Cervical Erosion Research Articles

REVITALIZING CERVICAL HEALTH: A CASE STUDY ON THE EFFICACY OF APAMARGA KSHARA PRATISARANA WITH TRIPHALA KWATH PRAKSHALANA AND JATYADI TAIL PICHU

Cervical ectropion or erosion is a prevalent gynaecological condition characterised by replacing the natural squamous epithelium with columnar epithelium on the ectocervix. In Ayurveda, this condition is correlated with Karnini Yonivyapad, which results from local dosha disturbance in the reproductive tract. Acharyas have rec-ommended that Bahira Parimarjana Chikitsa address this dosha imbalance using a therapeutic approach focus-ing on external cleansing and treatment. The pathogenesis of Karnini Yonivyapad suggests that Kaphahara Chikitsa, involving Kshara as a local application, is effective due to its properties of being Katu, Ushna, Tik-shna, Pachana, Vilayana, Shodhana, Ropana, Shoshana, Stambhana, Lekhana, and Kaphanashaka. While con-ventional treatments may alleviate symptoms, they often fail to address the underlying issue. This study demon-strates that a combined therapy approach can effectively cure cervical erosion by utilising Apamarga Kshara Pratisarana with Triphala Kwath Prakshalana and Jatyadi Tail Pichu.

RISK FACTORS OF LOW PLACENTATION

The purpose of the study – to assess the risk factors for the occurrence of low placentationin the early stages of gestation.Materials and methods. A clinical and statistical analysis of 150 individual charts ofpregnant women and women in labor in women with a low lying placenta (main group)and 80 pregnant women with a normal localization of the placenta in the fundus andbody of the uterus (control group), who were under dispensary supervision in a women’sconsultation, was carried ou.tThe results. After conducting the analysis, it was established that the main groupwas dominated by women over 30 years old (40.7 % of cases), compared to 25.0 %of pregnant women in the control group (p<0.05). The age of onset of menarche after14 years is marked significantly more often in pregnant women with low placentation –in 22.7 %, compared to normal localization of the placenta – in 8.8 % of cases. Thedevelopment of the menstrual cycle by one year in the main group was 2.5 times lessfrequent than in the control group. 58.7 % of pregnant women with low placentationhad 2 or more artificial abortions, 46 % had a history of spontaneous miscarriages, inpregnant women with normal placentation, these indicators were 32.5 % and 18.8 % ofpregnant women, respectively (p<0.05). In 20.7 % of cases of women in the main group,childbirth was completed by cesarean section, and in the control group – in 7.5 % ofcases. In pregnant women with low placentation, 26.0 % had inflammatory diseases ofthe uterine appendages, 50.7 % had cervical erosion, 10.7 % had uterine fibroids, 16.7 %had endometriosis, compared to the control group in 17 .5 %, 36.3 %, 3.8 % and in 6.3 %of cases, respectively (p<0.05). Conservative myomectomy was performed in 30 % ofcases of the main group and 12.5 % of women in the control group. Conclusions. Risk factors for low placentation are a woman’s age over 30 years, latemenarche and late onset of menstrual function, history of gynecological diseases, highbirth parity, history of spontaneous miscarriages and artificial abortions, uterine scar,and manual revision of the uterine cavity walls. Identifying the risk factors for lowplacentation will reduce the level of perinatal and obstetric complications.

Associations of clinical and modifiable behavioral risk factors with the histological progression of squamous intraepithelial lesions.

Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women worldwide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been established as a cause of invasive cervical cancer. However, HPV is predominantly transient and only a minority of cases persist and progress clinically. Certain epidemiological factors have been suggested to increase the risk of HPV persistence and progression. In the present study, 893 women were investigated, with an age range from 25 to 60 years old. PAP smears and colposcopy were used for assessment. Of these women, 108 were diagnosed with squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) and were further divided into high-grade SIL (HSIL) and low-grade SIL (LSIL). The dietary habits, sleep patterns and gynecological histories of these participants were studied, and it was found that the probability of having <3 meals a day [odds ratio (OR), 4.35; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.73-10.95], having an unbalanced diet (OR, 3.90; 95% CI, 1.44-10.55), breakfast skipping (OR, 6.32; 95% CI, 2.40-16.61) and disrupted sleep (OR, 4.42; 95% CI, 1.79-10.93) was significantly higher in the HSIL group compared with the probability in the LSIL group. In addition, participants who had pregnancies prior to the age of 20 were 2.85 times more likely to have more advanced disease (OR, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.22-6.71). Cervical erosion was higher in the HSIL group compared with that in the LSIL group (OR, 3.31; 95% CI, 1.36-6.96). The present study highlights the protective effects of meal numbers, nutritious diet and sleep hygiene against HPV and the progression of SIL.

Effect of Yonidhavan on Different Gynaecological Diseases - A Retrospective Study

Gynecological diseases are increasing day by day. Among all, female genital infections bear a major component. It carries the specific attention of underlying diseases such as vaginitis, cervical erosions PIDs, to malignancies. Ayurveda highlights these disorders under Yonivyapadas. Classics have highlighted 20 types of Yonivypadas where pathogenesis takes place in genital areas. Local treatments such as Yonidhavan, Picu, Varti are described for the same. Yonidhavan refers to drug delivery through genital areas. The medicated fluid of Yonidhavan helps to clean genital areas, reduce inflammation and help to regrowth healthy tissue. Understanding these, a retrospective study on the effect of Yonidhavan with Panchawalkal Kwath for a sample of 100 patients was done for 1 year. Analysis of the symptoms as well as the result, with clinical evidence and statistical evaluation, proved that overall Yonidhavan gave excellent outcomes in 94.9% patients in relieving the symptoms. The therapy proved to be promising on criteria such as per vaginal discharge (Srava), tenderness (Sparasahatwa), and tissue swelling (Shoph). It proved most significant on per vaginal profuse discharge (96.5%) and tenderness (Sparasahatwa) (74.3%). The study revealed that no recurrence of the symptoms was noticed after one year in 73% of the patients. Twenty-two percent of patients showed recurrence of symptoms in one year. The use of Panchawalkal Yonidhavan not only gave symptomatic relief but helped to cure Yonivypadas. Yonidhavan proved helpful, economical, and accessible Ayurvedic treatment.

Effect of Marham-i-Bāsalīqūn on Cervical Erosion (Qurūḥ al-Raḥim)): A Randomized Comparative Clinical Study

Background and Objective: Cervical erosion (Qurūḥ al-Raḥim) is one of the most frequent gynecological conditions seen in clinical practice. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to assess the impact of the topical application of Marham-i-Bāsalīqūn in Qurūḥ al- Raḥim. Material and Method: A randomized comparative clinical study was carried out at the Institute Hospital in Bengaluru. Diagnosed cases (n=40) of cervical erosion were randomly assigned to test (n=20) and control (n=20) groups. A total of 6 g ointment of Marham-i-Bāsalīqūn (test drug) and tested Unani formulation (control drug) was applied with an applicator per vaginum over the eroded area of the cervix daily once at bedtime for 14 days. A single dose of the antibiotic regimen (azithromycin-1g and cefixime-400 mg) was administered orally in both groups. Subjective parameters like vaginal discharge, pruritus vulvae, low back ache, lower abdominal pain, and postcoital bleeding were assessed during the trial. The main outcome measure was an improvement in the cervical erosion grading score. The inference was executed with appropriate statistical analysis. Result: Improvement in the cervical erosion grading score was achieved in 50% and 40% of patients in the control and test groups, respectively, after 2 weeks of treatment with P&lt;0.0001, which was considered highly significant. A highly significant improvement in subjective parameters was observed during the trial with P&lt;0.0001. Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence of cervical erosion among women of reproductive age group, effective treatment and safe strategies are highly recommended. Marham-i-Bāsalīqūn is cost-effective and has several therapeutic actions that can help to promote the healing of erosion and relieve the associated symptoms. The clinical trial was registered at the Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI) with registration number CTRI/2022/02/040419.

