Chaetomorpha Antennina Research Articles

Biochemical and nutritional profiling of selected tropical green seaweeds

The nutritional composition and anti-inflammatory properties of six tropical green seaweeds viz., Ulva lactuca, Ulva linza, Halimeda macroloba, Halimeda gracilis, Chaetomorpha antennina and Chaetomorpha linum were evaluated. U. lactuca exhibited the highest carbohydrate content (66.1%), while U. linza (12.89%) and U. lactuca (12.06%) showed the highest protein content, indicating their potential as plant-based protein sources. H. gracilis contained the highest ash content (35.12%), highlighting its mineral richness, particularly calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. Lipid content was low across all species, but U. linza exhibited the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid content (22.94%), with α-linolenic acid (13.72%) which could support cardiovascular health. Mineral analysis revealed high calcium levels in C. linum (18.99 mg 100 g-1), contributing to bone health. Pigment analysis showedU. linza contained the highest chlorophyll-a (7.60 μg ml-1) and total carotenoids (0.30 μg ml-1), adding antioxidant potential to its bioactivity. Chaetomorpha linum exhibited the strongest anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 = 1.60 mg ml-1), with bioactivity correlating to the favorable n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio. Amino acid analysis identified U. linza as the richest source of essential amino acids, particularly methionine (6.37 mg g-1) and valine (6.30 mg g-1), making it an excellent candidate for dietary supplements. The results of the study suggest that green seaweeds belonging to the family Ulvaceae could be a potential non-conventional source for dietary products and functional food supplements. Keywords: Anti-inflammatory activities, Chlorophyta seaweeds, Essential amino acid, Non-conventional nutritional sources, Polyunsaturated fatty acid

Ulvans, sulfated β-d-galactans and xyloarabinogalactan: A comparative approach to extraction, structural characterization and antioxidant activity assessment

Antioxidants can be extracted from various seaweeds as natural ingredients for use in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. The composition and structure of polysaccharides extracted from four green seaweeds: Ulva lactuca (UL), Halimeda opuntia (HO), Caulerpa racemosa (CR) and Chaetomorpha antennina (CA) were correlated with their antioxidant activities. Crude extracts were characterized by NMR (1H and 13C), HP-SEC, HPAEC-PAD and FTIR spectroscopy. Extracted polysaccharides were assayed spectrophotometrically for their total sugar, sulfate, phenolic and protein contents. The antioxidant capacities of each fractionated polysaccharide sample were evaluated by five methods, i.e., ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical), ferric-reducing power in FRAP (Ferric-reducing Antioxidant Power), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the hydroxyl radical (OH) scavenging capacity assay. All polysaccharides had molecular weights (MW) under 1000 kDa, with HO having the lowest MW (<100 kDa). Polysaccharide extracts of UL (i.e., l-iduronic acid, 1,4-linked α-l-rhamnose, β-d-glucuronic acid) and CA were promising sources of antioxidants. The highest antioxidant capacity was measured in extracts from CA-2B (52.1 ± 0.9 μg/mL) using the ABTS assay, while CR-1B exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in both the FRAP (303.7 ± 8.2 μm/mL) and OH (28.4 ± 0.8%) assays. Taken together, useful insights were gained into the potential health benefits of selected green seaweed polysaccharides (i.e., ulvans, sulfated or/and pyruvylated β-d-galactans and sulfated xyloarabinogalactan) for applications in the pharmaceutical, food and biotechnology industries.

Systemic defense induced by fatty acid compounds from marine macroalgae, Chaetomorpha antennina in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants alters the susceptibility of the polyphagous agricultural pest, Spodoptera litura Fab

