14th century innovation to provide a genital shield in battle but was used in civilian life as well. Our objective was to clarify whether the codpiece served as an essential component of a knight’s safe keeping or as a mere outward display of virility. Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar. Primary historical texts, museum archives, scholarly works, popular media, documentaries, and artwork were reviewed. Results The armor used in the early Middle Ages was chain mail, which covered the neck, trunk, and upper arms and legs but failed to protect against blunt injury to the groin as weaponry became increasingly powerful. Full plate armor, developed by the 1300s, eventually included the codpiece, a small metal pouch to house the genitalia. In the late 1400s, however, codpieces appeared in civilian wear, modestly laced to men’s stockings as upper body shirts and tunics became shorter. Codpieces quickly became more ostentatious and bulkier in an ‘Arms Race’ of masculinity, were soon ridiculed in contemporary satires including works by Shakespeare and Rabelais and inspired royal edicts limiting their use. However, the codpiece was used in the management of genital disease as well, as the bulky wraps and ointments used to treat endemic syphilis were thus more easily concealed. The codpiece fell out of fashion by the late 16th century but its descendants, in sports and the performing arts, still have practical use today in genital protection and in men’s haute couture clothing design. Conclusions In the medieval battlefield, the codpiece was both protective and assertive of masculinity. Its military popularity eventually waned as armored battle proved no match for more modern weaponry, but the codpiece had a long influence on sartorial culture. The codpiece’s modern descendant, the athletic ‘cup’, has therefore a long and most unusual history in the pages of war and Renaissance clothing.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ АДДИТИВНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИИ И ИЗГОТОВЛЕНИИ ИЗДЕЛИЙ ИНДУСТРИИ МОДЫ

The article presents the results of the application of additive technologies in the manufacture of fashion industry products. The history of the emergence and development of 3D printing, the directions of using 3D technologies in the fashion industry are briefly reviewed. The technical characteristics of materials for 3D printing of clothing and accessories are analyzed and presented. The process of creating a product using additive technologies, consisting of several stages, is considered. Developed in the AutoCAD computer-aided design system and manufactured several 3D models of modular elements with a "chain mail" type design. The developed models were sliced in the Prusa Slicer program. Optimal printing parameters with non-toxic plastics have been selected. Printing was carried out on an Ender 3S-1 3D printer with a print area of 220×220×270 mm. The connection of the elements, measuring 200×200 mm, is made using a 16×16 mm link, the design of which is identical to the links of the module. Using 3D printing technology, a transformer bag was made using a PETG plastic-based filament. The modular structures obtained with the help of additive technologies have a number of advantages when used in fashion industry products - the ability to replace failed elements with new and operational modifications, "reassembly" and transformation of products. The maximum weight supported by the bag is 5 kg, which is enough for everyday use. The presented development shows that additive technologies can be considered not only as the embodiment of design ideas in the fashion industry, but also as a solution for mass production. 3D printing of clothing and accessories made of biodegradable or recyclable plastics is a promising direction for solving the problem of waste disposal in the fashion industry.

Hetero-nanojunction armored with carbon layer for boosting water oxidation over RuO2 in acid

The regulated electronic structure of RuO2 by the Co3O4|RuO2 nanojunction, together with the carbon coating layer that acts as chain mail, lead to excellent OER performance of (Co3O4|RuO2)@C.

Administrative and legal characteristics of the establishment and development of the organizational and legal principles of the use of individual armor protection: the New Kingdom Period and the Middle Ages

In the article, the author carried out a thorough administrative and legal characterization of the formation and development of the organizational and legal foundations of the use of individual armor protection in such periods as the period of the New Kingdom and the Middle Ages. For the first time, the author conducted a study of the formation and development of the organizational and legal foundations of the use of individual armor protection of various periods dating back to ancient times. With the development of a wide range of armor, weapons also underwent evolution, which made the means of personal protection less effective. That is why they were forced to change their qualities in the process of the evolution of weapons production for their effectiveness. In all periods and in those distant prehistoric times, people tried in every way to protect their body from damage by the enemy. Accordingly, in the studied period of the New Kingdom, heavy armor was used, which was defined as rare and associated with attributes of power and prestige. An important part of the Egyptian royal historiography was determined by the paraphernalia on which the pharaoh was depicted, rushing on a fast-moving chariot, and he at one time struck a crowd of enemies with a bow. Also, to protect the legs, leggings were used as means of personal protection, and to protect the hands, respectively, a hasty glove. This period of development of personal protective equipment was also characterized by the fact that animal skin was used as the first armor to protect the body. Animal skins were wrapped by warriors around the body or simply draped over the shoulders and hung behind, covering the back. Also used was a bronze bell-shaped carapace consisting of front and back plates, with a simple relief depicting the anatomy of the upper human torso. The two plates were connected to each other with the help of the corresponding fasteners, which are located on the sides and on the shoulders. The bell-shaped carapace gradually went out of circulation as it was replaced by the canvas carapace. Along with this shell, there was also an iron shell. Rich Romans wore chain mail, which was apparently also used by some Greeks at the time. The period of formation and development of personal protective equipment, namely the period of the Middle Ages, is characterized by the following features: it is considered “a great period in the history of the development of knightly protective weapons”; three types of soft armor were used, namely: 1) made of fabric (for example, linen) or leather lined with wool or wool; 2) chain mail (used in Europe since the 5th century BC); 3) from metal plates (more or less large and rigid); pleated paper was used for the production of personal protective equipment at that time.