A review study on Agni karma and Ksha akarma in the management of Garbha Saya Grivamukhagata Vrana (cervical erosion)

Purpose: To review the effectiveness of Agni karma and Ksha akarma in the management of Garbha Saya grivamukhagata vrana (Cervical Erosion). Material and Methods: All the research studies from 2002 to 2024 related to concerned topic collected from electronic data base and journals both online and offline. The procured data were studied in details and scientific review was done. Results: On reviewing the previous works it is found that maximum studies were done on Agnikarma by shalaka having vrana shodhana, ropana andprasadana properties. Though Ksharakarma also yielded good results but comparatively fewer studies were found. Discussion: Cervical erosion warrants urgent attention of the gynecologists as it affects the patient’s reproductive health and psychology. Modern treatment for cervical erosion is cauterization and cryosurgery which have many complications such as bleeding per vagina, cervical incompetence, secondary infertility etc. So Agnikarma and Ksharakarma can be better alternative for effective treatment of cervical erosion Conclusion: All the research works mainly were targeted for finding a best Shodhana and Ropana drugs for cervical erosion. All works were carried out on Bahya parimarjana (external application). This facilitates drugs effect for early and uncomplicated wound healing.

Anti-inflammatory properties and characterization of water extracts obtained from Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun using in vitro and in vivo rat models

Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun (CK) is a common remedy exhibits anti-inflammatory properties and has been used in Chinese herbal formulations, such as KangGongYan tablets. It is the main component of KangGongYan tablets, which has been used to treat chronic cervicitis caused by damp heat, red and white bands, cervical erosion, and bleeding. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of CK water extract remains unknown. This study assessed the anti-inflammatory effects of CK in vivo and in vitro, characterized its main components in the serum of rats and verified the anti-inflammatory effects of serum containing CK. Nitric oxide (NO), tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) release by RAW264.7 cells was examined by ELISA and Griess reagents. Inflammation-related protein expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells was measured by western blotting. Furthermore, rat model of foot swelling induced by λ-carrageenan and a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model were used to explore the anti-inflammatory effects of CK. The components of CK were characterized by LC–MS, and the effects of CK-containing serum on proinflammatory factors levels and the expression of inflammation-related proteins were examined by ELISA, Griess reagents and Western blotting. CK suppressed IL-6, TNF-α, and NO production, and iNOS protein expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Mechanistic studies showed that CK inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK, P38 and JNK in the MAPK signaling pathway, promoted the expression of IκBα in the NF-κB signaling pathway, and subsequently inhibited the expression of iNOS, thereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, CK reduced the swelling rates with λ-carrageenan induced foot swelling, and reduced the arthritis score and incidence in the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model. A total of 68 compounds in CK water extract and 31 components in rat serum after intragastric administration of CK were characterized. Serum pharmacological analysis showed that CK-containing serum suppressed iNOS protein expression and NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 release. CK may be an anti-inflammatory agent with therapeutic potential for acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, especially inflammatory diseases associated with MAPK activation.

Hygienic and epidemiological factors of cervical erosion development

Cervical erosion (ESM) is widespread in the female population and is often asymptomatic. In some cases, women complain of vaginal discharge, bleeding after sexual intercourse, and unpleasant sensations. True ESM is found in 1.6–2.87 % of women who apply for gynecological complaints. Nevertheless, in foreign literature, ectopia of the cervix and true erosion are usually not distinguished. Currently, the most likely and relevant risk factors for ESM have been studied. There is no doubt that ESM is associated with infectious and inflammatory processes, human papillomavirus, traumatic injuries, hormonal and menstrual disorders, environmental and hygienic factors. Many of the listed risk factors are causally related, and this relationship needs to be substantiated. The purpose of this work was to analyze the impact of hygienic and epidemiological factors on the development of cervical erosion. To achieve this goal, an analysis of available literary sources was carried out. The role of ESM prevention is shown, which consists in managing risk factors, reducing the intensity of their effects or completely eliminating them. The high preventive effectiveness of vaccination against human papillomavirus has been established, which makes it possible to influence not only the incidence of ESM, but also cervical cancer. Improving personal hygiene skills can be a good prevention of infectious and inflammatory processes and, consequently, the incidence of ESM.