BackgroundSeaweeds contain a widespread range of fatty acids (FA), and several of them have potential bioactivity. FAs are dynamic members of all biota, as well as being acknowledged for their critical function in initiating phytohormone interactions and acting as important participants in many defense signalling pathways of the plant system. The current study looks at the defense-eliciting potentials of fatty acids from the green seaweed Chaetomorpha antennina (Bory) Kützing and their impact on the polyphagous insect pest Spodoptera litura (Fab).ResultsThe seaweed was detected with 19 fatty acids, with larger proportion of hexa and octadecanoic and linoleic acids. The algal fatty acid compounds (CFA) were successful in eliciting salicylic acid and phenolic compounds biosynthesis along with defense enzymes peroxidase (PO) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). CFA enhanced the synthesis of defense enzymes, PO and PPO and phenols, post infestation with S. litura (> 50%) compared to control plants exposed to the pest. CFA was also effective in causing direct mortalities (96–98%) to the larvae (II-V instars). S. litura larvae exposed to elicited tomato plants displayed physiological incursions that extended larval-pupal duration to 26–28 days, preventing both morphogenetic transitions as well as affecting their morphology, that lead to the emergence of adults with malformed wings, legs. As a consequence, the fecundity was reduced by 60% affecting the reproductive performances of second-generation adults. The consumption rate (RCR) of larvae exposed to CFA was decreased by 84%, depicting feeding deterrence. These larvae were also observed with > 50% reduction in the levels of phosphatase enzyme secretion, bringing down larval growth rate from 0.58 to 0.34 mg/day. Histological analysis of exposed larvae displayed midgut cell disruption.ConclusionHence, the study finally confirms the elicitor potentials of fatty acid compounds from C. antennina, by inducing natural systemic defenses. This investigation unlocks novel forecasts besides delivering an unconventional method for crop protection to moderate or interchange the solicitation of chemical pesticides.Graphical

Biosurfactant induced microwave disintegration of macroalgae for fermentative biohydrogen production

Biosurfactant-induced microwave disintegration (BSMD), an energy and cost effective pretreatment method, has been proposed to increase biohydrogen production from marine macroalgae (Chaetomorpha antennina). Microwave disintegration (MD) was performed for microwave powers from 90 to 540 Watts in varied periods from 0 to 60 mins. During this MD process, a disintegration time of 25 mins and microwave power of 360 W were obtained as optimum conditions, resulting in the dissolvable organics release (DOR) of 1860 mg/L and a disintegration efficiency (DE) of 14.3%. BSMD was implemented by adding the biosurfactant dosages from 0.005 to 0.05 g/g TS with the optimum power of MD at various intervals of time of 0–30 min. The optimum biosurfactant dosage for efficient disintegration in BSMD was 0.03 g/g TS, resulting in 19.55% DE and 2542 mg/L of DOR in 10 mins. BSMD sample showed increased volatile fatty acid (VFA) production of about 1393 mg/L than MD (1000 mg/L). In addition, BSMD consumed less input energy (IE) of (480 kWh / kg of solids) than MD (1200kWh / kg of solids). The highest amount of biohydrogen was produced by BSMD (120 mL H2/g COD) than MD (78 mL H2/g COD). The results showed BSMD method was energy-efficient for producing biohydrogen with an energy ratio of 1.96, and economical with a net profit of 74.78 $.

Biofabrication of Silver Nanoparticles Using Green Seaweed: Characterisation and Antibacterial Evaluation

This study investigates the Chaetomorpha antennina (CA) seaweed-mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The synthesis process of silver nanoparticles was monitored over time with the help of an Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer and further characterisation studies were also performed. Differential Light Scattering (DLS) measurements revealed a mean particle size of approximately 103.5nm and a mean zeta potential value of -57.5mV for AgNPs. The spherical shape and size of the AgNPs were confirmed through High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) imaging, while Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX) analysis provided insights into the elemental composition. The concentration of AgNPs was estimated using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The antibacterial potential of AgNPs was evaluated against both gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative bacterial strains (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysentriae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis) using the agar well diffusion method. From the results, AgNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against B. subtilis and S. typhi among all the tested concentration levels (25, 50, 75 and 100μl).