«Сарматские» элементы в вооружении черняховской культуры? (Некоторые дискуссионные вопросы в изучении оружия позднеримского времени и начала эпохи переселения народов в Восточной Европе)

The paper deals with issues related to the spread of weapons of “nomadic” origin among population of the Сhernyakhov culture. The features of the funeral rite of this community have been considered. Burials with weapons are absolutely not characteristic of the Wielbark culture foundation. The majority of the cremations can be attributed to the Przeworsk element, especially those with ritual damage to weapons. In the burials of the Chernyakhov culture, according to the burial rite, the following finds are known: swords, “cut-out blades”, spears, darts, arrows, bow parts, axes, umbo, fragments of chain mail and helmets. Usually, the finds are single in the burial. The burial grounds with catacomb burials in Budzhak, burials in pits with a southern orientation of the head, individual burials in catacombs along the border of the forest-steppe and steppe zones on the left bank of the Dnieper, accompanied by Chernyakhiv imports, can be considered Sarmatian. A number of burials with weapons made in pits with a northern orientation of the head are possibly associated with the Late Scythian tradition. The swords in the inhumations known to us belong to the Eastern European tradition, i.e. they do not contain a metal pommel of type 3 according to A.M. Khazanov. Distinguishing between locally produced type 2 swords and Roman Germanic swords requires additional extensive research. In the two burials on the territory of Romania, the remains of plates were found, possibly related to the plate helmets well known among the Sarmatians. Apparently, the so-called “blades with cutouts” can be attributed to ritual weapons. Simultaneously, in the zone of the Przeworsk culture and on the Sarmatian monuments, “sword-shaped” spearheads appear. On the territory of the Chernyakhov culture, they are recorded in the zone bordering the steppe, but so far only in the form of random finds. Both types of weapons are possibly associated with the cult of the sword known among the nomadic Scythian-Sarmatian population. At the same time, the designs and decor of spearheads in some cases are possibly related to Roman ceremonial spearheads. Judging by the available archaeological data, the development of weapons among the forest-steppe tribes of Eastern Europe in the first half of the 1st millennium AD was largely associated with Central European and the Roman Empire influence, and to a lesser extent, with the steppe nomadic population, which begins to play an important role closer to the end of the Chernyakhov culture. But the presence of various nomadic groups and the influence of their traditions on the military environment are undoubted.

Bimetallic metal-organic framework-derived bamboo-like N-doped carbon nanotube-encapsulated Ni-doped MoC nanoparticles for water oxidation

Molybdenum carbide materials with unique electronic structures have received special attention as water-splitting catalysts, but their structural stability in the alkaline water electrolysis process is not satisfactory. This study reports an in situ pyrolysis method for preparing NiMo-based metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived chain-mail oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts and bamboo-like N-doped carbon nanotube (NCNT)-encapsulated Ni-doped MoC nanoparticles (NiMoC-NCNTs). The NCNTs can provide chain mail shells to protect the inner highly reactive Ni-doped MoC cores from electrochemical corrosion by the alkaline electrolyte and regulate their catalytic properties through charge redistribution. Benefiting from high N-doping with abundant pyridinic moieties and abundant active sites of the periodic bamboo-like nodes, the as-prepared NiMoC-NCNTs display an outstanding activity for the OER with an overpotential of 310 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a superior long-term stability of 50 h. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the excellent electrocatalytic activity of NiMoC-NCNTs comes from the electron transfer from NiMoC nanoparticles to NCNTs, resulting in a decrease in the local work function at the carbon surface and optimized free efficiencies of OER intermediates on C sites. This work provides an effective approach to improve the structural stability of fragile catalysts by equipping them with carbon-based chain.

