CH Content Research Articles

Phase evolutions of cementitious materials with very low water/binder ratios

High-performance and ultra-high-performance concrete have been increasingly used as building materials in modern construction, and their superior properties derived from a tailored microstructure. In this study, Rietveld quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis was adopted to investigate phase evolutions of four cementitious pastes with varied addition of fly ash or silica fume at very low water/binder ratios. The results indicate that the phase changes concerning the contents of the major clinker phases mainly happen within the first 7 d. The content of portlandite (CH) in pure cement paste increases monotonically while, due to pozzolanic reaction, it decreases in blended pastes between 7 and 28 d. At early age, the addition of silica fume accelerates the hydration of cement, while the introduction of fly ash shows significant retardation especially at 1 d. The degree of hydration (DOH) of cement is mainly determined by the effective water/cement ratio of the paste, and the incorporation of fly ash, while initially producing little reaction, results in a higher DOH of cement. With steam curing, the content of CH significantly decreases in the blended pastes, which indicates a promoted pozzolanic reaction.

Dependences of the warm-up time changes of catalytic converters in the open storage car conditions

In the article, emphasis made on determining the start operation time of catalytic converter in the open storage car conditions. In this regard, experiments made on author’s experimental setup, quantity of which provides a confidence probability 0,95. Results of experiments allow us to determine the dependences of the warm-up time changes of catalytic converters when the ambient temperature changes from +1°С to -30°С. The compliance with current regulatory requirements for content of CO and CH in engine exhaust provided.

Analysis and evaluation of mineral elements of Chrysanthemum morifolium for medicinal and tea use of different germplasm resources

In this study, 23 germplasm resources of Chrysanthemum morifolium used in medicine and tea were collected from Dabie Mountains and its surrounding producing areas, and the contents of 13 mineral elements were determined and compared. The thermal maps of correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used for comprehensive evaluation. The results showed that the average content of each element in Ch. morifolium of different germplasm resources was: K>N>P>Mg>Ca>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu>Ni>Cr>Pb>Cd, and the leaves were: K>N>Ca>Mg>P>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cr>Cu>Ni>Pb>Cd. There are rich contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Fe in Ch. morifolium flowers and their leaves, among them, K element has the largest change range, while N, Ca, Fe, Mg and Zn elements have a larger change range. The absorption and accumulation of each element in the leaves of different germplasm resources varied greatly. The correlation analysis shows that there is a strong positive correlation between Ca element, Mg, Mn and Cd element.Principal component analysis in Ch. morifolium flowers characteristic elements for Mn, Cr, Cu, P, K, can be used as a Ch. morifolium resources to identify the characteristics of the elements, choose top five principal component(F1-F5) comprehensive evalua-tion of medicinal Ch. morifolium, scored in the top five varieties for Hangiu-Fuhuangju, Hangju-Xiaoyangju, Hangju-Sheyangju, Hangju-Dayanghua, Hangju-Subeiju,indicates that in terms of mineral elements, the five medicinal Ch. morifolium resources quality is better. The PCA score chart can divide 23 Ch. morifolium resources into 4 groups, and the cluster analysis heat map divides 23 Ch. morifolium resources into 5 groups. All the Ch. morifolium resources of the same type can be well clustered together, indicating that the difference in mineral element content of Ch. morifolium germplasm resources is closely related to genetic factors.

Synergistic effect of EVA, TEA and C-S-Hs-PCE on the hydration process and mechanical properties of Portland cement paste at early age

This work investigates the synergistic utilization of EVA, TEA and C-S-Hs-PCE as admixtures in Portland cement. The alteration of hydration process is measured by isothermal calorimetry (ICC) and the effects of admixtures on mechanical properties are evaluated by the development of strengths and apparent density. The mechanism of admixtures acting in cement is revealed via XRD, FT-IR and TGA techniques. Results show that the fluidity of fresh cement paste is significantly improved with the addition of EVA, TEA and C-S-Hs-PCE, and consequently to the increasing in workability. The admixtures accelerate the hydration process and increase the cumulative heat release, deepening the hydration degree of cement paste. Both the improvement of fluidity and promotion of hydration are the important reasons for the enhancement of mechanical properties. Results of XRD, FT-IR and TGA indicate that the CH contents increase evidently with the content of admixtures, which further proves that the deepening of hydration process. This study could provide an experimental reference, which is of great significance to the valuable application of admixtures in cement based materials.