Studies on Ulva fasciata and Chaetomorpha antennina from Tenneti Park, Visakhapatnam Coastal Area, India

Seaweed is considered as herbal medicine and food source utilized by the coastal community. Seaweed is commonly consumed because it is an important source of iodine. Ulva fasciata and Chaetomorpha antennina are green seaweed wildly grow in marine environment. Green algae are involved in photosynthetic reaction. These are observed worldwide. These algal blooms are a consequence of human activities. Phytochemical compounds are secondary metabolite groups in living organisms that have a certain function for humans. Algae are known to contain a huge variety of bioactive compounds having high potentiality towards medical field. They are seen mainly in shallow waters with high degree of salinity. Now-a-days they have commercially important with their valuable components in the form of as bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to analyse the potential anti-bacterial activity and antifungal activity, the presence of phytochemical and biomolecules in U. fasciata and C. antennina. The samples of U. fasciata and C. antennina was collected aseptically from Tenneti park, Visakhapatnam coastal zone. The research phase includes solvent extraction, phytochemical screening, and antibacterial activity. The zone of inhibition ranges from 0.5nm to 0.7nm by the U. fasciata extracts whereas the extracts from C. antennina ranges from 0.2nm to 0.3 nm. The presence of phytochemicals was observed in both the green seaweeds. The present study is biofuel extraction from the 2 seaweed extracts. The findings gave a result that C. antennina have high potentiality of biofuel production.

Evaluation of the Ecotoxicology of Seaweed-Based Biopesticide Used in Combat of the Polyphagous Pest Using Eudrilus eugeniae Kinb.

Fundamental techniques for determining the toxicity of pesticides to soil organisms are ecotoxicological laboratory assays. Due to their expanding potential and rise in use as a sustainable agricultural strategy toward the biological pest management, we quantified the effects of the compounds from the active fraction of the green seaweed Chaetomorpha antennina (Chlorophyceae), which is found in abundance in coastal areas of India that was used for the control of the polyphagous lepidopteran Spodoptera litura. Since the seaweed compounds were able to affect the morphology, physiology, and biochemical aspects of the pest, it is essential to perform an ecotoxicological assessment against the bioindicator organism Eudrilus eugeniae Kinb. This comprehensive assessment includes a morphological assay as well as the possible effects of the compounds on the earthworm's physiological and biochemical aspects such as acetylcholinesterase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzyme activities. The benignity of the compounds should also be confirmed by analyzing the gut histology of the earthworms treated with the compounds.

Inhibition of pathogen and induction of resistance against early blight: Alternaria solani Sorauer in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) through external application of compounds from seaweed Chaetomorpha antennina Bory

BackgroundThe indiscriminate application of pesticides has depleted soil fertility. Marine algae are regarded as excellent sources of bioactive compounds that can stimulate plant growth and also enhance their resistance against biotic and abiotic stressors. Compounds derived from the marine algae Chaetomorpha antennina (Cladophoraceae) were analysed for their biocontrol efficiency against the tomato disease pathogen Alternaria solani as an alternate technique to preserve agricultural output sustainability.ResultsThe active fraction from the methanol extract of C. antennina (CA-F8) proved effective against the pathogen in vitro by affecting A. solani's spore germination (92.13%) along with their mycelial growth thereby decreasing their dry weight (44.71%). GC–MS examination revealed the presence of fatty acids (defence pathway activators), terpenes (antimicrobial compound) and antioxidants (deactivators of pathogen enzymes). Seaweed compounds also elicited polyphenol oxidase (PPO) (78.8%) and peroxidase (PO) (54.6%) synthesis, along with stimulating the accumulation of foliar phenols (67.5%) that are components of jasmonic acid defense pathway, higher compared to control plants. Salicylic acid was detected only in treated plants, thereby offering efficient disease control.ConclusionsBy triggering natural systemic defences, salicylate (SA) and jasmonate (JA) mediated pathways; the study demonstrates the elicitor potentials of chemicals from C. antennina that was efficient in controlling early blight (EB) disease. In addition to providing a different method for crop protection to reduce or replace the demand for chemical pesticides, this study reveals unique projections.Graphical

Clonostachys rosea, a marine algal endophyte, as an alternative source of chrysin and its anticancer effect.