A Literary Review of Local Application of Palasha kshara (Alkali of Butea monosperma [Lam.] Taub.) in Cervical Erosion: An Ayurvedic Understanding

A Literary Review of Local Application of Palasha kshara (Alkali of Butea monosperma [Lam.] Taub.) in Cervical Erosion: An Ayurvedic Understanding

Analysis of the frequency of cervical pathology manifestation in permanent teeth of different groups

Cervical tooth lesions today belong to the most common dental pathologies characterized by a pronounced tendency to increase. The aim of our study was to determine the frequency of various types of cervical pathology in formed permanent teeth. Material and methods. The randomized group of examined patients included 200 middle-aged individuals (100 males and 100 females). The examination included collecting anamnestic data and examining the oral cavity and teeth to identify cervical caries and non-carious lesions of cervical localization. Results. Various types of cervical tooth pathology were found in 45 % of the total number of examined patients. The highest percentage among cervical lesions belongs to cervical caries (28.5 %). The frequency of cervical erosions is 16 %, and wedge-shaped defects - 13.5 %. Cervical caries and erosions are more often detected in males, while wedge-shaped defects are more common in females. In females, isolated cervical caries are most frequently manifested (36 %), and isolated wedge-shaped defects and erosions are less frequent (16 % and 17 % respectively). The least frequent manifestation in females is the combined lesion of teeth with wedge-shaped defects and erosions (5 %). In males, isolated cervical caries is most frequently detected (42 %), isolated erosions are nearly twice less common (23 %), and isolated wedge-shaped defects (8 %) and combined lesions of teeth with wedge-shaped defects and erosions (4 %) are the least frequent. All types of cervical pathology most often affect premolars, less often incisors, and least often molars. Conclusions. 45 % of middle-aged individuals seeking dental care have cervical tooth lesions, with the highest percentage being cervical caries. Cervical caries and erosions are more common in males, while wedge-shaped defects are more common in females. All types of cervical pathology most often affect premolars and, least often, molars

Homoeopathy in Cervical Cancer

Population growth is related to high fertility rates, thus grading multiparous women in the risk zone of cervical cancer.Cervical cancer is a chronic phenomenon of cervical erosion. Following that the body goes through is the Human Papilloma Virusinfection, which becomes the main reason for cervical cancer. The review article deals with the status of cervical cancer at theglobal level, followed by the situation in India. Further, the article discusses the role and status of HPV vaccines globally andnationally. The role of homeopathy of the Ministry of AYUSH of India in cervical cancer is discussed in the later section of thearticle. Here, it is proposed that a multi-stage treatment protocol based on therapeutics in homoeopathic materia medica will bean effective tool. The article's focus on homeopathy as the therapeutic system which can cover masses through its properties likecost effectiveness, therapeutic effectiveness, and less side effects.

Evaluating Spectrum of Epithelial Cell Abnormalities in Cervical Cytology Smears with a Focus on Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS): A Study in Eastern India