Dietary protein source and protein/carbohydrate ratio affects appetite regulation-related genes expression in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary protein source (fishmeal, FM; or plant-feedstuffs, PF) and dietary protein/carbohydrate (P/CH) ratio on gilthead seabream appetite regulation and intermediary metabolism. Additionally, the effect of sampling 5 h after feeding (AF) compared to 24 h AF was also evaluated. Four isolipidic diets were formulated having as major protein sources FM or PF (20% FM and 80% PF), and P/CH ratios of 50/10 or 40/20, being the pregelatinized maize starch the main carbohydrate source (diets FM-P50/CH10; FM-P40/CH20; PF-P50/CH10; PF-P40/CH20). Diets were fed until satiation to 140 g gilthead seabream for 41 days. The expression of appetite regulation genes was assessed at 5 and 24 h AF, while other evaluated parameters were assessed only at 5 h AF. Liver leptin expression was higher at 5 h AF, and brain leptin receptor (lepr) expression was higher at 24 h AF. Brain expression of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (cart), leptin and ghrelin receptor (ghrr)-a and liver ghrr-b were also affected by sampling time, but the effects were dependent of the diet provided. FM-based diets promoted the expression of brain cart and leptin (at 24 h AF), and liver growth hormone receptor (ghr)-ii, and increased plasma cholesterol and total lipids levels. Fish fed the PF-based diets had higher liver glycogen content, number and size of adipocytes, and expression of hepatic leptin (at 24 h AF), fatty acid synthase, glucokinase, and target of rapamycin. Regarding dietary P/CH ratio, fish fed the P50/CH10 diets presented higher feed efficiency, plasma triglycerides, and expression of intestine cholecystokinin (at 5 h AF), liver ghrr-b (at 24 h AF), glutamate dehydrogenase and ghr-ii. The protein efficiency ratio, hepatosomatic and visceral indices, plasmatic glucose level, and brain lepr expression (at 5 h AF) were higher in fish fed the P40/CH20 diets. The majority of appetite regulation related-genes were not affected by the use of PF-based diets, while the higher dietary CH seemed to lead to a shorter satiety sensation. PF-based diets promoted liver lipid deposition, hypocholesterolemia, and the activation of glycogenesis pathway, while higher CH content induced an increase in plasma glucose that appeared to be stored as lipids. In conclusion, PF-based diets with up to 20% of CH can be used in gilthead seabream without compromising growth performance and FI, and only slightly modifying appetite and metabolic parameters.

Influence of electromagnetic atomizers’ technical condition on power and ecological indicators of gasoline I.C.E. in operation

Productivity of electromagnetic atomizers (EMA) of gasoline engines has been defined. It is established that EMA productivity removed from engine with an operating time of 30-60 thousand km, as well as new atomizers after their washing by ultrasound can change both productivity growth and its decrease. It is shown that the content of PCO and CH in the exhaust gases of car GAZ-27040 V (run of 30 thousand km) at engine work (on idling turns) with washed MA is below concentration of the specified toxic components in exhaust gases of the motor completed by unwashed ultrasound EMA It is established that the difference in compared values of capacity and a torque, obtained in testing on dynamometric stand (subroutine Pmax, for the EMA engine before processing by ultrasound) is not significant. In the tests conducted in subroutine Vconst, the gain of capacity of the EMA engine washed out by ultrasound has been 0.04 MJ·km−1 (1.71 %).