Endophytic fungi were isolated from the marine green alga Chaetomorpha antennina and identified as Clonostachys rosea through molecular analysis. C. rosea was grown in a tryptophan medium for 21days and after that, the metabolites were extracted by ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract showed a high cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells. GC-MS analysis of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of many compounds, and chrysin was one of the major compounds among them. Hence, further studies were concentrated on chrysin, as it was assumed to be the major attributor to the potent cytotoxicity, based on its high anticancer efficacies reported earlier. The fungal ethyl acetate extract had been analysed for chrysin using HPTLC and compared its Rf value with authentic chrysin and it was matched. Further, the purified fungal chrysin was structurally elucidated using techniques like LC-MS and NMR analyses. Quantification revealed that C. rosea produced 1050mg/L of chrysin. This surplus production of chrysin was the major significance of the study. The purified fungal chrysin was found to be highly cytotoxic to MCF-7 cells with a low IC50 value 35.5 ± 0.6µM. Furthermore, DNA fragmentation and apoptosis analysis indicated the selective inhibition of MCF-7 by DNA damage. Thus, the present study implies that C. rosea is an alternative source and new method for surplus production of chrysin in the tryptophan medium. All results indicate that the marine algae endophytic C. rosa produces chrysin, and for the first time, an excess amount of production was revealed by the study.

Statistical Optimization of Chemo Sonic Liquefaction in Macroalgae for Biohydrogen Generation—An Energy-Effective Approach

In this study, a combined pretreatment method of sonication and alkali (KOH) liquefaction (SAL) was used to increase the production of biohydrogen from macroalgae (Chaetomorpha antennina) in an energy-efficient manner. Sonication liquefaction (SL) was accomplished by varying the sonic intensities from 10% to 70% and the pretreatment time from 5 to 60 min. The ideal liquefaction conditions in SL were determined to be 50% for sonic intensity, and 30 min of pretreatment time which produces liquefied organics (LO) release of 2650 mg/L. By adjusting the pH of the alkali (KOH) from 8 to 12, SAL was carried out under SL optimal conditions. With a liquefaction efficiency of 24.61% and LO release of 3200 mg/L, pH 11 was the best for effective macroalgal liquefaction in SAL. SAL (4500 kJ/kg TS) consumed less ultrasonic specific energy (USE) than SL (9000 kJ/kg TS). More VFA was produced in SAL (2160 mg/L) than SL (1070 mg/L). Compared to SL (120 mL H2/g COD/0.005 moles of H2/g COD), SAL produced the most biohydrogen of 141 mL H2/g COD/0.006 moles of H2/g COD. The combined pretreatment (SAL) increases the LO release, which ultimately results in an additional 15% increment in biohydrogen production compared to the SL, along with 44.4% of energy savings. Overall, SAL was determined to be energy efficient in biohydrogen production.

Biohydrogen production from macroalgae via sonic biosurfactant disintegration: An energy efficient approach

An energy-efficient disintegration approach used to produce biohydrogen from marine macroalgae biomass ( Chaetomorpha antennina ) was demonstrated in this study. The suggested research aimed to explain the function of macroalgae disintegration by sonication (DS) and disintegration by a sonic surfactant (DSS) in biohydrogen production. Biosurfactant dosage (3 μ L/g TS), sonic intensity (50%) and disintegration duration (30 min) were found to be an optimum conditions for DSS with respect to dissoluted organics release (DOR). Volatile fatty acids (VFA) generation was higher in DSS (1845 mg/L) than DS (864 mg/L) When DS and DSS were compared, DSS had a substantially higher disintegration efficiency (DE) and biohydrogen yield (26%, 147 mL H 2 /gCOD) than DS (21.5%, 121 mL H 2 /gCOD). Net energy (NE) obtained in DSS (0.044 kWh/kg of biomass) was more than the DS (−0.02 kWh/kg of biomass). DSS had a higher energy ratio of 1.8, while DS had a lower energy ratio of 0,7. Overall, DSS was found to be an energetic way to produce biohydrogen. • Sonication and biosurfactant accelerate the disintegration of macroalgae together. • This innovative technique results in the disintegration at an SSE of 9000 kJ/kg TS. • Kinetic analysis depicts that DSS had quick disintegration rate. • The combinative disintegration achieved a maximum biohydrogen production of (147 mL H 2 /g COD).