Background: Cervical cancer being one of the major causes of death in women living in developing countries likeIndia, this study evaluates the spectrum of epithelial cell abnormality while primarily focusing on the prevalenceof ASCUS and their correlation with predisposing factors.Materials and Methods: Descriptive type of study was conducted over 456 patients. Patients underwent perspeculum examination followed by cervical smear examination. Cervical lesions were categorized according toRevised Bethesda system, 2014.HPV detection &amp; sequencing was done as required.Results and conclusion: ASCUS was most prevalent in the sexually active age group (7.01%). The incidence ofintraepithelial lesions among multiparous women was high (50.8%). Early coital age, smoking, poor economicconditions, multiple sexual partners, contraceptive usage and HPV infection were associated with higher chancesof squamous cell abnormality.Cervicitis, cervical erosion, and hypertrophic cervix need careful investigation for the presence of ASCUS due toits high prevalence in sexually active females in Eastern India. Henceforth, addressing these factors and spreadingawareness about early diagnosis, necessary treatment, HPV vaccination along with the maintenance of propersexual and menstrual hygiene becomes a cornerstone in the reduction of the overall burden of atypical cervicalcytology and finally, cervical cancer.

A LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE MOST COMMON WOMEN PROBLEM (SAILAN-UR-RAHEM) AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE

Sailan-ur-Rahem, a common problem in women's health, in the context of the Unani medical system. Sailan-ur-Rahem is a term used to describe a range of illnesses affecting the female reproductive system that pose serious health and quality of life difficulties to countless women worldwide.Approximately 20% of patients who visit gynecological clinics report having vaginal discharge, which could be an infection. 90% of the time, the inflammation is only mild, with the remaining 10% including more serious conditions. Due to their increased exposure to sexual activity and frequent childbearing, married women are more likely to experience vaginal infections such as cervical erosion, cervicitis, and pelvic inflammatory diseases, which can result in leucorrhoea.The Unani approach to Sailan-ur-Rahem stresses a holistic view of health, emphasizing the use of specialized therapeutic procedures to correct underlying imbalances and bring physiological humors back into balance. In order to reduce symptoms and enhance general wellbeing, these interventions frequently involve dietary changes, lifestyle adjustments, herbal remedies, and specialist medical care. The management methods and understanding of Sailan-ur-Rahem within the Unani medical system by fusing traditional knowledge with contemporary scientific ideas. This would improve healthcare services and improve women's health outcomes globally.

An Ayurvedic approach for management of Cervical Erosion - A Case Study

Amongst various gynecological disorders seen by gynecologists in day-to-day practice, cervical erosion forms a sizeable group (60-80%) especially in a country like ours due to its poor hygiene and nutritional status. It is a condition where columnar epithelium of the cervical canal proliferates downwards and encroaches over the squamous epithelium of the portio vaginalis around the external os. Though mostly it is influenced by over activity of ovarian hormones but it can also be due to some bacterial infections of the cervix or because of inflammation. There is no disease given in Ayurvedic classics which can be directly correlated with cervical erosion but the best analogue can be with Garbhasaya Greevagata Vrana. A 32 years old patient came to the out -patient division of the hospital with complains of excessive white discharge and backache since 4 months. She was treated with Ayurvedic Sthanik Chikitsa - Yoni Dhavan with Triphala Kasaya followed by Yoni Pichu with Sallakyadi Taila for 14 days. Significant improvement was noticed after the treatment and restricted disease progression was observed.

Congenital Heart Diseases: Risk Factors and Ultrasound Diagnostic Potential at the First Screening