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes with different features reinforced cement pastes: A compressive and systematic approach using principal component analysis

The properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) significantly affect cement paste properties. This study statistically analyzed the effects of MWCNT properties such as specific surface area, length, functional group content and outer diameter on cement paste properties, together with associated reasons. While MWCNTs with fewer functional groups, smaller surface area, shorter length and larger outer-diameter are successful in filling gel nano-micro pores, others were successful in filling micro-meso cracks. The acidic environment formed by carboxyl groups causes more void formation, while hydroxyl groups with water-absorbing structure have been effective in filling voids. Remarkable improvement ratios have been obtained in electrical resistivity (61.0%), splitting tensile strength (77.2%), CH content (51.0%), water absorption (15.2%), and porosity (6.2%) by using hydroxyl-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes with a 30 nm outer wall-diameter, to replace 0.1% by weight of cement.

Quality assessment of DNA and hemoglobin by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic field.

Previous studies have shown the effect of extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields on the hematopoietic system. However, molecular modification and biological toxicity are not known yet. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of occupational exposure to ELF magnetic field on the hemoglobin and DNA alteration using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Twenty nine individuals were selected among those working as the controller in a powerhouse in order to be studied as the population exposed to ELF magnetic field. Control group comprised of 29 administrative employees voluntarily participated who were matched with the exposed subjects in terms of sex, age, work experiences, smoking habit, and socioeconomic status. DNA and hemoglobin were extracted from blood samples and then were studied by FTIR spectroscopy. The results showed the level of magnetic field exposure was between 0.38 to 50 μT in the exposed subjects while the level of magnetic field exposure was between 0.19 and 20 μT for the unexposed people. Hemoglobin level was equal to 15.67 ± 1.42g/dL for exposed subjects which is significantly lower than that of the unexposed people (p = 0.0001). There was a significant alteration in CH content and COO structure of the hemoglobin structure. Moreover, DNA showed significant changes by functional group of organic base. This change in the structure of DNA and hemoglobin can lead to the creation of risks in human health. In conclusion, FTIR method could reveal the quality of DNA and hemoglobin structure in subjects after exposure to ELF magnetic field.

Nano-treatment of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Waste and Its Usage in Cleaner Building Materials

Autoclaved aerated concrete waste (AACW) was used as a raw material to prepare nucleation seed for acceleration of Portland cement. Nano AACW seed with median particle size of 324 nm was prepared by wet grinding method. Both the electrical conductivity and pH value of nano AACW suspension were obviously improved. Both the setting times and intensity of the main hydration heat peak were promoted by nano AACW, indicating the possibility of AACW suspension as nucleation seed. The early age compressive strength before 3 days was also clearly improved by nano AACW, with no negative effect on the late age strength. Furthermore, the reduced CH content with dosage of nano AACW indicates that nano AACW not only plays a role of nucleation seed in cement hydration, but also has a certain pozzolanic reaction.

Characteristics of Paraffin Shielding of Kartini Reactor, Yogyakarta

The National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN) Yogyakarta uses two kinds of paraffin for shielding radiation of Kartini reactor. For developing BNCT research, the radiation attenuation capability of paraffin has been analyzed to find out the coefficient attenuation, density, and composition of both kinds of paraffin. The components of the paraffin were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy characterization. Paraffin P1 has a density of 0.689 gr/mL and paraffin P2 is 0.578 gr/mL. Paraffin samples P1 and P2 were the sample content of functional group CH, CH2, and OH when analyzed by FTIR. Paraffin P2 had an additional content namely CO. The concentration of carbon (C) and oxide (O) of paraffin P2 was much greater than that of paraffin P1. Hydrogen (H) in the paraffin has the function of moderating neutrons, but hydrogen content in both kinds of paraffin could not be detected by EDX. The acquired neutron coefficient attenuation of paraffin P2 was 0.0382 cm-1 and the gamma coefficient attenuation was 0.0535 cm-1.