The Macroalgal Biostimulant Improves the Functional Quality of Tomato Fruits Produced from Plants Grown under Salt Stress

Among the most perilous factors affecting tomato plant functioning and yield is salinity. The efficacy of halotolerant marine macroalgal extract of Chaetomorpha antennina (Seaweed Extract—SWE) in mitigating the toxic effects of salt stress (150 mM) in tomato plants to promote and enhance both plant functionality and yield was tested. It was evident that salt stress undesirably affected germination and plant growth in terms of quality and quantity. Treatment with SWE improved the functionality of salt-strained tomato plants by enhancing their germination indexes, growth and morphological traits, and photosynthetic pigments, as well as protein and phenol concentrations. SWE also exerted a positive influence on protecting the plant against salt stress by increasing the synthesis and accumulation of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and lipoxygenase enzymes, along with the contents of lycopene and vitamin C. SWE also increased the nutraceutical quality, flavour and organolepty of emerged tomato fruits. GCMS analysis of fruit pericarp showed increased siloxane, phenol, antioxidant and indole acetic acid compounds, along with aromatic benzene compounds. These results indicate the potentiality of SWE in protecting plants against salt stress induced toxicities by prompting the synthesis of protective compounds such as siloxane and antioxidant enzymes. It was also noted that SWE plays a crucial role in promoting plant growth and survivability by improving plant functionality, yield and nutrition, by promoting cultivation in saline soils in an eco-friendly and sustainable manner.

Water-Based Synthesis of Novel Hybrid Material of Sulfated Polysaccharide Through Radical Polymerization Process

ABSTRACT Water-soluble “sulfated polysaccharides of Chaetomorpha antennina” (CMsps) seaweed were isolated and fractionated (charged & neutral) using column chromatography followed by modification with acrylamide (AAm) to get novel hybrid materials. This polysaccharide comprises 6.356 polydispersity which ascribes to their branching behavior. The crude polysaccharides consist of ribose, arabinose, xylose, and galactose, carbohydrates units. The peak that appeared in the FT-IR spectrum at 1250 cm−1 confirms the sulfated nature of polysaccharides. The charged polysaccharides, pronounced “control CMsps” before the modification, were modified with AAm under microwave irradiation and characterized to investigate potential grafting. FT-IR, SEM, C13NMR, TGA, XRD, CD, and optical rotation were applied for control CMsps and CMsps-g-PAAm (grafted product). The FT-IR and SEM tools have significant capability to prove occurring successful potential grating with fluctuating peaks and morphology, respectively. XRD graphs for materials “control CMsps and CMsps-g-PAAm” reaffirm the successful grafting, leading to symmetrical molecular construction. TGA graphs support the exclusive thermal stability of CMsps-g-PAAm rather than control CMsps. The varying peak/trough ratio was evaluated by the CD spectrum, which identified the reversal change in the chirotopical profile with the insertion of polyacrylamide (PAAm) in polysaccharide chains. The materials, control CMsps and CMsps-g-PAAm were capable to develop hydrogel hence it can be exploited as a promising rheological modifier for food industry applications. The materials can also be useful in the biomedical field as demulcent drug formulation, dental impression product, and drug delivery for local therapy.

Aqueous Seaweed Extract Alleviates Salinity-Induced Toxicities in Rice Plants (Oryza sativa L.) by Modulating Their Physiology and Biochemistry

Around the world, salinity a critical limiting factor in agricultural productivity. Plant growth is affected by salt stress at all stages of development. The contemporary investigation focused on Chaetomorpha antennina aqueous extracts (SWEs) to decrease the effects of salt strain on rice germination, growth, yield, and the production of key biological and biochemical characters of the rice, Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae). SWE improved the germination capacities of rice seedlings by promoting their emergence 36.27 h prior to those that had been exposed to saline stress. The creation of 79.647% longer radicles by SWE treatment on salt-stressed seeds which boosted the establishment effectiveness of seeds produced under salt stress longer radicles resulted in plants that were 64.8% taller. SWE treatment was effective in revoking the levels of protein (26.9%), phenol (35.54%), and SOD (41.3%) enzyme levels that were previously constrained by salinity stress. Additionally, SWE were also efficient in retaining 82.6% of leaf water content and enhancing the production of photosynthetic pigments affected by salt exposure earlier. The improvement in plant functionality was evident from the display of increase in tiller numbers/hill (62.36%), grain yield (58.278%), and weight (56.502%). The outcome of our research shows that SWEs protected the plants from the debarring effects of salinity by enhancing the plant functionality and yield by mechanistically enriching their physiological (germination and vegetative growth) and biochemical attributes (leaf RWC, photosynthetic pigments, protein, phenol, and SOD). Despite the increase in TSS and starch levels in rice grain exposed to salinity stress, SWE improved the grain protein content thus cumulatively enhancing rice nutrition and marketability. The current investigation reveals that the extracts of C. antennina can help alleviate rice plants from salt stress in an efficient, eco-friendly, as well as economical way.

