Chad Research Articles

The contribution of GIS applications in the management of service stations in the city of N’djamena republic of Chad

The contribution of GIS applications in the management of service stations in the city of N’djamena republic of Chad

Normative legal support of the State policy in the field of education of the Republic of Chad

The modern education system of Chad has a structure similar to most countries of the world. At the same time, since the 1960s, the educational policy of Chad has not overcome the problems of high illiteracy of the population, poor quality of education in the conditions of pedagogy of large groups, repeating a class, gender inequality in education, shortage of school teachers and university lecturers. For modern Chad, it is important to adhere to the constitutional foundations of the State, but there remains a contradiction between the tasks of the State to implement State policy in education and the technical capabilities of managing the modernization of Chadian education based on African values. The article shows the legal basis for the development of the state policy in education in the Republic of Chad.

Characterization of Parameters and Risk Indicators Related to Climate Change for a High-Power Photovoltaic Field Installed on ABECHE Site in the Republic of Chad

Characterization of Parameters and Risk Indicators Related to Climate Change for a High-Power Photovoltaic Field Installed on ABECHE Site in the Republic of Chad

Priority regions for eliminating open defecation in Africa: implications for antimicrobial resistance

AbstractSanitation, which offers safe and effective methods for waste disposal, is important for development. However, in Africa and other developing regions, the prevalent practice of open defecation (OD) impedes attaining the sustainable development goals (SDGs). This research delves into the analysis of OD in Africa and proposes a three-tier priority system, comprising critical, high, and medium areas, through which developmental endeavours can be targeted. To achieve this, the study utilizes data from demographic and health surveys (DHS) and the World Bank. The rates of OD at country and sub-country/region levels were calculated to define the priority system, and regression analyses were used to determine predictors of OD practice. The findings are that Nigeria, Ethiopia, Niger, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burkina Faso, and Chad have a high number of people struggling with open defecation. In addition, disparities in access to proper sanitation facilities were identified among impoverished individuals and those residing in rural areas. After adjusting for education and residence, the poorest are 43 times (95% confidence interval 42.443–45.290) more likely to practice open defecation in comparison with the wealthiest. Consequently, wealth index is a pivotal factor in eradicating open toileting. To address this pressing issue in Africa, it is imperative to prioritize evidence-based targeted interventions that concentrate on regions and communities urgently needing improved sanitation infrastructure and programmes. Special attention should be paid to West Africa since many of its communities are in the critical category. Poverty and inequality must be addressed and investments in sanitation infrastructure, behavioural change promotion, and support multistakeholder collaborations should be encouraged. To evaluate OD interventions and monitor health impact, variables such as antimicrobial resistance (AMR) should be included in important health surveys (e.g. DHS). This study is the largest meta-data analyses of OD in Africa detailing drivers and communities that should be prioritised on sanitation interventions.

Modeling vadose zone hydrological processes in naturally occurring piezometric depressions: the Chari-Baguirmi region, southeastern of the Lake Chad Basin, Republic of Chad

The Chari-Baguirmi region, southeastern of the Lake Chad (Africa), has a wide naturally occurring piezometric depression with values deeper than the expected regional groundwater level. To date, the most widely accepted hypotheses to explain its origin and dynamics are based on lack of rainwater infiltration and exfiltration processes. The code HYDRUS-1D is applied to numerically simulate the hydrological flow processes along the unsaturated zone in two soil profiles located in the central part and on the boundary of this piezometric depression under bare and vegetated soil coverage. The simulated time period is 2004–2015 with 715 mm annual rainfall average. The computed recharge with respect to total precipitation accounts for 21% on the boundary and 12% in the central part, which is limited by thick silty low permeability layer on the top surface. Considering modelling uncertainty and limitations under the simulated climatic conditions, the rainfall effect is observed only at upper soil layers, which leads to low aquifer recharge, while the upward water flux causing water table evaporation is very low. Past climate conditions, capable of developing a drying front to reach the water table after thousands of years of drying and geological structural constraints, may explain the current depressed area.

Gender differences in the acceptance of wife-beating: evidence from 30 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa

BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) has cited domestic violence as an urgent global maternal and child health priority. Gender differences in the acceptance of wife-beating have not been explored at the multi-country level in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where the occurrence of wife-beating (36%) is greater than the global average (30%). It is against this backdrop that we examine the gender differences in the acceptance of wife beating in SSA.MethodsWe used Demographic and Health Survey data from 30 SSA countries. Acceptance of wife beating among women and men was the principal outcome variable of interest. We employed Multiple correspondence analysis and logistic regression model as the primary estimation methods for this study. The descriptive statistics show that women had a higher acceptance rate (44%) of wife beating than men (25%). For the women sample, Mali, Democratic Republic of Congo, Chad, and Guinea had higher rates of acceptance of the wife beating (80.6%, 78.4%, 77.1% and 70.3% respectively) For the men, only Guinea had an acceptance rate above 50 percent.ResultsWe found that all else equal, women’s acceptance of wife beating is higher for male-headed households than for female-headed households. Women without formal education were 3.1 times more likely to accept wife beating than those with higher education. Men with no formal education were 2.3 times more likely to accept wife beating than men with higher education. We found that polygamous women were comparable to polygamous men. Polygamous women were 1.2 times more likely to accept wife beating than those in monogamous marriages. Women were 1.2 times more likely to accept wives beating if they had extramarital relationships. Contrarily, men who engaged in extramarital affairs were 1.5 times more likely to justify wife beating. We also found that women’s acceptance of wife beating decreases as they age. Men who decide on major household purchases and spending decisions on their earnings are more likely to accept wife beating. Corollary, women with similar gender and employment roles also accept wife beating. Finally, exposure to mass media is significantly associated with lower acceptance of wife beating for women and men.ConclusionWe conclude that women have a higher acceptance rate of wife beating than men in SSA. Acceptance of wife beating differs significantly by country. Given the same level of education, women are more likely to accept wife beating than men. If women and men have similar levels of employment and gender roles, acceptance of wife beating is higher when men make major household purchasing decisions and and it is still higher even when the woman makes these decisions. Acceptance of wife beating is higher among young women and men, the uneducated, those in polygamous marriages, women, and men who engage in extra marital affairs, poor households and in rural areas. The findings indicate the need for policies and programs by SSA countries to truncate the high acceptance rate of wife beating, especially among women.

An assessment of the degree of the implementation of the integrated water resources management principles in the Lake Chad Basin: the case of the Republic of Chad

An assessment of the degree of the implementation of the integrated water resources management principles in the Lake Chad Basin: the case of the Republic of Chad

Terrorism on the rise – What can WCA countries do to combat difficulties with international trade?

In the last 5 years, the center of gravity of terrorism has shifted from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region to sub-Saharan Africa. As of 2018, this region had the highest number of fatalities and the greatest material damage. This paper assesses the situation of the countries most affected by terrorism in the WCA (West and Central-Africa) region by examining economic complexity, the costs of cross-border trade and corruption. The AEO (Authorized Economic Operator) program is a means of ensuring the security of international supply chains while simultaneously facilitating the cross-border flow of goods. By 2020, 97 countries in the world had operational AEO programs, but only one country in the WCO (World Customs Organization) WCA region had implemented one. The threat of terrorism is very high in seven countries of the region: Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Niger, Chad and Mali. As a result of the evaluation, it can be concluded that these countries need mechanisms to facilitate international trade and would benefit from the implementation of the AEO program.

Identification of potential aquifer zones by applying multi-criteria analysis in the department of Abtouyour, Guéra province (Republic of Chad)

The study was conducted in order to highlight that making a positive drilling borehole in the base area is a very difficult course and which requires the contribution of several complementary disciplines, namely geology, geomorphology, geophysics, the Topography, rainfall etc. Multi-sectoral analysis is necessary to solve a complex problem of a successful implantation of boreholes in the basement area. The analytical approach for the search for aquifers in the basement area and especially in a semi-arid area such as the province of Guéra. Nowadays the research and the management of groundwater requires the contribution of several related disciplines in order to produce decision -making information. The GIS thanks to spatial analysis allows rapid analysis with its spatial analysis component and offers a powerful spatial modelling tool. In this perspective, remote sensing allowed us to make an extraction of the lines from satellite images, the multi -criteria analysis was applied, and it allowed the development of thematic maps. The approach was made with the analysis of the characteristics of the boreholes carried out in the area, in particular the flow rate, the depth and the thickness of alteration. This allowed us to make a following observation on 295 forges made 195 flows rate belong to the very low class or 50.08%, 85 flows rate belonging to the middle class or 28.8% and 60 flows rate correspond to the strong class or 20.03%. Thus, the multi -criteria analysis by uttering at each element which enters the implantation a weight which has been of great use to us in the development of the Aquifer potential map of the study area. For this study in we used software such as Excel for drilling data, ArcMap 10.8 for GIS, PCI Geomatica software for the extraction of lineaments.