Classification of Measures of Restriction: From a “Mixed” Criterion to a Connection with the Object of Restriction

Achieving the aims of criminal proceedings is impossible without coercion, which significantly restricts human rights and freedoms, including constitutional ones, and, therefore, it is permissible only if there are grounds and in the manner prescribed by the criminal procedure legislation. The grounds, conditions and procedure for applying measures of restriction in criminal proceedings largely depend on the correct systematization of criminal procedure legislation, which may be the basis for a systematic interpretation of the text of the law. Combining other measures of procedural coercion in Ch. 14 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation does not have clear criteria, which is fraught with the erroneous use of procedural coercion against participants in criminal proceedings. The purpose of the paper is to assess the directions of possible improvement of the legislation regarding the systematization of procedural coercion measures. Measures of procedural coercion should be structured and systematized in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation on clear and uniform grounds, including coercive measures, which are not measures of restriction. Currently, there are no such grounds in relation to other measures of procedural coercion, united in Ch. 14 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, which impedes their reasonable application. The contents of Ch. 14 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation should be revised taking into account logical and legal ties. As a result of the research the author developed the ideas on logical connections as one of the main bases for the classification of the norms governing the use of procedural coercion, affecting its legality and validity.

Feasibility study on the use of shell sunflower ash and shell pumpkin ash as supplementary cementitious materials in concrete

This study proposes that Shell Sunflower Ash (SSA) and Shell Pumpkin Ash (SPA) partially replace cement in concrete as pozzolanic materials. To trace the chemical composition of raw SSA and SPA, X–Ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized. Cement was replaced with 5, 10, 15 and 20% of the SSA and SPA. The slump of fresh concrete, elastic modulus, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test, SEM, energy dispersive x–ray (EDX), XRD and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) of the sample were studied. Pozzolanic reaction with percentage of SSA and SPA was lower than the control specimen in the early ages. The addition of the SSA to the mix by up to 15% increased the compressive strength of the sample by 27.3% at 28 days. The SEM and EDX results illustrate the replacement of cement with the SSA and the SPA can improve the microstructure of the mixtures at 28 days. The SEM also showed that the addition of 15% the SSA and the SPA decreased the voids in the matrix. XRD and TAG results also demonstrated the effect of SSA and the SPA on reduction of CH content due to pozzolanic reactions. The result show that use of the SSA and SPA as replacement of cement is feasible.

Combined Hydrophobization of Polyethylenimine with Cholesterol and Perfluorobutyrate Improves siRNA Delivery.

Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a promising delivery vector of nucleic acids, but cytotoxicity and only moderate transfection efficacy with small RNAs limit its applications. Here we hypothesized that hydrophobization of PEI by combined modification with perfluorinated moieties (F) and cholesterol (Ch) will help in addressing both the cytotoxicity and siRNA delivery efficacy. To test the hypothesis, we synthesized a series of copolymers (F-PEI-Ch) by modifying PEI by reaction with heptafluorobutyric anhydride and cholesteryl chloroformate. We investigated and compared the effect of the modifications on siRNA delivery in vitro and in vivo. We found that the F-PEI-Ch copolymers assembled into micellar structures and that the copolymer with the highest Ch content exhibited the best siRNA delivery performance, including lower cytotoxicity, enhanced cell uptake, improved endosomal escape, and the best siRNA silencing efficacy in vitro and in vivo when compared with control PEI, F-PEI, and PEI-Ch. Overall, hydrophobization of PEI with a combination of cholesterol and superhydrophobic perfluorinated moieties represents a promising approach to the design of siRNA delivery vectors with decreased toxicity and enhanced transfection efficacy.

Calcined low-grade multimineral clays as supplementary cementitious materials: a feasibility study

ABSTRACT The relevance of calcined clays as sources with great potential for low-clinker blended Portland cements has significantly increased in recent decades. This article reports on a study to evaluate the potential of the two low-grade clays containing 9.37% of montmorillonite/chlorite and 12.26% of montmorillonite/kaolinite/chlorite accompanied with 29.73% and 32.79% of calcite, respectively, as supplementary cementitious materials. The clays after thermal treatment at 800°C demonstrated poor pozzolanic activity, slight increase in the C-(S)-H and decline in the CH contents, and decrease in the mechanical properties of the blended Portland cement pastes. The results showed that the investigated clays fall below the range of the clays suitable for pozzolan production.