The unusual occurrence of Chaetomorpha antennina (Bory) Kützing, 1847 (Chlorophyta Cladophoraceae) in a sublittoral rocky reef of the Mexican tropical Pacific marine ecoregion: significant expansion of their ecogeographic range

The unusual occurrence of Chaetomorpha antennina (Bory) Kützing, 1847 (Chlorophyta Cladophoraceae) in a sublittoral rocky reef of the Mexican tropical Pacific marine ecoregion: significant expansion of their ecogeographic range

Seasonal Changes in the Biochemical Constituents of Green Seaweed Chaetomorpha antennina from Covelong, India.

Seaweeds are well known for having a wealth of nutritional benefits and providing ecological support to associated fauna. Seasonality influences the biochemical characteristics, affecting their ecological and economic values. In the present study, we evaluated pigments, primary and secondary metabolites, minerals, and antioxidant properties of green seaweed Chaetomorpha antennina growing on the intertidal rocks along the Covelong coast, India, in different seasons (from June 2019 to March 2020). Significant variations were found in the levels of antioxidants, minerals, and metabolites in different seasons, e.g., amino acid levels were the highest in post-monsoon and the lowest in summer. In monsoon, we found the highest concentration of fatty acids in the thalli. Lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant activity were at their maximum levels during post-monsoon, which indicated oxidative damage responses. No significant variations were found in the levels of photosynthetic pigments. The outcomes indeed suggested seasonal variations in the biochemical and nutrient profile of C. antennina. We suggest that the harvesting/collection of C. antennina for different nutrients and metabolites should be performed in the respective seasons.

Chemo-Sonic Pretreatment Approach on Marine Macroalgae for Energy Efficient Biohydrogen Production

The core objective of this analysis is to implement a combination of alkaline (NaOH) and sonication pretreatment techniques to produce energy-efficient biohydrogen from the marine macroalgae Chaetomorpha antennina. Anaerobic fermentation was implemented in control, sonic solubilization (SS) and sonic alkali solubilization (SAS) pretreatment for 15 days. In control, a biohydrogen production of 40 mL H2/gCOD was obtained. The sonicator intensities varied from 10% to 90% for a period of 1 h during SS pretreatment. About 2650 mg/L SCOD release with a COD solubilization of 21% was obtained at an optimum intensity of 50% in a 30 min duration, in which 119 mL H2/gCOD biohydrogen was produced in the anaerobic fermentation. SAS pretreatment was performed by varying the pH from 8 to 12 with the optimum conditions of SS where a SCOD release of 3400 mg/L, COD solubilization efficiency of 26% and a maximum biohydrogen production of 150 mL H2/gCOD was obtained at a high pH range of 11 in the fermentation. The specific energy required by SS (9000 kJ/kgTS) was comparatively higher than SAS (4500 kJ/kg TS). SAS reduced half of the energy consumption when compared to SS. Overall, SAS pretreatment was found to be energetically favorable in a field application.

Polysaccharides from tropical green seaweed Chaetomorpha antennina induces non-specific immune responses and improves antioxidative activities in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) leukocyte culture cell line