Lineaments as a tool for decision-making in the optimal location of boreholes in the base zone: Case of the department of Abtouyour (republic of Chad)

This study has made it possible to highlight that the extraction of structural lineaments helps in the optimal decision-making in the implantation of boreholes in the basement zone. For this purpose, we used remote sensing, as a complementary tool in the extraction of structural lineaments and validated our results with the drillings carried out using electrical tomography carried out in the area. This semi-automatic method allowed us to understand the importance that remote sensing can play in the establishment of successful drilling in the basement zone. For this study we used software such as Excel for drilling data ARMAP 10.8 for GIS, PCI Geomatica software for the extraction of lineaments. The orientation of the lineaments was obtained using the rose diagram of the ROCKWORKS software. In addition, for our study we used images from Landsat 9+, ASTER, DEM, and STRM of 30m resolution which allowed us to develop thematic maps. Thus we were able to validate our Works with the representation by the profiles of electrical resistivity especially the electrical tomography made in the study area and the drillings carried out according to the lineaments extracted. The combination of different parameters in the middle of the basement in a GIS facilitated the spatial analysis, the results was good for the decision making to drill water well in basement area. This approach allowed us to understand that more than 53% of positive drilling intercepts lineaments while only 13% of negative drilling intercepts lineaments.

In Search of Innovative Materials for Mass Construction of Low-Rise Buildings in the Republic of Chad

In Search of Innovative Materials for Mass Construction of Low-Rise Buildings in the Republic of Chad

Особенности уголовной ответственности женщин по законодательству Российской Федерации, Республики Казахстан и Республики Чад: сравнительно-правовой аспект

The article examines the comparative legal aspects of women’s criminal liability under the legislation of the Republic of Chad, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan in the issue of sentencing. The relevance of the study is due to the lack of works containing a comparative analysis of domestic criminal legislation with foreign, differing in the applicable law – Islamic.The main method of scientific research was the comparative legal analysis of the criminal law norms of the three states. Methods of systematization and generalization were also used to structure the information received and formulate the conclusions reached by the authors.The authors concluded that, unlike the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan, the criminal legislation of the Republic of Chad does not provide for any guarantees and indulgences for women, providing for them, along with men, a general rule of sentencing and joint detention while serving a sentence. Therefore, it is necessary to amend the Criminal Code of the Republic of Chad, affecting the issue of mitigating the criminal responsibility of women, as well as the place of detention while serving a sentence.

Effectiveness of Neem Oil and Jatropha Oil in Controlling Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E Smith) on Maize in the Republic of Chad

Upon the evidence of its invasion in Chad in 2018, Spodoptera frugiperda has become a serious threat to maize production, thereby prompting farmers to a massive use of chemical pesticides to reduce its damage. However, given the adverse negative effects of chemical pesticides on human health and the environment, alternatives to chemical control are highly sought. In that respect, the effectiveness of Neem oil and Jatropha oil, two bio pesticides widely acknowledged for their insecticidal properties, was evaluated in the field in comparison with the chemical insecticide, Emamectin benzoate, in a Fisher Blocks design with 4 treatments and 4 replicates. The mean larval density per 25 plants was significantly the lowest (P < 0.0001) on Emamectin benzoate-treated plants(1.13 ± 0.70), followed by Jatropha oil (6.13 ± 0.87) and Neem oil treatments (7.13 ± 0.80) while the highest density was recorded on the untreated plants (12.31 ± 0.87). Similarly, the infestation rates were significantly lower on plots that received the chemical insecticide or the bio pesticides compared to the control plots (P < 0.0001). Foliar and ear damage scores were also significantly lower on the treated than on the control plots (P < 0.0001); and the number of ears attacked was significantly higher on the untreated control than on the other treatments. Maize grain yields were significantly higher in the treated plots compared to the control plots (P < 0.001). Yield gains over the control were 132.57%, 90.91% and 72.73% respectively for Emamectin benzoate, Jatropha oil and Neem oil treatments. It appears, therefore, that the use of Jatropha oil or Neem oil could significantly contribute to an effective and sustainable management of S. frugiperda on maize in Chad, thereby calling for the need for further investigations in that area in the frame of integrated pest management of this pest.

Risk factors of the introduction and spread of goat pox virus in the Republic of Chad

Risk factors of the introduction and spread of goat pox virus in the Republic of Chad

Epidemiology and risk factors of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in the Republic of Chad

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia is a bacterial infection of goats. It is caused by a bacterium belonging to the Mycoplasmataceae family and the Mycoplasma genus. Causative agent of the disease is Mycplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (Mccp). This disease causes significant economic losses in Asia and Africa. Because of the very high morbidity and mortality and its socio-economic impact, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia is on the OIE list of notifiable diseases. This disease affects mainly goats and occasionally sheep, but also wild ruminants. Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia is characterized by cough, dyspnoea and very high mortality and morbidity, fibrinous pleuropneumonia, unilateral lung hepatization and accumulation of pleural fluid in the thoracic cavity. Animals are infected by inhalation of dropes expelled by sick animals. Direct contact is essential for infection to occur. The porosity of borders shared with other countries and the lack of financial resources allocated to the national animal disease surveillance system make it difficult to control cross-border livestock movements. This exposes the national herd to various infectious diseases, including contagious caprine pleuropneumonia. Cross-border movements linked to the international trade in animals, to transhumance, as well as to insecurity due to existing hotbeds of tension in African countries, lead to massive movements of herders and animals in search of pastures and water. All of this constitutes risk factors for the introduction and spread of viral and bacterial infections in the countries. The objective of this manuscript is to summarize the epidemiology and risk factors of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Chad based on bibliographical data.