Dynamic response of chain mail fabrics with variable stiffness

Variable stiffness fabrics have gained considerable attention due to their advantages in repeatability, deformability, and controllability of stiffness. However, existing variable stiffness fabrics are limited in fitting complex geometrical surfaces and understanding their dynamic mechanical response. This study aims to address these gaps through experimental testing and numerical simulations. Three fabric samples with different single-cell particles were fabricated to investigate the low-velocity impact response of variable stiffness chain mail fabrics. Impact tests were conducted on the fabrics using small balls at three velocities (2.5 m/s, 3.8 m/s, and 4.8 m/s) to analyze the influence of confining pressure variation on the mechanical properties. The results demonstrate that the impact resistance of chain mail fabric significantly improves as the confining pressure increases from 0 kPa to 60 kPa. That fabric consisting of traditional rings velocity decay value increased from 19.3% to 50.2 % at an impact velocity of approximately 4.8 m/s. Notably, the fabric composed of octahedral particles exhibited limited resistance to ball impact without applying confining pressure. However, when a pressure of 60 kPa was applied, the fabric effectively resisted ball impact and caused upward ball velocity. Multiple impact tests on single-layer fabrics and single impact tests on double-layer fabrics confirmed that fabrics consisting of square ring particles demonstrated better resistance to multiple impacts. The degree of interlocking within the topological interlocking structure, influenced by confining pressure, emerged as a crucial factor contributing to enhanced impact resistance. Numerical simulations revealed that the application of confining pressure promoted the formation of new contacts between interlocking particles. The number and quality of these contacts directly affected the overall mechanical properties, resulting in a solid-like structure. This research provides novel insights for developing structural fabrics with fast, reversible, and controllable stiffness adjustment characteristics.

Study of the bending properties of variable stiffness chain mail fabrics

This study aims to explore a chain mail fabric with fast, reversible, and controllable stiffness adjustment. The structured fabric consists of three-dimensional single-cell particles. The chain mail fabric was first printed by 3D printing technology using polyamide 12 material. A three-point bending test was then carried out to investigate the mechanical tunability of the fabric under different external pressures and to establish a finite element model. Finally, the effects of pressure and particle structure on the apparent bending modulus, energy absorption, and peak load of chain mail fabrics are investigated to reveal the mechanical strengthening mechanism of chain mail fabrics. The results show that the apparent bending modulus of the chain mail fabric increases up to more than 20 times its original value as the pressure increases from 0 to 60 kPa, and the energy absorption and strength increase up to 22 and 19 times, respectively, providing a new approach to developing structural fabrics with adjustable bending modulus and new ideas for the development of lightweight, robust and adaptable structures.

Interfacial Cu2O enables the unanticipated boosting activity of arc-converted graphitic chain mail encapsulated Cu nanocatalysts

Encapsulation of Cu nanoparticles by carbon chain mail is a promising approach to extend the service endurance. However, the diffusion of oxygen across the surfaces and interfaces of Cu nanoparticles (NPs) may induce obvious changes to their surface compositions, thereby dramatically altering catalytic properties. Here we reported an unanticipated boosting catalytic activity of graphitic chain mail-encapsulated Cu nanocatalysts (1.3- to 6.8-fold enhancement from initial 1.6–13.4 s−1g−1 to stable 6.6–21.5 s−1g−1) for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol by simply immersing these NPs in water for 10 days without any further treatment. The graphitic shells were arc-converted from sixteen types of biomass residuals and polymeric wastes. The rising catalytic activity was attributed to the temporal formation of Cu2O at the interface of Cu core and graphite shell, which was derived from the diffusion of dissolved oxygen across the defective graphitic chain mail. The increment of catalytic activity was linearly related with the rising content of Cu2O. The monotonous relations of initial and enhanced activities with shell thickness and interfacial composition of NPs were also well established. This work provides a new insight into the interfacial manipulation of core/shell nanocatalysts, and paves a versatile path for the high value-added utilization of carbon wastes.