Introduction: Due to the high incidence of congenital heart diseases (CHD) it is important to identify risk factors for abnormal organogenesis. There is a crucial medical need to understand cardiogenesis and possible markers of abnormalities in fetuses.Objective: To determine risk factors for CHD in pregnant women and their partners and assess CHD markers on the first ultrasound screening.Materials and methods: We analyzed 221 medical records of pregnant women with prenatally diagnosed fetal CHD and divided the patients into 2 groups: group I (n = 177) with CHD compatible with postnatal development and group II (n = 44) with CHD incompatible with postanatal development. We evaluated physical findings and somatic and reproductive history in both groups. We retrospectively analyzed 2272 ultrasound scans and first screening markers: nuchal translucency (NT) thickness and ductus venosus pulsatility index (DVPI).Results: We identified possible risk factors for fetal CHD: body mass index, P = .000; age of menarche, P = .037; chronic tonsillitis, Р = .046; cervical erosion, Р = .045; vulvovaginal candidiasis, Р = .005; vaginitis, Р = .027; cervicitis, Р = .027; chronic hepatitis B and C viruses, Р = .005; respiratory tract infection with fever during the current pregnancy, Р = .012. We built 500 networks with the highest performance for a predictive model and found that the model’s predictors did not fully represent the risk factors for CHD. CHD with increased NT thickness (≥2.5 mm) was detected in 2.24% of cases. NT thickness and DVPI were 3.37 ± 0.92 mm and 1.098 ± 0.158, respectively. According to our correlation analysis, increased DVPI and NT thickness were associated with CHD (R = 0.510).Conclusions: It is not possible to identify risk factors for CHD in fetuses by medical history, reproductive history and physical status of pregnant women, and unhealthy habits of their sexual partners. Increased NT thickness and DVPI moderately correlate with CHD incidence.

Hpv prevalence and risk of premalignant and malignant lesions in women with asymptomatic cervical erosion: A population-based study

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of HPV and the risk of the cervical premalignant and malignant diseases in women with cervical erosion.&#x0D; Material and Methods: The results of 32649 women who were screened for cervical cancer between January 2014 and December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The results of HPV positive and HPV negative women with cervical erosion were compared. Kruskal-Wallis test and Chi-square test was used to compare of data between the groups. &#x0D; Results: Of the 32649 women who were screened for cervical cancer, 2566 had cervical erosion and 1585 (4.85%) had HPV positivity. HPV was found to be positive in 126 (4.91%) women with cervical erosion and no significant difference in the incidence of HPV positivity in asymptomatic women with and without cervical erosion (p=0.112). As in the general population, Hpv 16 and 18 were found to be most common in women with cervical erosions. Abnormal cervical cytology was found in 217 (0.72%) women without cervical erosion and 31 (1.21%) women with cervical erosion, which was significantly higher than in women without cervical erosion (p=0.045). There was no significant difference between those with and without cervical erosion in terms of CIN 1, CIN 2, CIN 3, LSIL, HSIL in situ cancer and total abnormal cervical pathology results.&#x0D; Conclusion: The incidence of HPV and the likelihood of cervical pathology in asymptomatic women with cervical erosion do not differ from the general population.

Socio-hygienic monitoring of the incidence of cervical erosion in women of the Republic of Dagestan

Cervical erosion is diagnosed in about 15 % of the female population and its causes are not well understood. Among the main etiological factors mention infections, injuries, inflammation, hormonal disorders.Cervical erosion is often accompanied by unpleasant painful symptoms and in many cases turns into precancerous and cancerous diseases, which requires careful monitoring for early detection of pathology and timely initiation of treatment. Common methods for diagnosing diseases of the cervix are colposcopy, cytological examination and, if necessary, histological analysis. In some cases, the impact of environmental factors, including anthropogenic impacts, may lead to an increase in the incidence of cervical erosion in women. The Republic of Dagestan is dominated by agricultural production and there is an excess application of pesticides to the soils of the region. Despite a significant reduction in the pesticide load in recent years, it is still quite high. Some published papers discuss the relationship between the excess of pesticides in the soil and the incidence of cervical erosion in women of Dagestan. Obviously, in addition to the characteristic risk factors described in the literature, the local female population is exposed to additional harmful effects associated with agricultural production. This makes it relevant to conduct a general monitoring of the incidence of this pathology among women in Dagestan. The purpose of this article is to analyze additional risk factors for the development of cervical erosion in women of the Republic of Dagestan and the possibility of monitoring the female population for early detection of the disease.