Risk factors of the introduction and spread of goat pox virus in the Republic of Chad

Goat pox is a highly contagious disease. The infectious agent is a virus belonging to the poxviridae family and the Capripoxvirus genus. This virus is resistant and can survive up to six months in dried scabs. The disease is usually spread by direct contact between healthy and sick animals because the infectious agent is found in nasal and ocular secretions through which it is eliminated. Nodules and scabs also contain large amounts of virus particles. Airborne transmission has also been observed, for example by inhalation of fumes from scabs, or indirect transmission through soiled objects/equipments or insect bites. Typical symptoms are lumps in the lips, eyes, nose, udder, genitals and the area around them. These nodules turn into vesicles, burst and form scabs. Other characteristic symptoms are fever, salivation, discharge from nose and eyes, and labored breathing. The disease exists in countries in North Africa and countries in South of the Sahara, Asia and Eastern Europe. In the Republic of Chad, outbreaks of poxviruses have been recorded for several years. At present, their existence is no longer in doubt. Unfortunately, no in-depth study has been carried out and statistical data from the Veterinary Services are lacking. Goat pox, one of the most widespread pox viruses, appears periodically. This disease is prevalent both in the cold dry season (December, January-February) and in the hot humid season (June-July) with variable mortality. Based on bibliographic data, this manuscript summarizes the different risk factors of introduction, contamination, transmission and spread of goat pox virus.

Discovery of a Hidden Schistosomiasis Endemic in the Salamat Region of Chad, Africa.

There is currently a severe paucity of rural epidemiologic data on urogenital schistosomiasis in the Republic of Chad in north-central Africa that is hindering national control strategies. Our study describes a mobile medical team's 4-year effort to collect data and provide mass therapeutic and preventive chemotherapy in the Salamat Region of Chad, a previously uninvestigated rural area. To overcome severe limitations in time, resources, support, and infrastructure, the team employed several time- and cost-saving techniques that included: (1) traveling by request and referral to utilize local knowledge to find the areas of highest need, (2) conducting convenience sampling for screening, (3) using simple but validated tools to expedite treatment and data gathering, and (4) working within cultural contexts to find and treat the most school-age children possible. The team managed a total of 11,832 patient encounters and found a 55% rate of hematuria (n=6,495) among school-age children, roughly double previous estimates. Rates of hematuria were higher in males (61%, n=3,955/6,466) than females (48%, n=2,301/4,806) and among adolescents (> 65% in all age groups aged 10 years and older). These methods outline an efficient and effective strategy implemented under real-world conditions to enact therapeutic and preventive chemotherapy campaigns in resource-limited settings by engaging village leadership and developing locally driven solutions. Our data highlight the need for continued local epidemiologic efforts to treat the substantial number of children severely affected with schistosomiasis.

Population dynamics and precipitation effects on food security in the grain-producing region of the Republic of Chad

ABSTRACT Chad faces critical issues of food security related to the impacts of population, precipitation and cropland on the production of staple crops. This article analyses the factors of food production in the perspective of an integrated, forward-looking food system. Regression polynomials, Gaussian models, and sum-of-sine model methods applied to the period 1980–2015 show that population explained 79%, 79%, and 67% of the variability in sorghum, maize, and rice production, respectively; precipitation accounted for 69%, 65%, and 54%; and cropland explained 77%, 84%, and 78% of the variability.

Factors contributing to the introduction and spread of Peste des Petits ruminants virus in the Republic of Chad

Factors contributing to the introduction and spread of Peste des Petits ruminants virus in the Republic of Chad

Factors contributing to the introduction and spread of Peste des Petits ruminants virus in the Republic of Chad

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an infectious, contagious and inoculable disease. It is widely distributed in Africa, the Middle East and Asia. It was described for the first time in Côte d'Ivoire by Gargadennec and Lalanne in 1942. This pathology, similar to rinderpest at the clinical and antigenic level, reveals a capital and growing importance and constitutes a brake on the development of the breeding of small ruminants because the economic losses are considerable (morbidity is 100% and mortality 90%). The pathogen is a virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus, the family Paramyxoviridae. This widespread and devastating disease of small ruminants causes very significant losses to the economy, food security and the livelihoods of pastoralists. Globally, it is one of the priority diseases indicated in the five-year of global action plan of the FAO-OIE Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Diseases (GF-TADs). The Republic of Chad, like other countries has joined this line with an ambition of its eradication by 2025. The existence of PPR in Chad has been demonstrated for a long time, but no data exists for the moment on the factors of its introduction and spread in the country. This article describes the main factors behind its introduction and spread in the country.