Risk factors of the introduction and spread of goat pox virus in the Republic of Chad

Abstract

Goat pox is a highly contagious disease. The infectious agent is a virus belonging to the poxviridae family and the Capripoxvirus genus. This virus is resistant and can survive up to six months in dried scabs. The disease is usually spread by direct contact between healthy and sick animals because the infectious agent is found in nasal and ocular secretions through which it is eliminated. Nodules and scabs also contain large amounts of virus particles. Airborne transmission has also been observed, for example by inhalation of fumes from scabs, or indirect transmission through soiled objects/equipments or insect bites. Typical symptoms are lumps in the lips, eyes, nose, udder, genitals and the area around them. These nodules turn into vesicles, burst and form scabs. Other characteristic symptoms are fever, salivation, discharge from nose and eyes, and labored breathing. The disease exists in countries in North Africa and countries in South of the Sahara, Asia and Eastern Europe. In the Republic of Chad, outbreaks of poxviruses have been recorded for several years. At present, their existence is no longer in doubt. Unfortunately, no in-depth study has been carried out and statistical data from the Veterinary Services are lacking. Goat pox, one of the most widespread pox viruses, appears periodically. This disease is prevalent both in the cold dry season (December, January-February) and in the hot humid season (June-July) with variable mortality. Based on bibliographic data, this manuscript summarizes the different risk factors of introduction, contamination, transmission and spread of goat pox virus.