Investigating the Relationship between Cervical Erosion and Ectropion in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and the Relationship with Estrogen Levels in Compared to the Control Group

Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most common diseases in society that one of its prominent features is the increase in blood estsrogen levels. This increase in estrogen levels in these patients is significantly associated with the occurrence of cervical lesions. In this study, we investigated the relationship between these disorders. Materials and methods: The present study is a prospective case-control study that was conducted between December 2021 and March 2023 on 200 patients that referred to the infertility clinic. The number of 200 patients was divided into 2 groups of 100 patients and 100 controls group, and the estrogen level and the presence of erosion and ectropion were measured in them, and the results were expressed by descriptive and analytical statistical methods. Results: In this study, estrogen levels in two groups of patients and controls were compared with each other and compared with the results of clinical examination in terms of the presence or absence of erosion, and a significant correlation was seen between estrogen levels in the two groups with the presence of erosion (P=0.006). There was no significant relationship between estrogen level and the presence or absence of ectropion (P=0.76). Discussion: The results of this study confirmed the existence of a significant relationship between the level of estrogen and the occurrence of erosion in patients, therefore, according to this, regular measurement of the level of estrogen in these patients and regular periodic examinations to prevent progression to malignancy seems to be necessary.

Diagnostic Criteria for Garbhasaya Grivamukhgata Vrana (Cervical Erosion)

In Ayurveda, Trisutra is the three modules which are, first Hetu (etiology), second Linga (signs and symptoms) and third Aushadh (treatment or management of disease). The aim of Ayurveda is to maintain Dhatusamya (equilibrium state of Dhatus) which in turn causes health. To know the Linga (sign and symptoms) of disease, there is a need of proper examination of patient. Various diagnostic method has been described in various Ayurvedic texts, out of which ‘Trividha Pariksha’ i.e., Darshana (inspection), Sparshana (Palpation, percussion), Prashana (questionnaire) has more importance for diagnostic purpose. All the other diagnostic method explains in Ayurveda as well as modern science can be categorized under these basic ‘Trividha Pariksha’. Cervical erosion is the common gynecological problem most likely in many women throughout their reproductive years. Due to its non-healing and recurrent nature of cervical erosion is the leading cause of cancer in cervix in women. So, these ‘Trividha Pariksha’ plays a key role in diagnosis of cervical erosion (Garbhasaya Grivamukhgata Vrana). It is used to determine the root cause of the Garbhasaya Grivamukhgata vrana and to determine the treatment of disease. The diagnosis process involves the assessment of several subjective and objective parameters pertaining to the disease as well as patient. Darshana pariksha and Sparshana pariksha come under objective parameter whereas Prashana pariksha come under subjective parameter.

Spectrum of cervicovaginal Pap smears in newly established tertiary care medical institute.

We undertook this study to find out the spectrum of the cervical smear pattern along with the clinical profiles of patients who underwent cervical Papanicolaou (Pap) smear evaluation in our newly started tertiary care center. We also tried to find the possible clinical cause for unsatisfactory smears and factors for epithelial cell abnormality. The present study was a retrospective observational study. Pap smears cases with their clinical findings mentioned on the requisition form and cytopathology observations were retrieved from the archives of the department of pathology. Fisher's exact test was used for statistical analysis. Five hundred and ninety-four cases were included in the study. The most common age group was 36- 40 years. White discharge per vaginum was the most common clinical presentation. The negative for squamous intraepithelial lesions or malignancy was the most common interpretation (86.87%). Cervical erosion had statistically significant associations with unsatisfactory smears, while bacterial vaginosis had with satisfactory smears. Epithelial cell abnormality was seen in 4.62% patients. We observed a statistically significant association of cervical mucoid discharge, and inflammation with "no epithelial cell abnormality" cases, while postmenopausal bleeding was associated with "epithelial cell abnormality" cases. In the presence of clinical factors like cervical erosion, which may affect the quality of Pap smear, proper sampling techniques are to be used by health-care providers. The careful evaluation of Pap smears, especially in cases of cervical mucoid discharge, postmenopausal bleeding, and inflammatory smears is required to ensure that epithelial cell abnormalities are not overlooked.