Structural and chemical study of β–Tricalcium phosphate-chitosan coatings

The alternative biomaterials β–Tricalcium phosphate and chitosan, which guarantee good electrochemical behavior and bioactivity, have been used as coatings deposited on metallic substrates to avoid corrosion and its harmful biological effect. In this current research, the tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) coatings were obtained by electrochemical process (electrodeposition). The coatings obtained on the 316L stainless steel metal substrates (surgical grade) were functionalized in relation to the increase of the chitosan content (Ch). Therefore, structural, chemical and morphological changes in the conjugate complex (β-TCP-Ch) could be determined by molecular simulation. Structural changes of β-TCP-Ch coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Also, the effect of inclusion and increase of chitosan percentage was analyzed using the full width at half maximum (FWHM) applied to preferential peak (0018), oriented at 2θ = 43.6°. Likewise, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), were performed to determine and analyze changes in ceramic material due to chitosan inclusion. Chemical changes as a function of the increase of temperature was studied by thermogravimetry (TGA). The different characterizations of the β-TCP-Ch coatings showed the impact of Chitosan, such as functionalizing the system in the coating's crystallinity, and the surface morphology. In this sense, with the increase of Chitosan the coatings turned out to be homogeneous and crack-free. Taking in account the last results, the functionalization of β—TCP with the increase of Ch content deposited on 316L Stainless Steel indicates that the coatings might be a promising material in biomedical uses.

Rendimiento, perfiles nutrimental y de fermentación ruminal in vitro de pasto maralfalfa (Cenchrus purpureus Schumach.) Morrone a diferentes frecuencias de corte en clima cálido

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el rendimiento, los perfiles nutrimental y de fermentación ruminal in vitro del pasto maralfalfa (Cenchrus purpureus Schumach.) Morrone, a cuatro frecuencias de corte. Los tratamientos se distribuyeron en bloques al azar en parcelas divididas con tres repeticiones. Los datos se analizaron en modelo lineal generalizado (GLM, por sus siglas en inglés) con el paquete estadístico de Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) y las medias se compararon con Tukey. El mayor rendimiento de biomasa (20.2 Mg MS ha-1), fibra detergente neutro (FDN) (66.7%), celulosa (CL) (45.4%), energía (16.3 MJ kg-1 MS) y dióxido de carbono (CO2) (89.7%) se obtuvo en la frecuencia de corte a cada 120 días (p < 0.05). El contenido de proteína cruda (PC) (9.3%), hemicelulosa (HC) (17.6%), cenizas (11.7%), humedad (8.4%) y lignina detergente ácido (LDA) (4.7%), ácido acético (77.8%), propiónico (29.4%), butírico (12.6%), CH4 (11.9%) y la Digestibilidad de la materia seca (DivMS) (55.6%), fue más elevado en la frecuencia de corte a 30 días (p < 0.05). El contenido de extracto etéreo (EE) (1.8%, p < 0.05) fue mayor en la frecuencia de corte al día 90. El pasto maralfalfa tiene una mejor composición química y mayor contenido de ácidos grasos volátiles (AGV) en etapas tempranas de corte.

Effectiveness of Surface Coatings Against Intensified Sewage Corrosion of Concrete

Three different kinds of coatings were coated on the concrete surface, and the changes in appearance, surface roughness, microstructure and components of coatings in artificial sewage were investigated. In addition, the strength, micrograph, mineral compositions and pore structure of concrete specimens after removing coatings were also studied. The results show that epoxy coal tar pitch coating (ECTPC) has the best effect of protecting concrete from the sewage corrosion. After being immersed in sewage for 90 days, the compressive strength of concrete coated with ECTPC is still as high as that of specimen immersed in water, and the cement paste has a high CH content and dense structure with low porosity, which mainly accounts for its excellent barrier property and certain antibacterial function. Cement-based bactericidal coating (CBC) also has good effectiveness to sewage corrosion of concrete. The strength and microstructure of concrete coated with CBC in sewage are still significantly superior to those of uncoated concrete. Although cement-based capillary crystalline waterproofing coating (CCCWC) is a good waterproof material, it is not suitable for the corrosion resistance of concrete in sewage. After 2 months corrosion, almost all of the CH crystals in coating reacted with the metabolic acid substance by microbes. Therefore, the strength and pore structure of concrete coated with CCCWC are only slightly superior to those of uncoated concrete. Overall, the protective effect of cement-based inorganic coatings is relatively poor.