Combat Equipment of the Russian Infantryman: from Chain Mail to the "Warrior"

Relevance. The study of military affairs and combat equipment can be considered in direct dependence on the state and development of the social, political, economic and technological spheres of life of Russian society in a particular historical period of time. The combat equipment of an individual warrior makes it possible to judge the capabilities of industry and various crafts, the peculiarities of its manufacture, the development of trade relations, and the susceptibility to technological innovations, both their own and others'. The combat use of equipment during direct clashes exacerbates the competitive struggle of the warring parties and opens up new opportunities for its improvement. Therefore, the appeal to the historical experience of the evolution of the combat equipment of the Russian infantryman seems very fruitful, since the researcher is presented with exciting illustrations of battlefields, heroism and exploits of specific people, our victories and failures, the competitive struggle of technologies.The purpose – o conduct an excursion into the history of the combat equipment of the Russian infantry and outline ways to improve it in the future.Objectives: to reveal the historical evolution, logic and patterns of improving the combat equipment of the Russian infantry; to present modern developments of the combat equipment of the Russian army, defining its prospects.Methodology. The general scientific methodology using the method of periodization, systematic and retrospective methods allowed us to recreate from the standpoint of modern knowledge the evolution of the combat equipment of the Russian infantry in the unity of historical events and phenomena of the past.Results. The historiography of the combat equipment of the Russian infantry confirms the validity of the arguments of the scientific community that it is based on age-old traditions and the cultural matrix of the people, permeating all spheres of activity of the military organization of society. The main characteristics of the modern warrior's combat equipment are: reliability, functionality, versatility, lightness and low cost.Conclusions. The combat equipment of the Russian infantryman has passed a complex evolutionary path and acts as part of the material culture, which has its own national features.

Additively Manufactured Dual-Faced Structured Fabric for Shape-Adaptive Protection.

Fabric-based materials have demonstrated promise for high-performance wearable applications but are currently restricted by their deficient mechanical properties. Here, this work leverages the design freedom offered by additive manufacturing and a novel interlocking pattern to for the first time fabricate a dual-faced chain mail structure consisting of 3D re-entrant unit cells. The flexible structured fabric demonstrates high specific energy absorption and specific strength of up to 1530 Jkg-1 and 5900 Nmkg-1 , respectively, together with an excellent recovery ratio of ≈80%, thereby overcoming the strength-recoverability trade-off. The designed dual-faced structured fabric compares favorably against a wide range of materials proposed for wearable applications, attributed to the synergetic strengthening of the energy-absorbing re-entrant unit cells and their unique topological interlocking. This work advocates the combined design of energy-absorbing unit cells and their interlocking to extend the application prospects of fabric-based materials to shape-adaptive protection.

HF01-19 A KNIGHT'S THRUST: WAS THE USE OF A CODPIECE FOR PROTECTION OR FOR EXERTION OF MASCULINITY?

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023HF01-19 A KNIGHT'S THRUST: WAS THE USE OF A CODPIECE FOR PROTECTION OR FOR EXERTION OF MASCULINITY? Elizabeth Ellis and Ronald Rabinowitz Elizabeth EllisElizabeth Ellis More articles by this author and Ronald RabinowitzRonald Rabinowitz More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003243.19AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Medieval history is marked by an evolution of armor design driven by advances in weaponry requiring increased protection of the medieval knight. In this review we seek to answer the question as to whether the codpiece provided genital protection or was merely an outward display of virility. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was performed and historical texts, documentaries, and artwork were reviewed. RESULTS: The armor used in the early middle ages was chain mail, which initially covered the trunk, upper arms and upper legs, as depicted in the Bayeaux Tapestry. Throughout the centuries, the fashion evolved for chain mail to completely cover the arms, legs, hands, and neck. As weapons became stronger and chain mail failed to protect against blunt injury, full plate armor was developed in the 15th century. Around that time, it is argued that codpieces were first used to protect against syphilis, which was rampant throughout Europe during that time; thus its origins are rooted as protective equipment. In the late 1400s, codpieces were laced to men’s stockings for modesty as their shirts became shorter. They quickly became more ostentatious, bulky, and adorned in ornaments in an “Arms Race” of masculinity. William Shakespeare described codpieces as “the deformed thief of fashion…. like the shaven Hercules”. The enormous metal codpiece of King Henry VIII’s armor is exhibited at the Tower of London, a clear display of masculinity and power. While there are scant reports of genital injuries during battle in medical texts, some historians argue the codpiece was protective and assertive, given that martial strength was an important part of masculinity at that time. Francois Rabelais wrote in a satirical novel in the 1600s that the codpiece is held to be the chief piece of armor among warriors because men’s genitals should be protected in battle just as the seeds of all plants are well fortified by their husks or casings to perpetuate reproduction. CONCLUSIONS: In the battlefield, the codpiece on armor was both protective and assertive of masculinity and its use erected but quickly detumesced. Source of Funding: None © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e262 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Elizabeth Ellis More articles by this author Ronald Rabinowitz More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Penetration performance of protective materials from crossbow attack: a preliminary study