Polysaccharides from seaweeds are promising biomolecules that could sustainably improve the health status of cultured fish species. In this study, water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from Chaetomorpha antennina were investigated to determine their physicochemical characteristics and biological activities. C. antennina water-soluble polysaccharides (CAWP) comprised mainly of carbohydrate (69.0 ± 2.3 %), sulphate (12.6 ± 0.5 %), uronic acid (8.8 ± 0.1 %) and protein (3.5 ± 0.2 %). High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection (HPAEC-PAD) analysis revealed that CAWP contained mostly arabinose (17.1 ± 2.3 mg/L), galactose (9.3 ± 1.0 mg/L), glucose (5.1 ± 0.6 mg/L), xylose/mannose (1.4 ± 0.6 mg/L) and a small proportion of fucose (0.3 ± 0.1 mg/L). CAWP, with intrinsic viscosity of 0.66 dL/g and estimated molecular weight of 318 kDa, were non-toxic to Carp leukocyte culture (CLC) cell line at concentrations ≤25 μg/mL. CAWP at concentrations of 12.5 and 25 μg/mL stimulated CLC to release significant amount of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and augmented phagocytic activity. Intracellular antioxidant activities indicated that CAWP did not induce oxidative damage in CLC but could improve superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), total glutathione (tGSH) and decrease malondialdehyde (MDA) level. The findings from our study provide a foundation for the applicability of water-soluble polysaccharides from C. antennina in the aquaculture industry as a potent immunomodulatory agent. • Chaetomorpha antennina is a rich source of sulphated polysaccharides. • Induction of oxidative burst response in Carp leucocytes • Phagocytosis of Red Zymosan® bioparticles by Carp leucocytes • Improved intracellular antioxidant activities

Nanocatalytic Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles Fabricated using &lt;i&gt;Chaetomorpha antennina&lt;/i&gt; Algal Extract, Their Characterization, and Its Applications

Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) were synthesized by using an aqueous extract of the green seaweed Chaetomorpha antennina. Synthesized SNPs were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDAX, and DLS with Zeta potential techniques. The formation of SNPs is confirmed by the appearance signatory brown color of the solution and a characteristic peak at 452 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum. FTIR spectrum indicated 11 intense peaks with different functional groups in capping the nanoparticles. The SNP lattice is unaffected by other molecules in the algal extract, as revealed in the XRD pattern, and the average size was 21 nm according to the full width at half minimum. FESEM images revealed that the synthesized SNPs are spherical in morphology, with sizes ranging from 69.99 to 99.19 nm. The EDX result indicates that Ag-NPs display an absorption peak at 3 keV shows the presence of the silver element. The obtained zeta potential value of SNPs through the DLS method was –27.4 mV. The seedling growth was positively affected by a specific concentration of SNPs. In the antioxidant activity, the IC50 value was 384.13 μg/mL. The SNPs react with earthworm Lampito mauritii in the mortality rate of 25% and 100% for 3 min.

Efficacy of Green Synthesised Iron Oxide Nanoparticles against Various Uropathogens: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: The shoot-up of antimicrobial resistance leading to the Multidrug Resistance (MDR) phenomenon in clinical pathogens has forced us to develop novel technologies to cease this global threat immediately. Iron oxide nanoparticles can be a breakthrough solution to this dilemma due to its magnetic properties and biocompatibility. Non toxic and biocompatible applications of magnetic nanoparticles can be enriched further by special surface coating with organic or inorganic molecules. Aim: To determine the antibacterial activity of green synthesised iron oxide nanoparticles against various clinical isolates. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from June 2021 to April 2022. This study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre (SRMMCH&amp;RC), Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India. Nanoparticles underwent surface modifications and characterisation using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Ultraviolet (UV) Visible Absorption Spectra, and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) followed by charge characterisation through Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion method was used for screening the sensitivity and resistance pattern of 50 selected isolates and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was assessed using MIC Microbroth Dilution technique with the help of resazurin. Results: Out of the four different concentrations of bare and coated nanoparticles (0.0375 mg/mL, 0.07 mg/mL, 0.15 mg/mL, 0.3 mg/mL), bare nanoparticles inhibited the growth of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at 0.3 mg/mL while citrate-coated nanoparticles inhibited the growth at 0.15 mg/mL, 0.018 mg/mL, 0.0375 mg/mL, 0.07 mg/mL, and 0.15 mg/mL dilutions were used in case of Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR K. pneumoniae) and MDR Escherichia coli, from which both organisms were inhibited at 0.15 mg/mL of bare and coated nanoparticles. Conclusion: Iron nanoparticles synthesised from the marine algae Chaetomorpha antennina could be used in the future as a drug carrier or as an antimicrobial agent.