Cellulosic fibres modified by chitosan and synthesized ecofriendly carboxymethyl chitosan from prawn shell waste

The present study investigates preparation, characterization, and application of chitosan (Ch) and its derivative, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh), on jute and cotton fibres through the eco-friend modification avoiding chemical modifier. Chitosan is a deacetylated product of chitin. CMCh was produced from prepared chitosan (89% degree of deacetylation) by carboxymethylation process, and confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. CMCh had an average degree of substitution ranging from 0.62 to 1.20 was determined by titrimetric analysis. X-ray diffraction of CMCh showed a less ordered arrangement than chitosan. Moisture content and ash content of Ch and CMCh were 10%, 9% and 2.33%, 14.39%, respectively which affect cellulosic fibre properties. Extracted chitosan and CMCh were used as surface modifier for natural cellulosic fibres. Modification of jute and cotton through sorption of chitosan and CMCh introduces amino (1610 cm−1) and carboxyl groups (1737 cm−1) on the cellulose chain of fibre surface, causes functionalization. The modified fibres were characterized by FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Again, dyed modified fibres showed 10–15% higher dye exhaustion, and better fastness properties than that of unmodified fibres.

Comparative Studies of Combined Influence of Variables on the Esterification Degree of Pectin Extracted by Sulfuric Acid and Citric Acid

The influence of extraction variables on degree of esterification (DE) of pectin was studied due to the significant effects of DE on the properties of the pectin-based functional biomaterials. The extracting agents (sulfuric acid and citric acid), pH value of extraction solution, extraction time, and temperature were selected to study the hydrolysis reaction of carboxylic acid ester by response surface methodology (RSM). The hydrolysis reaction occurred more violently in the weak organic acid solution than that in the strong inorganic acid solution. The DE was significantly influenced by pH of extraction solution, extraction time, and temperature through the analysis of variance. In addition, the values of DE reduced with the increasing of extraction temperature, lapse of time, and decreasing of pH value. What is more, the effects of extraction conditions on the yield, monosaccharide composition, content of protein, and ferulic acid were also studied. It is evident that the lower pH value contributed to higher extraction yield. The content of Total CH and GalA of pectin extracted by sulfuric acid were higher than that of pectin extracted by citric acid, and the content of monosaccharide showed an opposite trend.

Scaling up the Phytochemical Contents in the Leaves of Beetroot Using a Formulated Antioxidant Gawda®

Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) have been used for many years as a food supplement to support treating a number of diseases. It is also classified as medicinal plant because of its excellent source of phytochemicals including antioxidants, minerals, vitamins and amino acids. Beetroot are vegetable belong to the family Chenopodiaceae. In food industry they are formulated in edible powder and energetic juice. In some regions of the world beetroot leaves are cut off and discard in spite of their health benefit because of lack of knowledge among the local people regarding their health benefit. So far, this investigation aimed to evaluate the possible role of the formulated antioxidant GAWDA® on enhancing the phytochemicals of the content of beetroot leaves. P.P, Proline, Potassium and the antioxidant activity were determined. Beetroot seeds were soaked in water solution of GAWDA® formulation (2g/L for 12 hours) pre sowing vs tap water in case of the check. The target physiological characters were recorded in leaves of 3 month old plants. The results showed that soaking seeds in water solution of GAWDA® formulation (2g/L for 12 h) before sowing significantly increased the contents of Ch. A, B, carotenoids, total phenolic compounds, proline, potassium and antioxidant activity in the plant leaves. The potential of the formulated antioxidant (GAWDA®) for scaling up the contents of the phytochemicals studied beetroot leaves was concluded.