Crossbow-related injuries resulting in serious and mortal consequences have increased in recent years, and although significant research exists for both injury and fatality on the human body, limited data exists on the lethality of the bolt and the failure modes of protective materials. This paper concerns itself with the experimental validation of four differing crossbow bolt geometries, their effects on material failure and potentially lethality. During this study, four different types of crossbow bolt geometries were tested against two protection mechanisms that differed in mechanical properties, geometry, mass and size. The results show that at 67 ms−1, ogive, field and combo tips do not provide lethal effect at 10-m range, whilst a broadhead tip will perforate both the para-aramid and a reinforced area of polycarbonate material consisting of two 3-mm plates at 63–66 ms−1. Although perforation was apparent with a more honed tip geometry, the chain mail layering within the para-aramid protection and friction caused by polycarbonate petalling on the arrow body reduced the velocity enough to demonstrate the materials under test are effective at withstanding crossbow attack. Subsequent calculation of the maximum velocity that arrows could achieve if fired from the crossbow within this study shows results close to the overmatch value of each material and therefore a requirement to advance the knowledge in this field to influence the development of more effective armour protection mechanisms.

Фонетические особенности сунтарского говора якутского языка (на материале диалектологической экспедиции 2022 г.)

This article discusses the phonetic features (characteristics) of the Suntar dialect of the Yakut language by analysing texts - transcribed audio recordings. The aim of this study is to describe the phonetic features of the Suntar dialect of the Yakut language based on the materials of the 2022 dialectological expedition to the Suntarsky District. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the identification of new and confirmation of previously established linguistic facts. As a result, the characteristic features of the Suntar dialect have been confirmed, which are manifested in positions: initial [h]; long vowels in the postposition of the intensifying-supplicatory form of the imperative mood; the influence of the substrate Evenki (Even) language: the use of the consonant [к] (мөксөр vs lit. мөхсөр); the use of back-lingual [г] vs uvular [ҕ] (угус vs lit. оҕус), etc. The manifestation of dialect features (assimilation of consonants, contraction of words), common in all dialects of the Yakut language, has been established. The correspondence of [й] ~ [нь], which is rarely pronounced in the modern Yakut language, has been revealed: куньах vs куйах ‘chain mail’, аньах vs айах ‘mouth’.

Controlled Adsorption Boosting the Cumulation of H2O2 Based on the Chain Mail Catalyst

AbstractSynthesis of H2O2 through oxygen electro‐reduction is a green sustainable route but suffers from the slow kinetics and limited cumulation of H2O2, because of the exceedingly slow oxygen diffusion and oxygen being directly reduced to water. Here, it has been proposed voltage pulse‐regulated catalysis achieves the continuous accumulation of H2O2 concentrations up to 50 times greater than constant catalysis based on the chain mail catalyst, which is capable of catalysis steadily for 3.6 million pulses (2000 h) at one current level. When using a flow cell, the preparation rate of 39 977 mmol gcat−1 h−1 is achieved, exceeding previous records. Because the applied voltage regulates the adsorption of O2/ H2O2 from the catalyst, as verified by molecular dynamics simulations, the chain mail catalyst exhibits a lower barrier to oxygen adsorption than the direct reduction of oxygen to water, achieving rapid and continuous cumulation. In addition, the direct use of in‐situ produced H2O2 achieves complete sterilization in two minutes demonstrating the potential for application at an industrial level.

The Application of a Multi-Material Flexible Chain Mail for the Design of an Artificial Spinal Disc to Reproduce Natural Nonlinear and Anisotropic Rotational Behavior.

Inspired by the potential of architected materials for achieving biomimicking functionalities and the advancement of multi-material additive manufacturing to fabricate parts with complex structures and heterogeneous material distributions, this study investigates the feasibility of using a multi-material, flexible chain mail sheet for the design of an additively manufactured artificial spinal disc for reproducing patient-specific anisotropic and nonlinear rotational behaviors. The application of a chain mail-based structure is motivated by its similarities in behaviors compared with a natural disc's fiber network that likewise has negligible bending stiffness and shape-changing ability. The proposed approach for the chain mail sheet design includes an initial characterization of the uniaxial tensile responses of the chain mail unit cell defined as the basic building block of the chain mail sheet, modeling and response calculation, and material optimization. Results show that the additively manufactured chain mail sheet is not only able to exhibit a natural strain-stiffening rotational response but also is able to reproduce natural anisotropy of three natural disc specimens in the six most common rotational scenarios in daily life. This study shows the potential of additively manufactured mechanical-metamaterials-inspired structures for implant design to restore natural mechanics.